东南极冰盖伊丽莎白公主地中国泰山站站址所在区域的冰厚、内部等时层、表面和冰下地形（英文）

中国第21次(2004/2005,CHINARE 21)和第29次(2012/2013,CHINARE 29)南极科学考察在东南极冰盖伊丽莎白公主地中国泰山考察站站址所在区域,通过探地冰雷达和GPS进行了两次地球物理探测。使用中心频率分别为60MHz和150MHz的冰雷达探测,首次(2004/2005)获得该地区的冰厚与冰内部等时层结构。GPS观测显示以泰山站站址为中心约2km×2km范围内的冰盖表面地形起伏很小,海拔为2607-2636m。冰盖雷达断面显示该区域的平均冰厚为1900m,最大冰厚为1949m,最小冰厚为1856m。在泰山站站址下方冰厚为1870m。冰盖表面高程与冰厚数据联合分析发现该地区的冰下地形相对起伏剧烈,海拔为662-770m,反映出冰下地形为山地地貌。该2km×2km测量网格下方的冰量为7.6km3。60MHz冰雷达数据给出一条长17.6km,穿越泰山站的冰盖断面内部等时层结构图。从中识别分析出一些内部等时层,结果表明该处的冰盖内部等时层受到了冰流的扰动,内部等时层的几何形态暗示了泰山站所处的冰盖下方很可能经历了一个复杂的沉积过程。     

基于实测与模拟的青海湖冰厚时空变化特征

湖冰厚度是湖泊在封冻期的重要物理参数,明晰其时空变化特征对于认识气候变暖背景下的湖冰响应规律具有重要的理论价值和现实意义.基于ERA5 Climate Reanalysis气温数据集、MODIS MOD09GQ数据产品和2019年湖冰钻孔测厚数据及雷达测厚数据,重建20002019年青海湖冰厚时间序列并分析其时空变化特...     

水库冰气泡含量和密度对探地雷达测厚的影响分析(英文)

在水库现场试验了RIS K2型探地雷达探测水库冰厚度的能力,试验时所用天线频率为600MHz;同步钻孔测量雷达探测处的冰厚度;以及在一个点上取样测试分析冰晶体、冰内气泡和冰密度。试验时冰面积雪厚度0.03-0.05m,冰层上部有0.24m粒状冰,其下均为柱状冰;冰内气泡含量呈表层高底层低分布;冰密度随气泡含量变化;冰厚度在平面内不均一。通过探测厚度和实测厚度的对比分析以及气泡含量对介电系数影响的理论分析,建立了积雪、粒状冰和柱状冰三层介质模型,获取雷达波在冰内的理论传递时间。结果发现:能够利用等效介电常数或等效传播速度评价雷达波传递时间,结冰期冰层1/3深度处的对应介电常数或传递速度可以作为等效值;另外因冰内大气泡造成的理论传递时间大于雷达探测时间,其差值随理论传递时间或冰厚的增加呈非线性增加。     

东南极昆仑站周边沿“中国墙”的冰厚和冰下地形分布（英文）

冰厚和冰下地形是南极冰盖的基本特征参数,是南极冰盖底部环境和物质平衡研究的基础。2007/08年,中国第24次南极科学考察期间,运用深部探测冰雷达系统,在东南极位于Dome A区域的我国南极昆仑站周边,开展了沿"中国墙"的冰厚和冰下地形探测。结果显示:沿"中国墙"的冰厚主要分布在1600m-2800m之间,冰厚最大达到3444m,最小为1255m;冰下地形平均高程为1722m,但是最低仅有604 m;相较于分冰岭北侧,分冰岭南侧冰厚较大,冰下地形较低,并且发育了4个明显的冰下深谷。不过,没有发现Gamburtsev冰下山脉区域典型的冰底再冻结现象以及冰下湖和水体的存在。Bedmap 2中沿"中国墙"的冰厚和冰下地形数据与冰雷达测量结果存在一致性,但是分辨率和在冰下地形起伏剧烈区域的准确性上非常有限。通过冰雷达探测得到的沿"中国墙"的冰厚和冰下地形分布,进一步揭示了这一"不可接近区域"的冰盖特征,对于Dome A区域冰盖动力学研究和未来针对Gamburtsev冰下山脉的地质钻探以及深冰芯钻探选址具有重要参考价值。     

