重庆雪玉洞氡浓度变化特征及其危害防护

利用 PRM-2100氡子体监测仪对重庆市丰都县雪玉洞氡子体平衡当量浓度进行连续12个月的监测。研究表明：（1）雪玉洞洞内氡子体平均平衡当量浓度为2135.7 Bq/m3;取平衡因子为0.5,则其平均氡浓度为4271.4 Bq/m3;（2）氡子体平衡当量浓度总体呈现出夏季高、冬季低及洞层越高,浓度越高的特点,而且氡子体平衡当量浓度变化与洞内温度变化相关性不明显,但与洞外的相关性则较强;（3）雪玉洞游客因吸入氡子体所致的年均有效剂量当量为0.02 mSv/a,只是联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会（UNSCEAR）估计的氡子体对公众产生危害的年有效剂量界限值（1.30 mSv/a）的1.54%,因此短时间游览对游客的健康不会产生影响。但是,由于洞穴讲解员、保安、拍照人员在洞内工作时间较长,接受氡子体照射的年均有效剂量当量分别为7.69 mSv/a、11.96 mSv/a、59.48 mSv/a,均高于UNSCEAR 的年有效剂量。因此,需要合理安排洞穴内工作人员工作时间和科学地制订出他们的年工作时间上限;加强氡危害相关知识的普及与洞穴工作人员的个人防护;在高氡浓度析出区域进行屏蔽防护或在适当位置安装空气净化器;与此同时,还要加强氡及其子体浓度的分析和监测等。     

青岛市地表天然放射性水平及其主控因素特征

通过对青岛市1500km^2范围内大密度土壤放射性核素（^238U、^232Th和^40K）和地表γ辐射测量,系统深入地研究了其放射性特征、分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明,青岛市土壤中核素^232Th和咏的放射性比活度偏高,而^238U偏低。地表γ辐射吸收剂量率（平均值91．87nGy·h^-1）略高于全国和世界平均值,研究发现地表93．14％的γ辐射来自地面放射性核素^238U、^232Th和^40K）的．γ辐射,其中^232Th和^40K的贡献占81．21％,是主要的贡献者。地质背景是影响地面γ辐射吸收剂量率的主要因素,燕山期各类花岗岩是导致青岛市区-王哥庄-带γ辐射吸收剂量率偏高的主要原因;同时环境因素（路面材料、地貌景观）对地表γ辐射吸收剂量率也存在一定影响。虽然研究区的γ辐射吸收剂量率较高,但其年有效剂量（0．56 mSv）远低于公众照射年剂量当量限值1.0 mSv,人居环境基本不受影响。     

青岛市地表伽玛辐射特征及环境影响评价

对青岛市1 500 km 2范围内大密度土壤放射性核素和地表γ 辐射测量,系统深入研究了其放射性特征、分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明,青岛市土壤中核素232 Th 和40 K 的放射性比活度偏高,而238U 偏低。地表γ 辐射剂量率( 平均值91. 87 nGy /h) 略高于全国和世界平均值。研究发现,地表 93. 14%的γ 辐射来自地面放射性核素238U、232 Th 和40K 的γ 辐射,其中232 Th 和40K 的贡献占81. 21%,是主要的贡献者。地质背景决定地面γ 辐射剂量率值,燕山期各类花岗岩是导致青岛市区-王哥庄一带γ 辐射剂量率偏高的主要原因; 同时环境因素( 路面材料、地貌景观) 对其剂量率也存在一定影响。虽然研究区的γ 辐射剂量率较高,但其年有效剂量( 0. 56 mSv) 低于公众照射年剂量当量限值 ( 1. 0 mSv) ,人居环境基本不受影响。     

某铀矿山退役治理后辐射环境状况调查与分析

对南方某核设施退役治理后的辐射环境进行了现场监测,并对当地辐射环境进行评价,评价结果表明:矿区及其周边地区空气中γ辐射吸收剂量率、氡及其子体浓度都低于国家管理限值水平,治理后土壤中氡析出率明显下降,土壤及地表水中放射性核素铀、镭含量较低,治理效果保持较好。     

