冲绳海槽北部表层沉积物中底栖有孔虫分布及其与海洋环境的关系

对1999年6月采自冲绳海槽北部的62个表层沉积物样品进行了底栖有孔虫分析。研究表明，该区属种多为中外陆架和上部陆坡常见底栖有孔虫，其中Cibicides pseudoungerianus在研究区域内广泛分布。底栖有孔虫群落明显受研究区水团的制约，该区底栖有孔虫Q型因子分析反映的4个组合分别对应不同的水团影响：组合1以Cibicides pseudoungerianus、Uvigerina sp.、Ammonia ketienziensis、Textularia pseudocarinata为主，代表陆架混合水团影响环境；组合2以Uvigerina peregrina、Beregrina、Bulimina mexicana、Bulimina submarginata、Globocassidulina subglobosa为主，代表黑潮暖流中层水影响下的环境；组合3以喜营养分子Bulimina marginata和Bolivina robusta为主，代表冷涡沉积和上升流沉积区的环境；组合4以Cibicides pseudoungerianus、Globocassidulina subglobosa为主，代表了对马暖流水团影响下的环境，其中水团的氧含量水平和营养状况是影响底栖有孔虫组合变化的主要因素。底栖有孔虫的丰度从西往东依次出现两个丰度高值带，一个位于研究区西部100—140m水深的陆架区，另一个位于400—600m水深的上陆坡，后者可能反映了冲绳海槽大陆坡普遍发育的陆坡上升流现象。     

冲绳海槽北部表层沉积物中放射虫的分布与环境

对冲绳海槽北部80个表层沉积样品中放射虫进行的定量研究表明，其丰度和分异度西北部低，东南部高，由西北向东南递增；从西北陆架到东南海槽放射虫分布可分为陆架低值区，海槽边缘中值区和中央高值区，放射虫的组成以泡沫虫目占绝对优势，总体面貌为热带大洋暖水动物群，沉积物中放射虫的分布与现代表层海水温度，盐度的分布和变化趋势一致，但与营养盐和实级生产力的分布呈负相关关系；同时，放射虫的分布又与研究区的海流和水团有密切关系，其中黑潮对其有控制性影响，沉积物类型极大地影响着放射虫的分布，放射虫的丰度和分异度明显地随粒度的增大和陆源物质含量的增加而减小，此外，放射虫的分岂有此理也显示了与沉积物中火山物质含量的密切相关性。     

东海东北部春季若干重要水文结构的分析

本文主要基于韩国海洋研究所在东海沿岸海洋过程试验中收集的ＣＴＤ资料，分析了１９９５年春季出现在东海东北部的一些重要水文结构。结果表明，一种锋涡状结构出现在黑潮向东转折点附近。它不仅使邻近海域的水文结构变得更复杂，而且诱发黑潮水与陆架水间活跃的交换。在陆架坡折处观测到若干孤立的陆架水块，可能是锋涡的卷挟作用所致；该海域存在４个水团，即黑潮水、对马暖流水、陆架水和混合水。对马暖流水分为上下两层：上层水为变性黑潮水，盐度比黑潮水约低０．１，底层对马暖流水仅位于冲绳海槽区，并有着与黑潮中层水相同的温、盐特性；一种双锋结构出现在邻近黑潮的陆架边缘附近。在内陆架形成的陆架锋，由北向南伸展时，愈来愈偏向陆架边缘。而黑潮锋沿九州以西深槽的陆架边缘向北伸展。在黑潮转折点附近，两锋几乎合并为一条锋。狭窄的锋带由黑潮水及其变性水和陆架水的混合水所占据。     

冲绳海槽中部表层沉积物中的放射虫

1992年7月“向阳红16号”海洋调查船利用大洋50型抓斗在冲绳海槽中部（25°30’－30°N,125°－129°E）区域内获取表层沉积物样品88个。表层沉积物中的放射虫定量分析结果表明;愈近海槽放射虫的数量及属、种丰度值愈高,西侧槽坡离开槽区越远,放射虫数量及属种越渐少。而东侧槽被放射虫数量则表现了高、低值成点状分布的格局。表层沉积物中两大类放射虫的百分含量分别为泡沫虫约占87％,罩笼虫约占13％。另外根据分析结果,把本区分为3个小的沉积区：陆坡上部沉积区;陆被下部沉积区;海槽底部沉积区。     

冲绳海槽北部表层沉积物中浮游有孔虫的分布与海洋环境

为查明冲绳海槽北部浮游有孔虫动物群的分布特征与海洋环境之间的关系，对1992年6月和1999年6月两次采白冲绳海槽北部111个表层沉积物中的浮游有孔虫进行了鉴定和统计，并利用Q型因子分析方法对其群落组合特征进行了分析。结果表明，冲绳海槽北部浮游有孔虫主要有3个因子组合。以Globlobigerinita glutinata(Egger)为代表的主因子1主要分布在东南侧的黑潮主干和对马暖流控制区内，同时受西侧陆架冷水影响的部分站位也显示了较高的载荷值。G．glutinata的种群特征显示，黑潮主干和对马暖流控制区以大个体分子为主，而小个体分子主要集中在受冷水影响的陆架浅水区。因此，G．glutinata很可能是300N以北海域黑潮及其分支流系的优势种，而其小个体分子在陆架浅水的存在可能与东海冷涡沉积动力环境相关。以浅生种Globigerinoides ruber(d‘Orbigny)为代表的主因子2主要分布在研究区西侧和北侧水深100—150m之间的陆架浅水区。以Neogloboquadrina dutertrei(d’Orbigny)和Pulleniatina obliquiloculata(Parker＆Jones)为代表的主因子3，主要分布在研究区中部的黑潮和对马暖流与陆架水的混合区内。因此，冲绳海槽北部浮游有孔虫动物群的分布受到海流、水团、水深等多种海洋环境因素的影响。     