基于长时间序列水位数据的长江下游菜子湖候鸟越冬期水位特征

湖泊生态水位过程对维持湖泊生态系统结构、过程和功能的完整性具有重要意义,也是当今湖泊科学领域面临的重要科学问题.基于菜子湖湖区水位站(车富岭水位站) 1956-2018年日水位资料,采用pettitt突变检验法分析水位的突变性特征.结合年保证率法得到菜子湖车富岭水位站低水位值,并在此基础上分析了低水位发生时间及历时、候鸟越冬期水位变化速率及其生态水位的区间阈值.主要结论有:菜子湖车富岭水位站1956-2018年年均水位无显著突变.菜子湖车富岭水位站低水位发生时间均值为年内的344 d,年际标准差为27 d,低水位的年均历时为69 d,标准差为49 d,有6年(1978、1997、2015-2018年)未发生低水位事件.菜子湖候鸟越冬期水位变化速率的均值为-0.009 m/d,年均值为-0.034～0.009 m/d,日均值为-0.051～0.016 m/d.菜子湖低水位发生时间的区间阈值为332～351 d,历时的区间阈值为33～98 d,变化速率的区间阈值为-0.070～0.020 m/d.加强菜子湖候鸟越冬期湿地生境保护适应性调度试验研究及生态环境监测,为菜子湖输水水位优化控制和菜子湖湿地生态保护提供科学依据.     

气候变化和异常天气共同导致印度杰莫利冰-岩崩塌

冰崩(包括冰-岩崩塌)是最具破坏性的山地灾害之一,严重威胁周边地区的安全.尽管相关事件在全球山地区域频繁发生,但由于观测数据缺乏,只有极少数冰崩事件得到了深入的研究.针对2021年2月7日发生在印度杰莫利地区的冰-岩崩塌事件,本研究利用高时空分辨率的卫星影像发现:此次事件是由冰川下附基岩滑坡引起的冰-岩崩塌,其中崩塌源...     

基于长期水文变化的苏北高邮湖生态水位及保障程度

湖泊生态水位是维持湖泊生态系统结构和功能完整性、维持生物多样性的最低水位,研究湖泊生态水位过程对湖区动、植物栖息地保护和湖泊水资源管理具有重要意义.利用高邮湖1953-2013年日水位资料进行生态水位计算分析,采用M-K法和滑动T法对1953-2013年年均水位进行突变检验,分析高邮湖1953-1992年来水文变化规律,结合年保证率法和年内展布法得到高邮湖逐月最低生态水位过程,并计算出高、低水位发生时间及历时,在此基础上对其1993-2013年生态水位保障程度进行研究.主要结论有:(1)高邮湖年均水位过程突变发生在1997年;(2)高邮湖高水位时期(7-10月)的最低生态水位为5.8 m,水位高于5.9 m的天数要达到111 d左右;低水位时期(12-次年3月)的最低生态水位为5.1 m,水位低于5.3 m的天数要达到96 d左右;其余月份最低生态水位为5.2 m;(3)高邮湖生态水位年内保障程度最低发生在7月,为60.83%,年际保障程度1994年和2001年最低,分别为49.59%和50.41%,低水位天数得不到保障.     

南极Lambert, Mellor和Fisher冰川的物质平衡及Amery冰架底部物质通量的估算

利用现场观测与遥感数据对Lambert, Mellor和Fisher冰川的物质平衡及其在Amery冰架的底部融化与冻结状况进行了估算. 结果表明, 澳大利亚组织的Lambert冰川盆地(LGB)考察路线的上游地区, Lambert与Mellor冰川分别为(3.9±2.1)和(2.1±2.4) Gt·a^-1的正平衡, 而Fisher冰川基本处于平衡状态. 上游地区总的正平衡为(5.9±4.9) Gt·a^-1. 考察路线以下, 3条冰川均处于负平衡, 总的负平衡为(-8.5±5.8) Gt·a^-1. 整个Lambert, Mellor和Fisher冰川均接近于平衡状态. 3条冰川总净平衡为(-2.6±6.5) Gt·a^-1. 前人认为GL线(1970年代初澳大利亚在LGB建立的冰川运动观测点的连线)以上的内陆盆地处于显著正平衡, 可能是因为过高地估算了总积累量, 并低估了穿过GL线的冰通量. 靠近Amery冰架南端着地线, 冰架底部的平均融化速率为(-23.0±3.5) m冰·a^-1, 向下游方向快速减小, 并在距冰架最南端约300 km处过渡为底部冻结. 沿3条冰川在Amery冰架的冰流带(flowband), 冻结速率约介于(0.5±0.1)~(1.5±0.2) m 冰·a^-1. 由于冰流带底部的融化, 流入冰架的内陆冰损失了大约80%±5%. 3条冰流带底部总融化和总冻结分别为(50.3±7.5)和(7.0±1.1) Gt 冰·a^-1, 这要比前人通过模拟和海洋观测估算的整个Amery冰架底部总融化和总冻结还要大很多.     