珠江三角洲地区抽水蓄能电站环境放射性调查

依据放射性监测及评价标准,对位于珠三角地区的三处在建中的抽水蓄能电站的地质探洞进行了放射性调查,通过对环境γ辐射空气吸收剂量率和环境氡浓度的测量、分析,估算了抽水蓄能电站地质探洞环境天然放射性对施工、运行人员所致剂量,明确了氡为探洞内主要放射性污染因素,突出强调了辐射防护的必要性,并提出了相关措施。     

铀矿地表堆浸对环境的影响

文章以国内2座开采历史较长的铀矿山为例,研究了铀矿地表堆浸生产对环境的影响。按照核工业辐射环境评价的基本要求,主要从矿山废物等的表面氡析出率、废水的放射性核素质量浓度、废渣的γ辐射水平及其放射性核素质量浓度等几个方面进行调查,并与2座矿山生产前期（以常规水冶生产为主）对环境所产生的影响进行比较,评价地表堆浸的优劣;结合地表堆浸的特点提出了改进的措施和建议。     

黑龙江省冻土活动层厚度年际变化影响因素分析

冻土活动层是冻土地区地层内水热交换最为活跃的区域,对气候与环境变化十分敏感。黑龙江省气候环境独特,冻土活动层受到地理位置（坡度、坡向及高程）、下垫面因素（地表土壤含水量、植被、积雪）及太阳辐射（地表反照率、土壤感热及潜热通量）等环境与气候变化的影响十分敏感。通过灰色关联、相关分析、趋势度检验、向量自回归模型发现：年内尺度上,冻土活动层厚度主要受到土壤含水量及植被的影响较大;年际尺度上,冻土活动层与积雪、植被、潜热通量呈负相关,并在不同的区域呈极显著负相关;与感热通量呈正相关,并在部分区域呈极显著正相关。近30 a来冻土活动层及各影响因素在各区域呈现不同的变化趋势,各影响因素对冻土活动层厚度影响程度不同,由高到低依次受到潜热、土壤含水量、植被、感热及雪深的影响,特别是潜热对冻土活动层厚度长期变化的贡献率达到35.09%。这种现象与东北地区独特且复杂的地理环境以及近30 a来各因素的变化关系密切。     

某长隧洞环境放射性评价研究

通过在拟开掘隧道沿线的专门勘探平洞和煤矿巷道中进行的γ辐射剂量率(225组数据)和环境氡浓度(96个数据)测量,评价和研究该区未来隧道放射性辐射环境。这些平洞和巷道均穿越了(或低于)拟开掘隧洞的底部,基本上揭露了比选隧洞可能穿越的地层岩性。结果表明,在该区煤系地层和侏罗系砂岩交接带可能会出现环境γ辐射照射剂量超标现象,在上述交接带以及含土碎石分布区,有可能出现环境氡浓度超标现象。在选线和施工过程中应引起重视。     

引绰济辽工程文得根引水隧洞放射性调查评价

对长约70 km引水工程洞线上进行的地面伽马能谱测量、陆地伽马剂量率测量、土壤氡浓度测量、岩石表面氡析出率测量以及钻孔岩芯样品的放射性元素U、Ra、Th、K含量分析的综合放射性地质调查,并对获得的测量数据进行分析研究。结果表明,测区引水沿线地质体放射性核素当量含量平均值为：U 1.56×10-6,Th 14.12×10-6,K 2.16×10-2;钻孔岩芯放射性元素分析含量平均值为：U 32.34 Bq/kg,Ra 35.68 Bq/kg,Th 35.29 Bq/kg,K 865.65 Bq/kg。陆地伽马剂量率为90.42 nGy/h;土壤氡浓度平均值为4 272.1 Bq/m3;岩石表面析出率平均值为4.01×10-2 Bq/m2·s。根据测量结果,利用内照射和外照射辐射剂量计算了对施工人员造成的辐照剂量为0.759 mSv,低于国家对公众的剂量限值1 mSv/a,表明引水工程输水隧洞的施工在安全辐射范围内。     

