塔里木盆地巴楚—麦盖提地区志留纪同生断裂及其对砂质分散体系的控制

在塔里木盆地巴楚—麦盖提地区志留系地震资料解析基础上,利用生长指数反映该区断层发育情况,并通过井约束反演得出该区的砂体展布,研究该区断层对砂体的控制作用。铲式同生逆断层是该区主要的断层类型,包含有蛇头背斜、冲起构造等典型的逆冲构造样式;断层在平面上多呈弧形,走向以近北西向为主;研究区受北东向挤压形成两套倾向相反的平行逆冲断层,断层组合型式为"向斜式逆冲断层系"。该区同生断层对砂质分散体系的控制作用表现出两种不同的类型:当同生逆断层走向与物源方向近正交时,其对砂体分散的控制表现为"遏止作用";当同生逆断层走向与物源方向斜交时,其对砂体分散的控制表现为"疏导作用"。     

冀中坳陷深县凹陷的生长断层特点及其对沉积的控制作用

众所周知,构造控制沉积,沉积控制储层,但多数沉积相图的编制并没有系统考虑构造对沉积的控制作用,因而造成沉积相或古地理图与同生构造格局不匹配的严重缺陷。这里所指的构造主要是生长断层,而活动方式会对沉积地层有明显的控制作用。深县凹陷的生长断层可以划分为4种模式:晚期活动模式、持续活动模式、间歇活动模式及深部扩展模式。在此基础上,本文根据断层的活动变化特点并结合区域物源分析,系统地讨论了深县地区的生长断层对该区沉积格局的控制作用,在总体沉积格局表现为"南部水下扇、北部三角洲"的基础上,两大沉积体系前缘的同生断层分布控制砂体的进一步展布,呈现出平面顺断朵状分布、剖面垂向楔形叠加的沉积特点。     

同生逆断层正牵引构造对高频层序地层结构 及沉积充填的控制作用

本文拟探讨同生逆断层产生的正牵引构造对高频层序结构及沉积充填的控制作用。利用同生逆断层产生的次级构造要素正牵引构造这个视角来揭示构造与沉积的耦合关系具有其独特性与新颖性。在研究区岩芯、测井及地震资料分析的基础上,结合地质分析、构造平衡剖面技术及井震联合等方法对研究区同生逆断层断层要素进行分析,进而提出正牵引构造的特点以及其对高频层序结构和砂体展布的控制作用机制。研究表明:①正牵引构造的发育具有3个特点,即上盘形成局部隆起向上牵引弯曲的背斜;因应力反转形成沿背斜核部非对称分布的正断层束;其发育部位砂体发育程度低。同时,②同生逆断层正牵引构造对高频层序地层结构控制明显,其下盘地层厚度不仅较上盘明显增厚,且上盘地层因强烈的上拱隆升作用容易遭受剥蚀,从而导致平面上自下而上地层遭受削蚀范围逐渐增大的差异削蚀样式;同时,剖面上垂直断裂走向地层呈"厚—薄—厚"的展布样式。地层削蚀形成的局部不整合界面为层序地层研究的关键界面,其可为等时地层格架的建立提供依据。③正牵引构造引起的差异隆起的沉积底形控制了古水系的流动方向,因而决定了砂体的分散和充填样式。垂直同生逆断层走向方向,隆起背斜部位的砂体发育程度低,以砂泥交互和厚层泥岩夹薄层砂等非主力储层为主;与之相反,正牵引构造发育部位的背斜两翼砂体以厚层连片状主力储层占绝对优势。     

青藏高原南羌塘盆地多玛地区 晚新生代伸展构造特征

晚新生代以来青藏高原南羌塘盆地内发育近南北走向和近东西走向的两组伸展构造。南羌塘盆地多玛地区的遥感影像分析及野外实地研究表明,沿两组断裂均可见线性分布的断层三角面、断层陡坎、断塞塘、热泉和泉华等构造地貌特征,表明断裂的伸展特性;同时,南北走向的断裂错断山脊、中生代地层和研究区内近东西走向的伸展构造,断层错距从几十米到上千米不等。近南北走向的断裂由南部的两条主干断裂向北呈马尾状散开,并在中央隆起带南坡逐渐消失,近东西走向伸展构造发育在近南北走向断裂的北部,不论断层规模还是断层活动性均表明近南北走向断裂为研究区内主控构造单元。光释光年龄表明近东西走向断裂在全新世仍处在活动状态。研究区内两组伸展构造的交切关系表明近东西走向的伸展构造为近南北走向构造的伴生构造或转换构造,两组伸展构造的发育表明高原腹地处于伸展垮塌状态。     