基于星载被动微波遥感的青藏高原湖冰物候监测方法

湖冰物候影响着区域及全球气候,是全球变化的敏感因子,青藏高原湖泊众多,冻融现场监测数据缺乏,而微波具有对冰水相变敏感、时间分辨率高、历史存档数据长等特点,这对于长时间序列湖冰物候研究具有重要意义.然而,被动微波遥感空间分辨率低、湖泊亮温的精准定位难.论文通过获取AMSR-E/Aqua和AMSR-2/Gcom-W1的亮温数据,构建了基于轨道亮温数据的阈值判别法,通过对青藏高原不同区域和不同大小的青海湖、色林错、哈拉湖以及阿其克库勒湖进行测试研究:与青海湖现场观测对比,湖泊完全冻结日期与开始融化日期最大误差小于3天;与无云光学遥感判别结果相比,4个湖泊的冻融参数误差为2~4天.结果表明,被动微波轨道亮温数据可实现青藏高原地区亚像元级中大型湖泊冻融信息的获取,历史卫星资料可为湖冰物候的监测提供重要的支撑.     

乌梁素海冰封期分层与混合特征及对氧代谢速率的影响

为探究寒旱区浅湖冰封期分层动态与其对湖泊新陈代谢速率的影响,于2016-2019年对乌梁素海气象与冰雪条件、冰下水体环境开展原位观测,分析水温和溶解氧变化特征、冰下混合层的出现与发展动态及其对代谢速率的影响.结果显示:观测期内乌梁素海整体水温较高(可接近10℃),冻结期水温结构主要由稳定的上部逆温层和下部弱逆温层构成,...     

2010年春季南极固定冰反照率变化特征及其影响因子

2010年春季至夏季在中山站附近的固定冰面开展了固定冰反照率观测.在春夏过渡期,观测期间的表面反照率呈下降趋势,平均反照率从9月的0.80下降到12月的0.62,整个观测期间的平均值为0.70.雪厚是影响反照率变化的重要因子,融化前期的反照率受表面温度影响较大,干雪期反照率对表面温度并不敏感.降雪可通过增加表面雪厚和减小表面积雪粒径显著增加反照率,云层则可通过吸收入射太阳光中的近红外波段增加反照率,降雪和阴天反照率可比晴天观测平均增加0.18和0.06;吹雪则可通过改变积雪光学厚度导致反照率发生显著变化.受太阳天顶角变化和积雪变性的共同影响,晴天或少云时的反照率在上午随太阳天顶角呈准线性递减,下午则几乎不发生变化;最高值、最低值分别出现在凌晨和下午.本文提出了一组分别表述厚干雪、薄干雪和湿雪反照率日变化的参数化方案,通过太阳天顶角的线性函数隐式考虑进了积雪变性的影响.相比常数反照率方案,该参数化方案能有效提高对反照率日变化的估算能力.     

Sensitivity of physical lake processes to climate change within a large Precambrian Shield catchment

Potential future changes in lake physical processes (e.g. stratification and freezing) can be assessed through exploring their sensitivity to climate change, and assessing the current vulnerability of different lake types to plausible changes in meteorological drivers. This study quantifies the impacts of climate change and sensitivity of lake physical processes within a large (5100 km²) Precambrian Shield catchment in south‐central Ontario. Historic regional relationships are established between climate drivers, lake morphology, and lake physical changes through generalized linear modelling (GLM), and are used to quantify likely changes in timing of ice phenology and lake stratification across 72 lakes under a range of future climate models and scenarios. In response to projections of increased temperature (ensemble mean of +3.3 °C), both earlier ice‐off and onset of summer stratification were projected, with later ice‐on and fall turnover compared to the baseline. Process sensitivity to climate change varied by lake type; shallower lakes with a smaller volume (less than 15 m deep and less than 0.05 km³) were more sensitive to processes associated with lake heating (stratification onset and ice‐off), and deeper lakes with a larger surface area (greater than 30 m deep and greater than 1000 ha) were more sensitive to processes associated with lake cooling (fall turnover and ice‐on). These results indicate that whereas small lakes are vulnerable to climate warming because of changes that occur in spring and summer, larger lakes are particularly sensitive during the fall. The findings suggest that lake morphology and associated sensitivity should be considered in the development of sustainable lake management strategies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