TDR测定喀斯特地区石灰土含水量的标定研究

土壤含水量是气候、水文、土壤侵蚀等研究中的一个重要参数。TDR法因具有方便、快速、精确且不扰动土壤等优点而得到广泛应用,但因受土壤质地、容重、温度等物理因素的影响而必须对其进行标定。本研究采用室内标定(壤土)和田间标定(粗、中、细质土以及三者的组合)相结合的方式,对用TDR法测定的喀斯特地区不同质地石灰土含水量进行了标定。结果表明:（1)TDR法测定的土壤含水量比烘干法测定值要小,两者最大绝对偏差在室内标定条件下为10.6%,田间标定为12.2%;相应的相对偏差最高分别可达60.3%和32.8%。因此,必须在使用前对TDR进行标定。（2)标定后TDR法测定的土壤含水量精度明显提高,平均绝对偏差低至1.4%~3.1%;室内标定曲线精度略低于田间标定曲线。（3)不同质地组合的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线的标定精度较高(平均绝对偏差为1.5% ~ 2.6%),可用于不同质地土壤含水量标定。本研究结果可用于修订校正研究区及类似区域TDR法测定土壤含水量的结果。      

~(222)Rn的吸附性及其对水异常评价的意义

本文依据活性炭、粘土、砂对水中氡进行吸附的试验资料及204地区的野外实际资料,探讨了氡的吸附性。含氡地下水在径流过程中除衰变,逸出会使其氡浓度降低外,岩土对其吸附亦是重要因素。因此,在进行放射性水异常评价时,应充分注意这一点。     

航放数据处理中出现负值的原因及解决方法

笔者通过对内蒙古阿拉善左旗测区的航放数据处理,总结了出现负值的过程及原因,主要有以下几点:(1)放射性蜕变具有统计涨落的性质,这一性质对数据修正中产生负值起着重要作用,尤其是在放射性核素含量偏低地区;(2)铀计数率经过本底和宇宙射线修正后会出现少量的负值,经过大气氡修正后负值数量进一步增加,并在测线两端容易出现高值假异常及连续的负值异常,经过康普顿散射剥离修正后,负值数量大量增加,而高度修正及含量换算则不再产生新的负值,仅改变负值大小。笔者在研究中发现,通过对修正过程产生的负值进行置零处理,能消除由大气氡修正而产生的高值假异常,但却出现连续的零值数据,不符合客观规律,因此提出用归一化法来消除负值,该方法可快速、合理地将负值消除,并能将改动后的值控制在一个较小值的范围内,弥补了目前对负值处理方法的缺失与不足。     

Geological and tectonic influence on water–soil–radon relationship in Mandi–Manali area,Himachal Himalaya

Radon measurements in soil and groundwater (springs, thermal springs and handpumps) were made in a variety of lithological units including major thrusts between Mandi and Manali in Himachal Himalaya. Analysis of radon data in light of lithological controls and influence of deep-seated thrusts has been made to elucidate the causative factors for anomalous emanation of radon. The lithological types include banded gneisses, schists, quartzite, granite, phyllites, volcanics and mylonites. The low-grade metasedimentries of Shali and Dharamsala generally show low and narrow range of radon concentration in water (5.6–13.4 Bq/l) as well as in soil (1.8–3.2 kBq/m³) except for the samples related to thrusts. On the other hand, sheared and deformed rocks of Chail and Jutogh show moderate radon content (average 5.03 kBq/m³, range 2.9–11.1 kBq/m³) in soil. However, the groundwater radon concentration shows wide variation in different types of sources (2.1–80.8 Bq/l). The quartzite and volcanic rocks of Rampur formation in this area present as a window separated by Chail thrust. Radon emanations on these rock types are relatively high (6.3–68.1 Bq/l in water and 5.5–15.9 kBq/m³ in soil) and are exceptionally high in samples that are related to uranium mineralization, deep-seated thrusts and hot springs (13.5–653.5 Bq/l). It is generally observed that anomalous high radon content is associated with mineralization, deeper source and tectonic discontinuities. Whereas it is obvious that subsurface radioactive mineralization would facilitate enhanced radon production, however, thrust plains provide easy pathways for escape of gases from the deeper sources. Shallow and deep sources of the groundwater have contrasting radon content particularly in the deformed and metamorphosed rocks of Jutogh and Chail. Shallow groundwater sources, mainly handpumps, have lower radon concentration due to limited superficial water circulation, whereas deeper sources, mainly perennial springs, show higher radon content because of larger opportunity for water–rock interaction.     