北部湾下第三系中的浊积岩

北部湾拗陷位于海南岛西面,目前为一半封闭浅海区,拗陷在前白垩系基底上发育起来,接受中、新生代沉积约3—4千米。笔者在拗陷的钻井岩芯中发现浊积岩。该凹陷长轴北东东向,南北缘有同生断层发育,钻井位于北部同生断层南面的断层上盘。岩芯表明,上第三系为浅海相沉积,下第三系缺少标准化石,按岩性分三个岩组:下部红色岩组,中部暗色岩组和上部杂色岩组。浊积岩系位于暗色岩组的下段(图1)。     

碎屑岩沉积构型研究若干进展

近10年来,国内外的沉积构型研究从之前的以精细表征为主扩展到成因机制分析.文中以同生逆断层控制的冲积扇、可容空间影响下的曲流河点坝、浅水缓坡背景下的三角洲指状砂坝以及大陆斜坡微盆地背景下的重力流沉积等为例介绍相关研究进展.(1)挤压盆地边缘复杂的同生逆断裂构造活动控制了冲积扇的构型要素类型、叠置样式、分布演化及定量规模...     

金沙江转换断层沉积盆地

金沙江断裂带位于青藏高原的东部(这里说的金沙江是指流经西藏和四川分界线的一段)。笔者认为,该断裂带是一条近南北走向的古代转换断层。在这个断裂带内,存在一个二叠纪—中三叠世的转换断层沉积盆地。这个古盆地里面的岩浆和沉积建造部分保存到今天。     

沉积盆地中同生断层及对层控Pb－Zn（－B－Cu－Ag）矿床的控制

摘要：本文综述了同生断层控矿研究的进展,并结合在粤北地区的研究,论述了伸展及走滑盆地中同生断层的形成机制、特征和在盆地流体迁移和聚集中的作用以及与层控Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ（－Ｂａ－Ｃｕ－Ａｇ）等矿床的时空关系,认为沉积盆地中不同成因类型的层控矿床是盆地不同演化阶段的产物,成矿时空分异受同生断层和盆地流体系统的控制。     

商河油田储层特征及同沉积断层对其影响作用

商河地区为自北向南成明显阶梯状分布的多级构造调节带及多级坡折带,受其构造特征影响,储层特征也表现出明显的规律性。通过对该区大量储层物性数据的统计,结合构造研究认为,商河油田具有同一层位,自北向南,商一区、商二区、商三区、商四区储层物性为依次变差的特点;同一地区,整体上自上向下随深度增加储层物性也逐渐变差。由于商河地区的分界大断层主要为同沉积断层,各区块地层厚度分布主要受同生断层活动的控制,自北向南依次变厚,因此由同沉积断层引起地层厚度的变化是商河地区不同区块同一层位储层特征差异的主要影响因素。     

苏北盆地金湖凹陷铜城断裂带的构造演化特征

苏北金湖凹陷内部断裂发育并活动强烈,不同规模、性质、时期的断层交织在一起共同控制了凹陷内油气资源的形成与分布。铜城断裂带位于金湖凹陷南部,是龙岗次凹和汊涧次凹之间的构造高带。古近系沉积期间经历了吴堡和三垛运动,形成复杂的断裂带,组成断鼻—断块油藏。铜城断层平面上表现为一条近南北向的线状主位移带,主断层倾向南段东倾,北段西倾;铜城断层两侧发育一系列次级正断层,东盘次级正断层走向北东,倾向北西,西盘次级正断层走向近东西向,倾向北北西,这些次级正断层与铜城断层呈锐角相交,构成雁列构造。关于铜城断裂带的构造演化特征,长期以来存在不同的认识。基于构造演化剖面的分析并结合构造应力场数值模拟,认为铜城断裂带古近纪经历了由简单到复杂的演化过程,阜宁组沉积期,在NW—SE向区域拉张应力作用下,受杨村断层的控制,在杨村断层下降盘形成一系列与其近平行的次级断层;三垛组沉积晚期,在近东西向区域挤压应力作用下形成铜城逆断层,并发育断展背斜;三垛组沉积末期,铜城断层表现为"P"剪切走滑正断层。     

Structural appraisal of the Gadag schist belt from gravity investigations

Semi-detailed gravity investigations were carried out over an area of approximately 2750 sq km with maximum N-S and E-W extents of 55 and 50 km respectively in the Gadag region in the Dharwar craton with a view to obtain a clearer perception of the structural configuration of the region. From qualitative analysis of the gravity data, several tectonic features are inferred: the high density Gadag schist belt is characterized by a gravity high and occurs in two discontinuous segments — the main N-S trending segment, and its thinner NW-SE trending extension, the two separated by a NE-SW trending deep seated fault. While the N-S trend of the Gadag schist belt is bounded on its east by the NW-SE trending Chitradurga thrust fault and on its west by another major NNWSSE trending fault, the NW-SE extension is likewise bounded by two other NW-SE major faults. Quantitative evaluation from forward modeling/inversion of five profiles in the region, assuming a density contrast of 0.29gm/cc of the anomalous schistose body with the gneissic host rocks indicated a synclinal structure plunging to the southeast along its axis for the Gadag schist belt. The maximum width and depth from surface of the schist belt are 22 km and 5.6 km respectively.     