富营养湖泊冰封期物理因子对初级生产力的驱动作用：以辽宁含章湖为例

与非冰封期水体相比,冰封期湖泊初级生产力的研究较为薄弱,一方面在于完整冰封期的调查观测数据仍然较少,而完整的冰下初级生产力变化过程对于理解冰下生态系统对环境因子的响应至关重要,另一方面物理过程与冰下生态的联系仍然有待明确。本研究于2021 2022年冬季期间在大辽河口沿岸的含章湖开展野外调查,通过垂向归纳模型（vertically generalized production model,VGPM）计算了冰下初级生产力,分析了冰封期中初级生产力完整的变化过程,并探讨了冰封期初级生产力的关键物理驱动因素。结果表明：冰封期初级生产力呈现波动爬升的趋势,平均值为0.20 g C/（m2·d）;整个冰封期可以划分为3个时期,即结冰期、缓慢融冰期和快速融冰期,不同时期初级生产力的关键驱动因子不同,在结冰期水温是控制初级生产力的关键因素,在缓慢融冰期冰水界面光合有效辐射强度（photosynthetically active radiation,PAR）是控制初级生产力的关键因素,在快速融冰期水温和冰水界面PAR同时控制初级生产力。在结冰期冰下水体富营养化程度逐渐增加,在融冰期初级生产力随着升温和...     

Ice processes on medium‐sized north‐temperate lakes

Lake ice supports a range of socio‐economic and cultural activities including transportation and winter recreational actives. The influence of weather patterns on ice‐cover dynamics of temperate lakes requires further understanding for determining how changes in ice composition will impact ice safety and the range of ecosystem services provided by seasonal ice cover. An investigation of lake ice formation and decay for three lakes in Central Ontario, Canada, took place over the course of two winters, 2015–2016 and 2016–2017, through the use of outdoor digital cameras, a Shallow Water Ice Profiler (upward‐looking sonar), and weekly field measurements. Temperature fluctuations across 0°C promoted substantial early season white ice growth, with lesser amounts of black ice forming later in the season. Ice thickening processes observed were mainly through meltwater, or midwinter rain, refreezing on the ice surface. Snow redistribution was limited, with frequent melt events limiting the duration of fresh snow on the ice, leading to a fairly uniform distribution of white ice across the lakes in 2015–2016 (standard deviations week to week ranging from 3 to 5 cm), but with slightly more variability in 2016–2017 when more snow accumulated over the season (5 to 11 cm). White ice dominated the end‐of‐season ice composition for both seasons representing more than 70% of the total ice thickness, which is a stark contrast to Arctic lake ice that is composed mainly of black ice. This research has provided the first detailed lake ice processes and conditions from medium‐sized north‐temperate lakes and provided important information on temperate region lake ice characteristics that will enhance the understanding of the response of temperate lake ice to climate and provide insight on potential changes to more northern ice regimes under continued climate warming.     

Effects of permafrost degradation on thermokarst lake hydrochemistry in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Thermokarst lakes play a key role in the hydrological and biogeochemical cycles of permafrost regions. Current knowledge regarding the changes caused by permafrost degradation to the hydrochemistry of lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is limited. To address this gap, a systematic investigation of thermokarst lake water, suprapermafrost water, ground ice, and precipitation was conducted in the hinterland of the QTP. The thermokarst lake water in the QTP was identified to be of the Na-HCO₃-Cl type. The mean concentrations of HCO₃⁻ and Na⁺ were 281.8 mg L⁻¹ (146.0–546.2 mg L⁻¹) and 73.3 mg L⁻¹ (9.2–345.8 mg L⁻¹), respectively. The concentrations of Li⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, F⁻, NO₂⁻, and NO₃⁻ were relatively low. Freeze-out fractionation concentrated the dissolved solids within the lake water during winter, which was deeply deepened on lake depth and lake ice thickness. Owing to solute enrichment, the ground ice was characterized by high salinity. Conversely, repeated replenishment via precipitation led to lower solute concentrations in the ground ice near the permafrost table compared to that within the permafrost. Although lower solute concentration existed in precipitation, the soil leaching and saline ground ice melting processes enhanced the solute load in suprapermafrost water, which is considered an important water and solute resource in thermokarst lakes. The influencing mechanism of permafrost degradation on thermokarst lake hydrochemistry is presumably linked to: (1) the liberation of soluble materials sequestered in ground ice; (2) the increase of solutes in suprapermafrost water and soil pore water; and (3) the changes in lake morphometry. These results have major implications on the understanding of the effects of ground ice melting on ecosystem functions, biogeochemical processes, and energy balance in a rapidly changing climate.     