模拟水氡异常判识

本文阐述了模拟水氡测值的影响因素,并以乌鸦咀泉为例阐述了模拟水氡异常的判识方法,指出要对模拟水氡异常进行判识,必须充分了解水点的基本情况及所有影响因素,并充分了解这些影响因素对水氡的影响规律,在此基础上对干扰因素加以排除,同时用同一水点其它测项的同步变化特征来佐证该异常不是观测过程中人为及仪器因素造成,最后进行区域背景场对比分析,用同一区域其它水点测值的同步变化情况加以佐证,以判断是否是区域应力场所致,从而为分析预报提供可靠的判定依据。本文为模拟水氡的异常判识提供了实例。     

不同方法(仪器)测定水中铀氡数值的可比性试验与成果

本文对4种水中铀含量分析方法和5种型号水中氡浓度测定仪器测定水中铀氡数值的配对试验进行了总结。确定了不同方法(仪器)测定值间的可比性,求出了测定值换算成标准值的修正式。为在区域铀矿水化学找矿资料整理中。进行不同方法(仪器)测定水中铀氡数值的一致性处理提供了方法。     

Correlation of soil radon and uranium with indoor radon in the Albuquerque,New Mexico area

High indoor radon in approximately 30 percent of private dwellings in the Albuquerque, New Mexico area has been reported previously. The present study explains the areas of high indoor radon as a function of different soil and/or bedrock in the area. Soils were sampled during summer and winter periods using alpha track radon detectors. The values range from 40 to 890 pCi/I air at a depth of 38 cm. The gross mean average is 360 pCi/I for the area for summer readings and 200 pCi/I for winter readings; both values are well over the average U.S. soil radon values of approximately 100 pCi/I. Analyses of soil uranium show a range in values of 1–6 ppm, with a mean of 3.1 ppm. Thorium values range from 3.3 to 28.8 ppm, and Th/U ratios range from 2.9 to 4.6.These values for U, Th, and Th/U suggest that soil U and Th are close to the values reported for the Sandia granite, the source of most of the pediment on which Albuquerque is built. Soil infiltration rates range from ~6 × 10^–4 to 4.5 × 10^–3 cm/sec for the samples, and soil moisture content ranges from 1.4 to 7.2 percent. A fair correlation of summer soil radon with infiltration rate is noted. Correlation of soil radon with moisture content and/or with percent silt, silt + clay, clay size fraction material is not established by this study. Soil radon values do correlate with regions in the Albuquerque area where high indoor radon is common. A better correlation of high indoor radon values with soils developed immediately over bedrock is observed. Furthermore, all values of average soil and indoor radon increase significantly with proximity of the stations to the Sandia Mountains. Soil uranium also shows this trend. The data argue that regions of potentially high radon can thus be identified.     

关于天然放射性的成因

天然放射性衰变通常被认为是自发性的行为，并且这种衰变有一个恒定的半衰期，尽管有一些实验和经验性的证据对上述基本理论曾提出质疑。许靖华（1994）提出过这方面的问题－衰变作用是否是自发性行为？以及衰变作用是否是粒子与粒子之间相互作用的结果？为了检验β衰变是由中微子与中子相互作用的结果这一论点，对C－14衰变进行实验监测。我们的研究假设，β衰变速率的变化与中微子流的数量之间呈相关关系。在一个短实验周期里，具有较长半衰期的C－14样品的衰变速率应该是一个近似常数。然而我们的实验发现，检测到的衰变速率偏离理论值达1％。这种变化的信号强度超过本底噪声1000倍以上。曾经有一种假说提到，β衰变是由于中子与太阳发出的中微子碰撞产生的，而上述变化与太阳活动无关。经过一年半的实验检测，发现该衰变速率与在北京测量到的宇宙射线强度呈正相关关系。这一结果与作者提出的，β衰变是被宇宙射线的中微子激活的假说相符合。     