黔西罐子窑地区叠加变形及其对铅锌矿床的控制作用

黔西罐子窑地区位于扬子板块西南缘,自中生代进入板内发展阶段之后,发生了多期次复杂构造叠加变形。第一期变形(早燕山期:J3-K1)以自东向西挤压收缩为主,形成了近南北向的褶皱与断层构造体系,发育褶皱轴面以东倾、断层以向西逆冲滑脱占主导地位的变形特征。中上泥盆统火烘组、榴江组泥灰岩和硅质、钙质粘土岩为重要滑脱面,滑脱层本身变形复杂,其上部褶皱相对平滑开阔而下部褶皱相对紧闭。第二期变形(晚燕山期:K2-E)以自北向南挤压收缩为特点,横跨叠加在早期变形之上,表现为早期近南北向褶皱发生枢纽倾伏、断层发生张剪性活动,伴随多层次向南滑脱,在南部形成了轴面北倾的近东西向褶皱(局部倒转)和向南逆冲的断层,并切割南北向构造,喜山早期使得断裂再次活动与调整。区内铅锌矿体分为两类产出状态,一是顺层平缓产出,明显受顺层滑脱与低角度断层控制;另一类是陡倾产出,受陡倾张剪性断层控制。平缓者多形成于早、晚燕山期,而陡倾者多形成于构造转换期或喜山早期。     

青藏高原南北向地堑系的实验研究

青藏高原南北向正断层及与其伴生的地堑是当前的热门话题。对其成因的认识分歧颇大,它们与高原隆升的关系则还处于推论阶段。本文用模拟实验的方法检验了其中的主要观点,结果表明:南北向正断层及与其伴生的地堑是南北向挤压的结果,是在挤压中期横张裂隙的基础上发展起来的。因此,它不代表高原已抬升到了最大高度后的塌陷,而是伴随高原隆升过程中的产物。     

Oblique rifting in Salina, Lipari and Vulcano islands (Aeolian islands, southern Italy)

A structural analysis carried out on the volcanic products of the islands of Salina, Lipari and Vulcano (Aeolian archipelago) points out that the large-scale tectonic setting is dominated by NW-SE trending right-lateral extensional strike-slip faults and by N-S to NE-SW trending normal faults and fractures. This fault pattern generates pull-apart type structures, developing between different right-hand overlapping fault segments and a characteristic extensional imbricate fan geometry at the tip of the major strike-slip faults. All the structures, representing the surface expression of an active crustal discontinuity which controls the evolutionary history of the magmatism of the three islands, are kinematically compatible with a N100°E extension related to a rifting process affecting southern Italy.     

太白山古冰川地貌与地质构造

太白山分布有更新世冰川地形,其冰川槽谷在平面上呈“十”字型排列;横剖面EW向的呈宽谷形,NS向是呈U型:纵剖面EW向比较平坦,SN向呈阶梯状,其中有许多断裂陡坎。冰斗均位于断裂交汇点,面积不大而深度却相当大。这些地形的形态特征可以用构造加以解释,断裂破碎带是最有利于冰川刨蚀的地段。     

Plio-Quaternary geodynamic evolution of a segment of the Peruvian Andean Cordillera located above the change in the subduction geometry: the Cuzco region

The Cuzco region, which is located above a change in subduction geometry, appears to be characterized by a variable Plio-Quaternary tectono-sedimentary evolution essentially located along the major fault system that separates the High Plateaux from the Eastern Cordillera. After the higher surface formation of the High Plateaux, a set of Neogene basins were filled by Miocene “ fluvio-torrential” series and by Plio-Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits. The Neogene series have been affected by compressional tectonic forces attributed to the Late Miocene. This compression is followed by roughly E-W trending syn-sedimentary extensional tectonics attributed to the Pliocene; it is related to reactivation of the pre-existing major faults, basin evolution, and volcanic activity concentrated along the faults. In the Early Pleistocene, fluvio-lacustrine deposits are affected by syn- and post-sedimentary compressional tectonism it is characterized by shortening that trends both N-S and E-W and produces folding and faulting of the sedimentary cover. Extensional tectonism trending roughly N-S has been taking place from the Middle Pleistocene to the Present; it is coeval with shoshonitic volcanic activity, and with sedimentation of fluvio-lacustrine terraces, torrential fans and moraines. Quaternary and active normal faults due to this tectonism, are located in a narrow zone more than 100 km-long between the High Plateaux and the Eastern Cordillera, and two 15 km-long fault sectors in the Eastern Cordillera. Characteristic Pleistocene scarps, 400 m or more high, are due to the cumulative normal offset, and there are also little scarps, with heights ranging between 2 and 20 m, which are related to Holocene fault reactivations. Recent fault reactivation on the Cuzco fault system, during the April 5, 1986 earthquake (m_b = 5.3), is due to the N-S trending extension. This state of stress, located at a mean elevation of roughly 3730 m, is generally homogeneous to different scales. The active Cuzco normal faults may be a consequence of adjustment between the compensated Western Cordillera and the undercompensated Eastern Cordillera, this latter being uplifted higher than its isostatic equilibrium due to compression acting on its eastern edge. The variation of the state of stress, during the Plio-Quaternary is in agreement with the variations of the compressional boundary forces. It may be explained by variation of the convergence rate or by the variation of pull-slab forces.     

