HCl Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the Stratosphere and a Comparison with Ozone QBO

1. Introduction The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of the mean zonal wind in the equatorial stratosphere was discov- ered by Reed et al. (1961) and Veryard and Ebdon (1961). Later, Funk and Garnham (1962) and Ra- manathan (1963) were the first to descri…     

Some characteristics of ozone profiles above Hong Kong

Summary Analysis of ozonesonde data shows that in the lower troposphere above Hong Kong, there is a relative maximum with respect to height in all seasons except winter. In the upper troposphere, there is with respect to height a relative minimum in the seasonally averaged ozone mixing ratio in winter. Ozone mixing ratios in the upper troposphere in winter and spring can be significantly enhanced by stratospheric intrusions associated with the passage of cold fronts and upper cut-off lows.For Hong Kong, the seasonally averaged total ozone has the highest value in spring, and the lowest in winter. The seasonally averaged total tropospheric ozone also has the highest value in spring, but the lowest in summer. In a relative sense, total tropospheric ozone contributes most to the total ozone in spring and the least in summer.The phase of the total ozone anomaly above Hong Kong is influenced by the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), with the positive anomaly associated with the easterly phase of QBO, and the negative anomaly the westerly phase.     

ENSO与中国夏季降水的联系:冬季QBO的调制作用

使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、中国气象局台站降水资料和GPCC降水资料,系统研究了在冬季平流层准两年振荡(Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, QBO)调制下,厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)不同阶段与中国夏季降水的可能联系。根据两者的位相和强度,可将它们的配置分为QBO西风/El Ni?o、QBO西风/La Ni?a、QBO东风/El Ni?o、QBO东风/La Ni?a。研究结果表明,在年际时间尺度上,ENSO和QBO无显著相关关系。冬季QBO西风位相时,El Ni?o发展年夏季,我国整体偏旱,而华南偏涝;衰减年夏季,华南、华东北部偏旱,东北、长江流域偏涝。La Ni?a发展年夏季,我国东部降水异常呈负-正-负的三极分布;衰减年夏季,东南沿海偏涝。冬季QBO东风位相时,El Ni?o发展年夏季,长江以北偏旱;衰减年夏季,我国东部降水异常呈负-正-负的三极分布。La Ni?a发展年夏季,江淮和华南南部偏旱;衰减年夏季,我国东部沿海偏涝。ENSO是影响我国夏季降水异常的重要因子,而QBO的调制作用在ENSO衰减年夏季更为显著。相比冬季QBO东(西)风位相,QBO西(东)风位相时El Ni?o (La Ni?a)期间赤道西太平洋负(正)海温异常更强,衰减年夏季位于西太平洋的异常下沉(上升)运动和印度洋的异常上升(下沉)运动更强更深厚,西太平洋副热带高压范围更大(小),南亚高压更偏东(西)。      

中部型ENSO和平流层准两年振荡对冬季北半球平流层臭氧的联合调制作用

利用观测和再分析资料通过合成分析方法,研究了中部型ENSO和平流层准两年振荡（QBO）对冬季北半球平流层臭氧的独立影响和联合调制作用。研究表明,北半球平流层臭氧在中部型厄尔尼诺年增加,而在中部型拉尼娜年减少;准两年振荡东风位相年份,北半球平流层臭氧增加,准两年振荡西风位相结果则相反。相比之下,北半球中、高纬度平流层臭氧异常对准两年振荡活动的响应明显小于其对ENSO活动的响应。进一步研究发现,准两年振荡东风位相会加强中部型厄尔尼诺事件引起的北半球平流层臭氧的增加,而减弱中部型拉尼娜事件造成的平流层臭氧的减少。在准两年振荡西风位相下,中部型厄尔尼诺事件仅导致北半球平流层臭氧含量少量升高,而中部型拉尼娜事件期间臭氧会大幅度减少。因此,准两年振荡东风位相会加强中部型厄尔尼诺事件对北半球平流层臭氧的影响,而减弱中部型拉尼娜事件对北半球平流层臭氧的影响。准两年振荡西风位相会减弱中部型厄尔尼诺而加强中部型拉尼娜事件对北半球平流层臭氧的影响。      