活性炭法测定室内外环境中氡的吸附饱和性实验

介绍了一套实验装置,可通过该装置了解吸附了氡气的活性炭的放射性计数与活性炭所在环境的氡浓度的关系。活性炭中氡或其衰变子体放出的γ射线的总计数与氡浓度成线性关系;γ射线的总计数经过校正后,可以换算成活性炭所在环境的氡浓度。     

Study of the radon concentrations in drinking water from three main cities of Shaanxi Province,China

This paper presents the results of radon concentration measurements in the drinking water from the municipal water supply system and private wells of Xian, Xianyang and Baoji city of Shaanxi province of China. The measurements were carried out on 38 samples. Radon levels in drinking water in Xian, Xianyang and Baoji were found to be 5.78, 13.04 and 15.01 k Bq m^–3, respectively. The AM radon concentration of private well water from Xianyang and Baoji is 28.84 k Bq m^–3 and 38.85 k Bq m^–3, respectively, which is 2.56 times and 3.14 times as high as that of tap water radon, respectively. The radiation risk of radon in water would be due to degassing and not due to drinking water. The domestic use of showers, humidifiers, and cooking, washing up, laundering, etc. may lead to an additional increase of the radon concentration in the indoor air. The observed radon concentration in drinking water from three main cities of Shaanxi Province can contribute to a 4.86 to 32.63% increase in indoor radon concentration and can cause 0.068±0.016 mSv y^–1 to 0.177±0.045 mSv y^–1 extra annual effective dose to males, 0.060±0.014 mSv y^–1 to 0.155±0.039 mSv y^–1 to females. The mean annual effective dose equivalents to males and females of Xianyang and Baoji from well water account for 25.94 to 39.75% of environmental radon and radon daughters annual effective dose equivalents. The radon concentrations in the well water from Xianyang and Baoji will bring a definite additional risk to the population.     

Experimental and theoretical study of pressure effects on hydrogen isotope fractionation in the system brucite-water at elevated temperatures

A detailed, systematic experimental and theoretical study was conducted to investigate the effect of pressure on equilibrium D/H fractionation between brucite (Mg(OH)₂) and water at temperatures from 200 to 600°C and pressures up to 800 MPa. A fine-grained brucite was isotopically exchanged with excess amounts of water, and equilibrium D/H fractionation factors were calculated by means of the partial isotope exchange method. Our experiments unambiguously demonstrated that the D/H fractionation factor between brucite and water increased by 4.4 to 12.4‰ with increasing pressure to 300 or 800 MPa at all the temperatures investigated. The observed increases are linear with the density of water under experimental conditions. We calculated the pressure effects on the reduced partition function ratios (β-factor) of brucite (300-800 K and P ≤ 800 MPa) and water (400-600°C and P ≤ 100 MPa), employing a statistical-mechanical method similar to that developed by Kieffer (1982) and a simple thermodynamic method based on the molar volumes of normal and heavy waters, respectively. Our theoretical calculations showed that the reduced partition function ratio of brucite increases linearly with pressure at a given temperature (as much as 12.6‰ at 300 K and 800 MPa). The magnitude of the pressure effects rapidly decreases with increasing temperature. On the other hand, the β-factor of water decreases 4 to 5‰ with increasing pressure to 100 MPa at 400 to 600°C. Overall D/H isotope pressure effects combined from the separate calculations on brucite and water are in excellent agreement with the experimental results under the same temperature-pressure range. Our calculations also suggest that under the current experimental conditions, the magnitude of the isotope pressure effects is much larger on water than brucite. Thus, the observed pressure effects on D/H fractionation are common to other systems involving water. It is very likely that under some geologic conditions, pressure is an important variable in controlling D/H partitioning.