中国西南滇黔桂关键资源远景新区锂地球化学时空分布特征及找矿预测

锂因其在新能源领域的应用广泛性和不可替代性而备受关注。以往锂矿勘查主要集中于盐湖型和硬岩型锂矿,针对沉积型锂矿开展工作较少。本文聚焦于中国西南滇黔桂地区,以岩石和水系沉积物中锂的时空分布特征为基础,分析区域内沉积型锂矿成矿潜力。结果显示,中国西南滇黔桂地区水系沉积物锂含量平均值为46. 7×10-6,显著高于全国背景值32×10-6。以57. 0×10-6为异常下限,共圈定9个锂地球化学省,与已知的沉积型锂矿床分布具有良好的对应性。同时,锂异常浓集区与某些特定时代和岩性的地层分布密切相关。区内水系沉积物中锂元素含量受到岩石锂含量制约,以碳酸盐岩为主的构造单元水系沉积物中的锂显著次生富集,以陆源碎屑岩为主的构造单元内水系沉积物中锂富集程度较弱。综合分析认为,西南滇黔桂地区锂异常带的形成受区域岩石类型、次生富集作用和气候条件等多重因素制约。该研究对了解西南滇黔桂地区锂元素次生聚集就位机制和指导沉积型锂资源的找矿勘查具有重要的参考意义。     

江西吉泰盆地卤水锂矿床地球化学特征及远景分析

吉泰盆地位于江西省中部、赣江中游,面积4550 km2.构造上属于华南褶皱系赣西南坳陷之大湖山芙蓉山隆断束与吉安凹陷的交接部位,主要沉积一套白垩系红色碎屑岩建造夹含膏盐层和卤水.基于对已知泰和县梅岗卤水锂矿地质特征、钻探成果和水系沉积物异常特征研究,认为白垩系周田组第三段、第四段碎屑岩Li最富集,Li主要还是地层同生富...     

山西平朔矿区4号煤中锂、镓资源成矿地质特征研究

平朔矿区位于山西省朔州市宁武煤田北端,太原组为主要含煤地层,主要可采煤层为4,9,11号煤层,全区稳定发育。通过对剖面和钻孔采样测试,发现区内4号煤锂的平均含量远远大于中国煤中锂含量的均值,同时,镓的整体含量也比较高,达到工业品位,超常富集状态明显。4号煤中锂、镓富集可能是与矿区位于不畅通的海湾地带,海水作用较小有关,同时物源供给丰富,后期适宜的古气候条件,风化、剥蚀、搬运、溶蚀、淋滤等作用使黏土中钙、硫等流失,铝、硅、锂、镓等富集。     

江汉盆地大型富锂卤水矿床成因与资源勘查进展:综述

古近纪时期,华南江汉盆地的潜江凹陷和江陵凹陷发育盐湖,沉积了巨厚的蒸发岩,并形成和储藏了富锂、钾、铷、铯、溴、碘等元素的卤水资源,这些元素含量达到工业品位或综合利用品位;富锂卤水属于深层地下卤水型锂矿资源,镁锂比值低,是非常优质的锂资源。本文总结了江汉盆地大地构造特征、火成岩及古气候背景,论述了古盐湖沉积岩相特征、富锂卤水水化学、分布及储层特征、卤水中锂的来源与富集机理、卤水型锂矿成矿模式以及富锂卤水勘查与开采技术进展,提出了卤水开发利用中存在的问题和解决途径。江汉盆地富锂卤水成因包括:古盐湖锂可能主要来自高温水岩反应产生的富锂热液流体的补给;在干旱的气候下,古湖水不断蒸发浓缩,导致卤水中锂浓缩富集;在盐湖演化末期,逐渐埋藏的盐类晶间富锂卤水被转移至裂隙、砂岩及玄武岩储层中储集;在较高的地热背景值下,埋藏卤水与储层岩石可能发生水岩反应,进一步促进了卤水中锂的富集。江汉盆地深层卤水初步勘查显示,氯化锂资源量已达到大型工业规模,展示了巨大的资源潜力。此外,卤水锂开采技术已基本形成,建议进一步加强富锂卤水的绿色开发技术研究,制定相关勘查开发规范。     

广西晚二叠世典型聚煤盆地中锂、镓丰度及富集因素

针对广西晚二叠世聚煤盆地中锂、镓元素地球化学异常问题,选取扶绥和贤按两个典型晚二叠世煤田,通过系统取样测试,研究煤系中锂、镓丰度,并结合成矿地质背景,分析煤中锂、镓的富集控制因素。结果表明:研究区锂和镓均有一定的工业前景,扶绥煤田锂和镓的平均丰度分别为83.5 μg/g和30.8 μg/g;贤按煤田锂、镓丰度分别为199.1 μg/g和33.4 μg/g。锂主要富集于合山组底部K₁煤层、炭质泥岩及铝土岩段,而镓在合山组底部各岩性中的丰度并无明显差异。云开古陆及周边中酸性火山岩是锂、镓物质的基础来源,合山组底部高铝沉积岩系可能是合山组K₁煤层中锂、镓的直接物源。镓元素在各岩体之间的迁移比较活跃,其物源区的含量水平起主导作用,而锂元素的富集除了受控于物源外,沉积环境及后期地质作用的影响更为明显。研究成果为广西煤系中锂、镓资源的勘查预测及其综合利用提供科学依据。      