Influence of the 11-year solar cycle on the effects of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation, manifesting in the extratropical northern atmosphere

Using the longest and most reliable ozonesonde data sets grouped for four regions (Japan, Europe, as well as temperate and polar latitudes of Canada) the comparative analysis of regional responses of ozone, temperature, horizontal wind, tropopause and surface pressure on the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO effects), manifesting in opposite phases of the 11-year solar cycle (11-yr SC) was carried out. The impact of solar cycle is found to be the strongest at the Canadian Arctic, near one of two climatological centres of polar vortex, where in solar maximum conditions the QBO signals in ozone and temperature have much larger amplitudes, embrace greater range of heights, and are maximized much higher than those in solar minimum conditions. The strengthening of the temperature QBO effect during solar maxima can explain why correlation between the 11-yr SC and polar winter stratospheric temperature is reversed in the opposite QBO phases. At the border of polar vortex the 11-yr SC also modulates the QBO effect in zonal wind, strengthening the quasi-biennial modulation of polar vortex during solar maxima that is associated with strong negative correlation between stratospheric QBO signals in zonal wind and temperature. Above Japan the QBO effects of ozone, temperature, and zonal wind, manifesting in solar maxima reveal the downward phase dynamics, reminding similar feature of the zonal wind in the equatorial stratosphere. Above Europe, the QBO effects in solar maxima reveal more similarity with those above Japan, while in solar minima with the effects obtained at the Canadian middle-latitude stations. It is revealed that the 11-yr SC influences regional QBO effects in tropopause height, tropopause temperature and surface pressure. The influence most distinctly manifest itself in tropopause characteristics above Japan. The results of the accompanying analysis of the QBO reference time series testify that in the period of 1965–2006 above 50-hPa level the duration of the QBO cycle in solar maxima is 1–3 months longer than in solar minima. The differences are more distinct at higher levels, but they are diminished with lengthening of the period.     

中层大气行星波在臭氧的季节和年际变化中输运作用的数值研究──Ⅰ．常定流的情况

本文构造了一个３４层球坐标原始方程波－流相互耦合谱模式，利用此模式从拉格朗日平均环流的观点研究了在常定流下行星波对臭氧的输运作用。研究结果表明，行星波对臭氧的输运有明显的季节变化，在北半球冬季，由于行星波上传到平流层而大大增强了中高纬地区向极地向下的Ｏ３输运；并且还表明，热带纬向风的ＱＢＯ不仅通过影响东、西风切变而引起热带Ｏ３分布的年际变化，而且通过影响行星波的传播引起了行星波对Ｏ３输运的年际变化，这表现为当热带纬向风处于东风位相时，中高纬地区行星波对Ｏ３的输运比西风位相时强。     

平流层准零风层统计特征及准两年周期振荡对其影响分析

根据形成机制的不同将平流层准零风层（Quasi-Zero Wind Layer,QZWL）划分为由平流层准两年周期振荡（Quasi-Biennial Oscillation,QBO）各高度处于不同位相形成的第一类QZWL和由于平流层低层经向温度梯度逆转而形成的第二类QZWL;利用ERA-40再分析资料分析了两类QZWL在不同季节中空间结构的变化规律,讨论了平流层QBO对两类QZWL年际变化产生的影响。研究结果表明：第一类QZWL集中出现在冬季赤道附近地区,第二类QZWL在夏季热带外地区和冬季20°N～40°N太平洋地区上空;QZWL夏季高度比冬季低约3 km,夏季QZWL出现高度比冬季稳定,约在50～70 hPa之间;由于受到QBO的直接影响,第一类QZWL出现的高度和纬度范围存在明显的年际变化,第二类QZWL受到QBO的影响主要体现在QBO西风位相年和东风位相年相比,冬季20°N～40°N范围内存在第二类QZWL的概率较高。     

Interannual variations in total ozone fields at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, November to March 1998–2005

Synoptic analysis of monthly and daily mean total ozone fields is carried out using ground-based (Roshydromet) and TOMS measurements. Large interannual changes in the evolution of the stratospheric polar vortex and the North Pacific anticyclone influence the formation and dynamics of the winter-spring ozone fields in the stratosphere of high northern latitudes. The analysis shows considerable variations in the direction of zonal ozone transport from the sector of ozone inflow from low latitudes and accumulation in the Far East depending on the winter polar stratosphere temperature and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) phase. In years with the easterly QBO phase and the warm polar stratosphere, ozone at the end of winter is transported to northeastern Canada and Atlantic. In years with the easterly phase and cold polar stratosphere, ozone transport is directed to northern Eurasia. These characteristics will be verified on extensive observational data.     