Modelling inter-annual and spatial variability of ice cover in a temperate lake with complex morphology

The formation of ice cover on lakes alters heat and energy transfer with the water column. The fraction of surface area covered by ice and the timing of ice-on and ice-off therefore affects hydrodynamics and the seasonal development of stratification and related ecosystem processes. Multi-year model simulations of temperate lake ecosystems that freeze partially or completely therefore require simulation of the formation and duration of ice cover. Here we present a multi-year hydrodynamic simulation of an alpine lake with complex morphology (Lower Lake Constance, LLC) using the three-dimensional (3D) model Aquatic Ecosystem Model (AEM3D) over a period of 9 years. LLC is subdivided into three basins (Gnadensee, Zeller See and Rheinsee) which differ in depth, morphological features, hydrodynamic conditions and ice cover phenology and thickness. Model results were validated with field observations and additional information on ice cover derived from a citizen science approach using information from social media. The model reproduced the occurrence of thin ice as well as its inter-annual variability and differentiated the frequency and extent of ice cover between the three sub-basins. It captured that full ice cover occurs almost each winter in Gnadensee, but only rarely in Zeller See and Rheinsee. The results indicate that the 3D model AEM3D is suitable for simulating long-term dynamics of thin ice cover in lakes with complex morphology and inter-annual changes in spatially heterogeneous ice cover.     

Ice‐cover variability on shallow lakes at high latitudes: model simulations and observations

A one‐dimensional thermodynamic model for simulating lake‐ice phenology is presented and evaluated. The model can be driven with observed daily or hourly atmospheric forcing of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, cloud amount and snowfall. In addition to computing the energy balance components, key model output includes the temperature profile at an arbitrary number of levels within the ice/snow (or the water temperature if there is no ice) and ice thickness (clear ice and snow‐ice) on a daily basis, as well as freeze‐up and break‐up dates. The lake‐ice model is used to simulate ice‐growth processes on shallow lakes in arctic, sub‐arctic, and high‐boreal forest environments. Model output is compared with field and remote sensing observations gathered over several ice seasons. Simulated ice thickness, including snow‐ice formation, compares favourably with field measurements. Ice‐on and ice‐off dates are also well simulated when compared with field and satellite observations, with a mean absolute difference of 2 days. Model simulations and observations illustrate the key role that snow cover plays on the seasonal evolution of ice thickness and the timing of spring break‐up. It is also shown that lake morphometry, depth in particular, is a determinant of ice‐off dates for shallow lakes at high latitudes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近20 a色林错湖冰物候变化特征及其影响因素

湖冰作为湖泊-大气界面能量和物质交换的结果,其物候变化对揭示区域气候变化和湖泊响应过程具有重要意义.本研究基于2000-2020年色林错边界矢量数据、Terra MODIS和Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像并结合气象数据及湖泊资料,利用RS和GIS手段综合分析了色林错湖冰物候变化特征及其影响因素.结果 表...     

乌梁素海湖冰晴天反照率日变化特征的统计模型比较和分析

乌梁素海湖冰晴天反照率日变化具有双峰特征,利用当地太阳高度角同经纬度和儒历的关系,归一化到北京时,依此表达湖冰反照率日变化规律.基于具有指数函数形式的拉普拉斯、高斯、耿贝尔和柯西4种概率密度分布函数建立线性组合模型,对日出后到日落前太阳高度角大于5°时段内的反照率日变化数据进行拟合,发现拉普拉斯密度分布函数组合是最佳统计模型.它既能拟合太阳高度角大于5°时间范围内反照率日变化曲线的双峰特征,又能反映太阳高度角大于15°时间范围内反照率日变化曲线双峰之间的U型分布.该模型不仅形式简单,而且意义明确：尺度参数约为日长的一半,双峰位置与日出时刻关系密切;同时能体现2个反照率峰值的不对称性.为发展不同地区湖冰反照率日变化参数化方案奠定基础.