冲绳海槽中南部及其邻近陆架悬浮体的分布、组成和影响因子分析

初夏冲绳海槽中南部海域悬浮体含量的分布特点为:表层水体中部海区高,南北海区低;中底层水体自南西至北东由低至高.从陆架到海槽断面的悬浮体含量分布为陆架最高值区、陆坡最低值区和海槽低值区.悬浮体组成包括矿物岩石碎屑、生物骨屑以及絮凝体.矿物岩石碎屑主要分布在陆架区中、下层水体,生物骨屑主要分布在海槽区(整个水层)和陆架区上层水体,絮凝体在研究区都有分布.海槽区与陆架区的悬浮体含量垂直分布和组分特征具有明显的差异.研究区悬浮体分布和组成主要受控于黑潮对陆架物质向冲绳海槽输送的阻隔、生物生产量以及地形、地理环境.     

黄、东海海域水团发育对底质沉积物分布的影响

通过对黄、东海海域底质沉积物中的细粒级粘土矿物组合特征和全粒级碳酸盐含量分析、对比上覆水团和悬浮体资料，探讨研究区水团发育消长对底质沉积物分布的影响作用。结果表明研究区可以划分为长江冲淡水影响的长江型物质沉积区；黄海水影响的黄河型物质沉积区和黑潮水以及东海次表层水影响的残留型物质沉积区。而水团发育消长可直接影响下伏底质的分布特征。黄河型物质沉积区与残留型物质沉积区的分界相应于黄海冷水向东南扩展与黑潮次中层混合水向陆架爬升互为消长的长期综合平衡位置，而黄海冷水向东南的扩展范围代表着黄河物质在陆架向东南扩展沉积的最大范围．     

南海南部上层水体中多孔放射虫的组成与分布特征

通过对2002年5月采自南海南部11个站位的28个浮游分层拖网样品的定量研究,初步分析了南海南部上层水体中多孔放射虫的组成与分布特征。共鉴定出116属221种多孔放射虫,其中泡沫虫目123种,占总种数的55．7％;罩笼虫目98种,占总种数的44．3％。罩笼虫目在个体数量上占优势,罩笼虫目与泡沫虫目个体数量之比平均达1．73。多孔放射虫的属种组成呈现明显的热带暖水动物群的组合面貌,优势种相当突出,其组成与南海中北部海区及其它低纬度大洋相比存在一定差异,反映了南海南部海区独特的多孔放射虫属种组成特征。多孔放射虫丰度在不同水层中因受到不同环境因素的影响而呈现不同的平面分布趋势,惟一相似之处是高值多出现于西南或东北部海区;在垂直方向上基本呈随深度增加而减小的分布趋势,丰度和属种数最高值均出现于0—50m水层,在50m以深丰度和属种数均明显减少。各站位间简单分异度S变化幅度较大,在75—140种之间;而复合分异度H(s)变化幅度较小．在3．5-4．0之间。总体来说分异度值均比较高,表明南海南部上层水体中多孔放射虫种类多样性程度比较高,种群比较繁盛。     

东海中部三万年以来的沉积环境

本文对东海中部8个柱样中的放射虫化石进行了研究,对东海三万年以来的古环境和古海洋学问题认识如下:冲绳海槽中放射虫的数量远比陆架丰富;陆架中部海水可能由北向南退出,外陆架的海水是由西北向东南退出;距今一万五千年左右海平面最低位置约在现在水深的107—134m间;初步确定海槽全新世与更新世的界线约在40cm处.     

南极普里兹湾表层沉积物中放射虫的组合与分布特征

对普里兹湾16个表层沉积物样品中的放射虫动物群进行了全属种鉴定和分析,共检出放射虫2目66属107种,其中罩笼虫目40属71种,泡沫虫目26属36种,前者的属种多样性和个体数量都显著高于后者。研究结果显示:普里兹湾放射虫多样性程度较低,但丰度较高,平均可达3.36万枚/g,呈现出陆架区湾口区冰架前缘的趋势,且湾西部高于东部,可能主要受研究区表层生产力、环流结构、沉积物类型和冷水团分布等海洋环境要素的影响。以Antarctissa strelkovi、Antarctissa denticulata为代表的Antarctissa group是该区最典型的优势种组合,平均百分含量高达42.43%,其分布主要受控于水体温度,其高含量具有指示冷水团分布的潜力,而该组合丰度的分布主要受环流和地形的影响;由Phormacantha hystrix、Plectacantha oikiskos和Rhizoplegmaboreale组成的特征种组合平均百分含量为12.54%,其丰度和含量的分布模式主要表征的是与环流结构有关的水团混合作用的强弱,对水深或离岸距离的指示作用并不明显。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.