准两年振荡及其对东亚大气环流和气候的影响

通过多年资料分析,本文研究了平流层准两年振荡(QBO)的演变特征及其对东亚及西太平洋地区大气环流和气候变化的影响.结果表明,平流层QBO的演变特征是:东风向西风转换最早出现在印度洋赤道地区;西风向东风转换最早出现在美洲和西太平洋赤道地区.中国东部降水量、气温以及西太平洋副高和东亚急流都有准两年周期变化,并同平流层QBO有密切关系;平流层QBO对西太平洋台风活动也有一定影响,QBO的西风位相期西太平洋台风偏少.另外,ENSO对于平流层QBO有明显影响,一般在ENSO发生之后,QBO的西风位相期持续时间缩短.     

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF QBO IN OZONE

In this paper, a two-dimensional primitive equation model, coupling dynamical, radiative andphotochemical processes, is used to simulate the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in ozone. TheQBO in total ozone has been successfully simulated when the forcing of equatorial stratosphericQBO in zonal wind is imposed. The simulated characters of QBO in ozone are in close agreementwith those observed. We further analyzed the mechanism of formation and maintenance of QBO inozone. In the different phases of QBO in equatorial stratospheric wind field, the global circulationhas so great difference that it makes the effects of advection transfer and eddy transfer present aquasi-biennial periodical variation. Chemical effect and dynamical effect are basically out-of-phase.They together form and maintain the QBO in ozone. Total variation rate is a tiny difference of thetwo large amounts. At the lower level of middle-high latitudes, however, it has a phase differenceof about 1-2 months between dynamical and negative chemical effects, where the dynamical effectis comparatively greater. QBO in ozone has no clear counter effects on atmospheric circulation. The experiment resultsshow that the effects of QBO in ozone on temperature field and wind field are very small.     

赤道平流层中下层纬向风准2 a振荡与行星运动

利用实况资料和小波分析方法研究了赤道平流层中下层纬向风准2 a振荡(简称QBO)周期变化与行星运动之间的联系, 结果表明, QBO周期以火星冲日(25.68月)周期为基准, 时而变长, 时而变短。当地球、土星、天王星3星一线时, 火星冲日月份30 hPa纬向风由东风向西风转换;而3星成直角时, 则从西风向东风的转换。QBO周期变化与木星冲日时的视赤纬存在明显的对应关系。当木星冲日视赤纬达到正极值时(此时为北半球的冬季), QBO周期达到最大;当木星冲日视赤纬达到负极值时(此时为北半球的夏季), QBO周期达到最小。QBO周期与木星冲日视赤纬之间的相关系数高达0.496, 并通过0.001显著性检验。QBO强度与周期、木星冲日时的视赤纬呈现反相变化, 即QBO强度的强(弱), 对应于QBO周期的短(长)。木星冲日负(正)视赤纬, 在过去60 a中, QBO的强度总体呈现增加的趋势, 与天王星的视赤纬减小存在一定的联系。     

Climatology of the meteorological factors associated with haze events over northern China and their potential response to the Quasi-Biannual Oscillation

