矿区地下水系统水质分类判别的多元统计分析

以某矿区地下水系统为例,对该矿区地下水水化学资料进行了多元统计分析方法耦合应用研究,主要包括利用因子分析对存在相关关系的离子变量进行空间降维处理,找出能够反映众多离子信息的基础变量(正交因子),以其作为系统聚类变量;运用系统聚类法获取能代表各地下水子系统水化学特征的典型水样;使用贝叶斯逐步线性判别分析建立地下水各子系统水化学判别模型(判别函数),并对随机检验样品进行判别归属和判别模型统计检验。结果表明:这是一种稳定性较好且切实有效的、适用于矿区地下水系统水化学分类及水源水化学判别的方法。     

地下水化学特征在岱河矿涌水水源判别中的应用

岱河矿区地下水系统包含三个主要子系统:第四系全新统孔隙含水层、煤系砂岩裂隙含水层组及煤系下伏灰岩岩溶裂隙含水层组。通过对矿区三个子系统地下水化学特征分析,确定各子系统涌出水来源判别依据的水溶组分并建立各子系统所特有的水质模型,进而提出矿井涌水水源判别模式。实际应用表明,该判别模式具有快速准确的特点,可以为了解矿井涌水来源,预测矿井涌水量,防治矿井突水提供理论依据。     

矿井突水水源的Bayes逐步判别分析研究

对Bayes逐步判别法在矿井突水水源判别中的应用进行研究分析。选用六大常规离子（ Ca2＋、Mg2＋、K＋＋Na＋、SO42-、Cl-、HCO3-）作为判别因子,建立Bayes逐步判别分析模型,以内蒙唐家汇矿区突水水源判别为例,在建立的判别模型回判检验准确率仅60%,分析原因可能与选定的特征判别因子对该矿区水样分类影响能力较弱有关。增加总硬度、碱度、PH值和矿化度作为判别因子,重新建立Bayes判别分析模型,使回判准确率提高至90%,证明适当增加特征判别因子对改善Bayes逐步判别模型的可靠性和稳定性有利。经对唐家会矿区的3个未知样本进行了判别分析,并与距离判别法和模糊综合评判法判别结果对比,结果表明Bayes逐步判别模型准确性较好,判别准确率与距离判别结果完全相同,而优于模糊综合评判方法。在合理选取特征判别因子的情况下,Bayes逐步判别法是目前矿井突水水源判别的有效方法。     

距离判别法在矿山防治水中应用

以淮南潘二矿区、山西河池矿区和河南焦作矿区水样作为突水水源数据,采用距离判别分析理论,对突水水源进行判别分析。选用六大常规离子作为判别因子,分别建立矿井突水水源的距离判别分析模型。经回判检验表明,潘二水样和焦作水样的距离判别模型回判准确率超过90％,而河池矿区水样距离判别模型的回判准确率仅50％。为此,增加总硬度、碱度、PH值和矿化度作为判别因子,重新建立河池矿区水样的距离判别分析模型,回判准确率提高至90％,证明适当增加特征判别因子对改善距离判别分析模型的判别准确率有利。最后对三个矿区的未知样本进行了距离判别分析,并与Bayes逐步判别法和模糊综合评判法判别结果对比,结果表明距离判别法稳定性较好,判别准确率与Bayes逐步判别基本相同,比模糊综合评判要好。因此,在判别因子选择合适的情况下,距离判别法是目前矿井突水水源判别的有效方法。     

水文地球化学方法在煤矿水害研究中的某些应用——以平顶山、肥城矿区研究为例

矿井防治水的理论和工程实践表明，水文地球化学方法是矿井水害预防和治理工作中较为有效的一种方法，以平顶山矿区、肥城矿区为例，阐述了水文地球化学方法在水害研究中的某些应用，在平顶山矿区、环境同位素（氢、氧）和统计分析（聚类分析）技术的研究结果，进一步证实和校正了以往对该区水流系统的概念模型，即局部水流系统和过渡水流系统（或西南部和东北部子系统）的划分仅适于寒武系灰岩含水系统；砂岩含水层在矿区中、北部低山区接受大气降水补给，并有可能补给薄层灰岩含水层。在肥城矿区，地下水示踪试验结果表明，该区的GF9，F7－1、F7－3断层在试验段内具有较强的导水性，奥灰水可通过上述断层并以不同特征的通道和速度继续径流并补给各井下出水点，因而是该区煤矿安全的主要威胁。     