江南造山带基底变质沉积岩中锂元素分布和富集机制及对锂成矿的制约

内容提要:江南造山带是我国重要的稀有金属成矿带,已发现多处与锂相关的花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床。锂等稀有金属元素在源区基底岩石中的富集是花岗伟晶岩型锂稀有金属矿床成矿的物质基础,但是江南造山带基底岩石中锂的分布及其富集机制仍不清楚。本文详细调查研究了江南造山带东段新元古代冷家溪群、双桥山群、溪口岩群和板溪群变质沉积岩和星子杂岩。这些基底变质岩的岩石类型包括变质砂岩、泥质板岩、千枚岩和云母片岩以及少量片麻岩。地球化学分析结果显示,冷家溪群、双桥山群和溪口岩群变质沉积岩具有相似的成分,变质砂岩和云母片岩-片麻岩整体上比泥质板岩和千枚岩具有较高的Si O₂含量,较低的Ti O₂、Al₂O₃、K₂O、Mg O和TFe₂O₃含量。泥质板岩和千枚岩含有更高的稀有金属元素含量,其中锂含量达到61.8×10^-6,而变质砂岩的锂丰度为44.9×10^-6。板溪群具有最低的稀有金属元素含量(Li=30.8×10     

Accumulation of heavy metals in the lacustrine sediment of Longgan Lake, middle reaches of Yangtze River, China

Spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals (Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, and Zinc) in the sediment of Longgan Lake, middle reaches of Yangtze River, China were analyzed to discuss their enrichment characteristics and history in combination with geochronological data and to identify anthropogenic effects. The results showed that the enrichment state of heavy metals was higher in the western versus eastern lake area, although their concentrations behave in the opposite case, which demonstrated that stronger human activities existed in the western lake catchment. The enrichment history of heavy metals pointed out that prior to 1950, the enrichment state was lower in the ambient lake areas illustrating the natural effect on the lake; thereafter the human activities in the catchment enhanced markedly causing an increasing heavy metal enrichment. The increase of heavy metal enrichment in the 1970s occurred in the central lake areas. The temporal difference between the ambient and central areas elucidated that the heavy metal accumulation might be buffered by the lake before they entered the sediment. Correlation analysis revealed that there was a significant correlation between heavy metals in the sediment suggesting their similar sources. Heavy metals were distinctly related to aluminum, calcium, lithium, iron, and organic matters, which could denote their forms in the sediment.     

Lithium isotopic disequilibrium of minerals in the spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Boeun,Korea

Spinel lherzolite xenoliths found in Boeun, Korea, have protogranular to porphyroclastic textures and are enclosed in a Miocene alkali basalt. The lithium concentration and isotopic compositions of olivine, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene separates from the spinel lherzolite, and whole rocks of the spinel lherzolites and alkali basalt were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). The lithium concentrations of the olivines and orthopyroxenes range from 2.2 to 5.0 ppm and from 2.1 to 6.4 ppm, respectively. In contrast, the clinopyroxenes have larger lithium concentrations, from 2.0 to 8.4 ppm, which reflect their preferential lithium enrichment. The lithium isotopic compositions (δ⁷Li) of olivines (-5.4 to + 3.5‰), orthopyroxenes (-11.4 to -0.1‰), and clinopyroxenes (-14.4 to -4.7‰) range far beyond the average mantle composition of + 4 ± 2‰. The lithium isotopic composition of the host rock, alkali basalt (3.4‰), is within the range of the intraplate and oceanic island basalts. The spinel lherzolites from Boeun exhibits strong elemental and isotopic disequilibria due to the different lithium and lithium isotope diffusion velocities in the olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene minerals after eruption and magma cooling.     