An upswing in haze weather during autumn and winter has been observed over North and Northeast China in recent years, imposing adverse impacts upon local socioeconomic development and human health. However, such an increase in the occurrence of haze events and its association with natural climate variability and climate change are not well understood. To investigate the climatology of the meteorological factors associated with haze events and their natural variability, this study uses a meteorological pollution index called PLAM (Parameter Linking Air-quality to Meteorological conditions) and ERA-Interim reanalysis data. The results suggest that high PLAM values tend to occur over southern parts of northern China, implying the weather conditions over this area are favorable for the occurrence of haze weather. For the period 1979–2014, the regional mean PLAM shows an overall increase across Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province, and parts of Shanxi Province. Also, a periodicity of 28–34 months is found in the temporal variation of PLAM, which implies a potential association of PLAM with the stratospheric Quasi-Biannual Oscillation (QBO). By using the QBO index during the autumn and winter seasons in the preceding year, an increase in PLAM is found for the westerly phases of the QBO, relative to the easterly phases. An upper-tropospheric warming is also found in the westerly phases, which can induce a stable stratification that favors the increase in PLAM across the midlatitudes. The modulations of large-scale environmental factors, including moist static stability, vertical velocity, and temperature advection, also act to enhance PLAM in the westerly phases. However, the baroclinic term of moist potential vorticity at 700 hPa tends to decrease over the south, and an increase in low-level ascent is found over the north. These factors can reduce PLAM and possibly limit the statistical significance of the increased PLAM in the westerly phases of the QBO.     

Statistical analysis and comparison of external factor effects on the total ozone field over the Russian territory in 1973–2007

The analysis of external factors, which are most significant for the formation of the monthly mean total ozone (TO) field and ozone transport over the Russian Federation, based on observation data obtained from about 30 ground-based stations of the ozonometric network averaged over a year, December through March and June through August, over five climatic regions, is considered. Performed spectrum and discriminant analysis allowed obtaining quantitative estimates of the impact of the Arctic Oscillation, deviation of the winter temperature of the lower polar stratosphere, quasi-biennial oscillations (QBO), 11-year solar cycle, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the TO and to assess the regional differences in the effects of these factors. In December–March, in the years with a negative Arctic Oscillation phase, warm stratosphere, and the easterly QBO phase (QBO-E), the ozone content increases significantly relative to the opposite phases of oscillations on average by 35, 28, and 26 Dobson units (DU), respectively. The spectra, similar to the discriminant function, demonstrate strong influence of the 11-year solar cycle and QBO on the TO even in the summer months, while the QBO is more pronounced in the eastern part of the Russian Federation. The ENSO effect was not singled out against the general “noisy” background of the cold six-month period, when many atmospheric processes become active: however, during the summer months, in warm periods of the ENSO, the TO, at the 97% significance level, increases over most of the Russian area. The rest of the obtained results are significant at the 95–99.9% level.     

Features of ozone quasi-biennial oscillation in the vertical structure of tropics and subtropics

Summary Latitude-altitude structure of ozone QBO over the tropical-subtropical stratosphere (40° S–40° N) has been explored by analyzing Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) data for the period 1992–1999 using the multifunctional regression model. The inferred ozone QBO shows two maxima located at 22 hPa and 10 hPa with coefficient of 2–3% per 10 m/s centered at the equator. The equatorial maxima are out of phase with each other. Subtropics exhibit two peak structure near 14 hPa but of opposite sign to that of equatorial maximum near 10 hPa. Over the equatorial region, positive (zonal winds westerly) coefficients overlay negative (zonal winds easterlies) coefficients which descend with time. A pattern of equatorial maximum and two subtropical minima appears in the months December to February near 10 hpa and it propagates upward with progression of seasons. Equatorial QBO is seasonally asynchronous while subtropical QBO is seasonally synchronous. Correspondence: Suvarna Fadnavis, Physical Meteorology and Aerology Division, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India     

Interrelation between QBO and 11-year solar cycle effects in total column ozone over Europe

On the basis of total column ozone (TO) data obtained in the period of 1957–2007 at 10 ground-based European stations, characterized by long and highly reliable measurements, the effects of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and 11-year solar cycle (11-year SC), manifesting in TO are investigated. The results of comparative analysis of seasonal differences between different QBO/solar extremes convincingly demonstrate interrelation between the QBO and 11-year SC effects. It is shown that solar activity modulates the phase of the QBO effect so that the quasi-biennial TO signals during solar maximum and solar minimum are nearly in opposite phase. It is also demonstrated that isolated under permanent conditions of solar minimum or solar maximum the QBO effects in TO have the time scale of about 20 months. Solar modulation of the QBO effect makes the QBO a conductor of the solar cycle impact on TO over Europe. The mechanism of influence of the 11-year SC on the QBO and probably includes its impact on the QBO amplitude in the equatorial lower stratosphere, mainly through weakening of the equatorial easterlies during solar maximum.     