Morphometric evidence of seismicity around Wagad and Gedi Faults, eastern Kachchh, Gujarat

Recent studies suggest that the eastern Kachchh is a potential zone for major earthquakes in the near future. Particularly, the E-W trending faults are considered capable of generating large magnitude earthquakes is further indicated by the recent concentration of the earthquake shocks, which, show two prominent clustering around west and north of the Wagad upland. In view of this, the conventional morphometric analyses of a terrain bounded by the E-W trending North Wagad Fault (NWF) and the Gedi Fault (GF) has been undertaken to ascertain the influence of seismicity in the evolution of the drainage basin. The study suggests that the fifth order drainage basins responded to the seismicity associated with both the NWF and GF. However, compared to the GF, the NWF seems to be more active. In addition to this, based on the stream morphology, we could identify two lineaments trending N-S and E-W. The former appears to be associated with the activity along the Manfara Fault (MF), whereas, the later seems to be the splays of the NWF. Further, a preferential westward shift of the streams suggests left lateral displacement of the E-W trending faults. Overall it can be suggested that the terrain is in juvenile stage implying tectonic instability.     

黄海新生代构造及油气勘探前景

黄海构造是地质领域重要的研究课题,尤其是南黄海油气勘探工作虽然经过了30多年的研究与勘探,但至今仍进展不大;因此,如何突破该区油气勘探的难题引起普遍关注。黄海地区在新生代经历过2次近南北向的缩短与挤压(135~52 Ma,23~0.78 Ma)和2次近东西向的缩短与挤压(52~23 Ma,0.78 Ma—)。新生代的4个构造期对于油气资源的形成、运移和保存产生了重大的影响。白垩纪—古新世是形成盆-山体系的雏型时期,始新世—渐新世(52~23Ma)是生油层形成的主要时期,中新世—早更新世(23~0.78 Ma)的构造作用使NNE向的先存断裂成为油气运移的良好通道,中更新世以来(0.78 Ma—)近东西向的挤压使NNE向的断层闭合,为油气的保存创造了良好的条件。建议大力加强南黄海地区NNE向的先存断裂与古近系相交部位及其上部的油气勘探工作。     

川滇西部上新世以来构造地貌:断裂控制的盆地发育及对于远程陆内构造过程的约束

青藏高原隆升、周边地貌形成是新生代时期印度-欧亚板块碰撞后的重要响应。在滇西北地区发育了一系列由晚新生代(上新世以来)活动断裂所控制的盆地,例如宾川盆地、洱海盆地、鹤庆盆地、弥渡盆地等。宾川盆地是近南北向程海左行走滑断裂在走滑剪切作用下产生的北西向正断层和北东向走滑断层共同作用而形成的一个较大的拉分盆地。洱海盆地是由两组陡立的共轭张剪性(Transtensional)断层组限定的,为一伸展断陷盆地,总体上反映了近E-W向的区域伸展。滇西北地区发育的其它晚新生代盆地,如弥渡盆地、鹤庆盆地、剑川盆地等,也为区域走滑断裂及其分支断裂所控制,并且这些分支断裂在区域上为一组NE-SW和NW-SE向的共轭正断裂,反映了该区域近E-W向的伸展。将藏东南三江地区发育的活动断裂按照其走向分为三组:(1)NW-SE走向的断裂,如红河断裂、无量山-营盘山断裂等;(2)近N-S向断裂系,以程海断裂、小江断裂等为代表;(3)NE-SW走向的断裂,如丽江-剑川断裂、鹤庆-洱源断裂和南定河断裂等。这些断裂的震源机制解表明地震断裂活动性或者是走滑性质或者是伸展属性,它们的组合型式也揭示出藏东南三江地区在上新世以来表现为近E-W向的伸展。区域上,在藏东北部地区发育的断层构造组合普遍反映了以近E-W向挤压为主导的应力场。推测这一现象为上新世以来藏东地区上地壳围绕喜马拉雅东构造结做顺时针旋转所致,区域上受印度-欧亚会聚过程中印度板块顺时针旋转诱发的差异性应力场制约。