焦作矿区双重介质裂隙网络渗流与渗流模型研究

焦作矿区矿井水害严重,位于煤层底板下的石炭系薄层灰岩中的第八、第二层,以及奥系灰岩岩溶含水层是矿井主要充水水源。裂隙是矿区岩溶水渗流的主要通道,裂隙介质的不均匀性、各向异性、不连续性等特征非常明显,且不同规模的裂隙对岩溶水渗流的贡献不同。根据裂隙介质对岩溶水渗流所起的作用,对那些控制矿区岩溶水渗流分布且起主导渗透作用的巨型和大型裂隙建立非连续介质裂隙网络三维渗流模型;对大型和巨型裂隙之间的裂隙岩块建立连续介质渗透张量模型,两模型耦合在一起组成双重介质裂隙网络三维渗流模型。该模型能较好地刻画矿区岩溶水渗流和突水特征      

系统聚类逐步判别法对皖北矿区突水水源的分析

以Ca2+、Mg2+、K++Na+、Cl-、SO₄2-、CO₃2-、HCO₃-、pH值与TDS的测试结果为指标,对皖北矿区四含、煤系、太灰、奥灰4个主要突水含水层系统分别进行聚类分析。在此基础上,筛选出能代表各含水层水化学特征的水样进行逐步判别分析,并从中选出了SO₄2-与TDS两种标型组分,建立了皖北矿区突水水源的判别模型,该模型具有较好的判别效果。      

逐步判别模型在矿井突水水源判别中的应用

利用不同含水层的水化学成分差异,采用逐步判别方法借助SPSS统计软件,建立矿井突水水源的判别模型,选取矿井三类突水水源31个样品作为判别样品,以突水含水层Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~++Na~+、HCO3~-、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)等常规离子组分为评价因子,并筛选出Ca~(2+)、HCO3~-两个指标作为判别指标,得到逐步线性判别函数,用于突水水源的判别,并采用马氏广义距离的F检验、回判检验及样品检验等多种方法进行验证,经验证,该模型判别效果较好,能较好识别突水水源。     

基于GIS和聚类分析的矿井突水水源快速判别

基于GIS强大数据库功能和模糊聚类分析方法,建立模糊综合评判模型进行矿井突水水源快速判别,同时利用GIS可视化技术将评判结果直观地显示给用户。尝试将该系统应用于河南某矿区,结果表明该系统简便易行,评判结果切合实际,也验证了该系统的可靠性。采用该系统软件可高效准确地完成未知突水水样的水源判别,为煤矿安全生产提供决策依据。     

多源数据挖掘下潘谢矿区深部灰岩水突水预警研究

深层灰岩水在长时间水岩耦合作用下各含水层的水化学成分有所不同,但随着地壳运动、采动影响等因素导致不同含水层产生水力联系。重大的突水事故都是深层高压灰岩水以浅层灰岩水为通道突入矿井发生的。依据对淮南煤田潘谢矿区9对矿井2015—2018年182个地面水文观测孔的水位数据及潘二矿突水后各水文观测孔水位变化的时空规律,得出水文观测孔的水位变化数据比水位高程数据更灵敏,潘谢矿区深层灰岩水由下向上对浅层灰岩水进行补给,通过聚类分析算法识别出矿井与深层灰岩水存在补给关系的浅层灰岩含水层区域;另一方面基于改进的随机森林算法对收集的7 000多条矿井水质化验资料进行分析,基于错分数据识别出与深层灰岩水水力联系紧密的各矿含水层信息。综合分析水位变化数据聚类分析结果,得出各矿井的突水风险区域。基于含水层分类显著因子、水化学空间分布特征,结合温度、流量、水位、水质等参数的高精度传感器,构建快速准确突水预警系统,对矿井出水点进行智能监测,为实施防治水措施提供快速、可靠的依据,可以极大地避免矿井发生突水事故和减少突水事故产生的损失。      

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861