Internal Gravity Waves Generated by a Local Thermal Source in an Irrotational Zonal－Vertical Plane：Numerical Analysis

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青藏高原臭氧的准两年振荡

通过对臭氧卫星观测资料及大气环流资料的分析,研究了青藏高原上空臭氧的季节和年际变化.通过分析青藏高原地区臭氧准两年振荡(QBO),并与同纬度无山区及赤道地区臭氧QBO进行比较,指出:青藏高原臭氧QBO的平均周期为29个月,平均振幅为8DU.青藏高原臭氧QBO变化位相与热带平流层纬向风场QBO相反,即热带平流层纬向西风时,青藏高原上空臭氧总量偏小,东风时臭氧总量偏大.还讨论了与青藏高原臭氧QBO相关的大气环流物质输送理论.     

低纬地区平流层准零风层时空分布特征分析

利用ERA-Interim逐日再分析资料,使用EOF（Empirical Orthogonal Function）等统计方法,分析了中国低纬地区平流层准零风层（Quasi-Zero Wind Layer,QZWL）的时空分布特征,旨在为平流层飞艇寻找合适的运行区域及时段。低纬地区QZWL主要受到热带平流层大气环流季节性变化和平流层准两年振荡（Quasi-BiennialOscillation,QBO）的影响。在二者共同作用下,低纬地区QZWL高概率带可分为南北两支:“北支”出现在10月至次年4月间,QBO东风位相时期,“北支”中心纬度基本维持在20°N附近,西风位相时期,“北支”中心纬度随高度降低南移明显;“南支”仅出现在QBO西风位相期间,5~11月在5°N附近,其余时段与“北支”合并,可以认为是“北支”向南延伸。通过对比海口站和南沙站Weibull概率密度函数与风速资料的拟合结果,表明Weibull分布可以很好拟合不同QBO位相下平流层逐月风速频率分布,根据Weibull分布计算特定的累积概率风速值,可以作为选取适宜平流层飞艇运行的低风速风场的判据。海口站30~50 hPa高度11月至次年4月、南沙站50~70 hPa高度QBO西风位相时期全年均较为适合平流层飞艇运行。     

The QBO signal in monthly precipitation fields over Europe

Summary Areal monthly precipitation totals of 24 West and Central European regions and of 74 regions of the European part of the former USSR are studied in respect to the westerly and easterly phases of the QBO for the longest available period from 1953 to the 1980s. A significant QBO signal has been detected in September and October in the region of the British Isles, in the Central European region and in Byelorussia (in the easterly phase more precipitation and its lower variability in September and higher variability in October), but also in small region of the south Ukraine in August and in October. Regions of the eastern Ukraine and adjoined regions of Russia had the significant QBO signal in May (more precipitation and its prevalent lower variability in the westerly phase). The observed effects are explained by circulation differences in the westerly and easterly phases of the QBO.With 2 Figures     

热带平流层臭氧准两年周期振荡的特征及数值模拟

利用HALOE的观测资料、对热带地区平流层臭氧垂直分布的年际变化及其准两年周期振荡（QBO）进行研究，并同赤道上空平均的纬向风场的准两年周期振荡进行了模拟研究。资料分析结果表明，平流层臭氧浓度高值区的位置在南北方向上和垂直方向上的有明显的准两年周期，臭氧浓度高值中心的南北移动和上下移动又引起局地臭氧总量的周期性变化和准两年周期振荡南北半球不对称。而臭氧浓度中心位置的准两年周期变化与赤道上空平均纬向风的准两年周期振荡密切相关。资料分析还表明，赤道上空平流层中臭氧浓度QBO的位相随高度变化多次。模拟试验表明，纬向风QBO引起垂直经圈环流的变化，在平流层有三对余差环流圈。它们对O3在不同纬度和高度的输送是引起O3准两年周期振荡的重要动力原因。其中，余差环流在平流层中层（25－35km)的环流圈起着重要的作用。