豫北焦作地区本溪组锂元素分布及富集特征

豫北焦作地区本溪组富铝含铁的黏土-铝土岩(矿)广泛分布,其中普遍伴生锂元素,为典型的沉积型锂矿床。为探讨锂元素分布和富集特征以及与主量元素的关系,对本溪组地层层序及沉积特征、岩(矿)石类型及组合进行了系统划分和Li与主量元素相关性分析。结果显示,焦作地区本溪组Li平均含量在平面分布上西部明显高于中、东部,富集程度具有"西高东低"特征;本溪组中各岩(矿)石Li含量差异较大,Li主要富集于本溪组中上部致密块状高铝黏土矿和硬质黏土矿中,部分软质黏土矿、铁质黏土岩和碳质黏土岩中Li有异常富集现象;富锂岩(矿)石Li与Al2O3、SiO2均先呈正相关,后呈负相关,且A/S值为0.8~1.5,Al2O3含量为30%~55%、SiO2含量为25%~45%时,Li最富集。综合分析认为,窑头、常平、盆窑北-张老湾南、焦谷堆-寨豁、栗井-大洼和上刘庄-王窑等矿区,可以连片大面积圈定锂矿体,是该区最佳锂资源潜力区。     

Genesis of lithium pegmatites from the leinster granite margin,southeast ireland: Geochemical constraints

Extensive and economically-important lithium pegmatites have been described from the eastern flank of the large S-type peraluminous Leinster Granite batholith in southeast Ireland. This flank area is also the locus of a major dip-slip ductile shear zone which was active during emplacement of the Tullow Lowlands pluton of the batholith. All the known bedrock occurrences of lithium pegmatite are contained within this marginal deformation zone. Most previous studies have suggested derivation of the lithium pegmatites by fractionation from the Leinster Granite itself, though none are conclusive. More recently, an anatectic model has been proposed whereby the pegmatites were derived by melting of Li-rich sediments adjacent to the batholithic contact. Our investigation has been concerned with a detailed study of the Rb-Sr isotope systematics and trace element geochemistry of the pegmatites and their host granitoids in an attempt to resolve the problem of pegmatite genesis. The results suggest a strong geochemical and temporal coherence between the Leinster Granite and the lithium pegmatites. A model is proposed in which Li enrichment in residual magmas may be linked to the development of muscovite instead of biotite in the Leinster Granite itself. The Li excluded from entry to biotite then accumulates in highly mobile, low-viscosity pegmatitic fluids which migrate into the marginal shear zone of the Tullow Lowlands pluton where they crystallize at considerably lower temperatures.     

四川甲基卡新三号超大型锂矿脉稀土元素地球化学

四川甲基卡新三号(X03) 超大型锂矿脉是近年发现且价值巨大的锂矿化伟晶岩脉,但相对缺少地球化学的研究,利用ICP-MS测试手段对该矿脉ZK1101钻孔中44件样品进行分析测试,发现该矿脉稀土总量很低(∑REE为0.180×10-6~8.613×10-6,平均值为2.543×10-6),配分曲线呈右倾斜型,相对富集轻稀土,总体表现铕负异常.围岩的稀土含量与一般片岩相近(∑REE为160.134×10-6~265.881×10-6,平均值为230.718×10-6),稀土配分曲线总体呈右倾平滑趋势,富集轻稀土,铕为负异常.铕的分布具有特殊性,表现为铕在伟晶岩脉的边部具有显著的正异常.∑REE与Li呈负相关性,δCe与Li则表现为弱正相关性.这一首次发现的低稀土总量和矿脉边部Eu显著正异常的特殊性,对于甲基卡伟晶岩的含矿性评价可能具有重要意义.      

片麻岩穹窿与伟晶岩型锂矿的成矿规律探讨

"片麻岩穹窿"是指中下地壳热动力过程产生的与岩浆作用(或混合岩化作用)密切相关的穹状构造,是折返造山的产物.片麻岩穹窿的形成经历了从垂直上升的地壳流导致的岩浆上涌的挤压收缩到岩体侵位的顶部伸展机制的转化过程,这一过程有利于富含锂-铯-钽型(LCT)型伟晶岩的生成和锂族元素的富集.研究表明,位于青藏高原北部的中国松潘-甘孜-甜水海印支造山带是中国大型"伟晶岩型"锂矿资源赋存的基地,松潘-甘孜东南部的超大型甲基卡型伟晶岩型锂矿带,产于具有巴罗式"低/中压-高温"变质组合的三叠纪复理石围岩中,早中生代花岗岩以及衍生的大量含锂稀土矿物的伟晶岩脉侵位有成因关系.研究认为,探究片麻岩穹窿的形成过程和构造成因机制;识别花岗岩-含矿伟晶岩的地球化学属性,揭示花岗岩浆分异作用与含矿伟晶岩相演变的成因联系,以及锂元素迁移、富集熔浆的过程;圈定三叠纪地层中巴罗式变质相带的展布,探明富锂伟晶岩矿带赋存的有利变质相带及形成的P-T条件;揭示"变形-变质-岩浆深熔-成矿"的时空耦合、制约与相互作用,再造造山过程中锂资源富集和保存的规律,以及建立成矿动力学模式;是揭示片麻岩穹窿与伟晶岩型锂矿的成矿规律的重要科学途径.     

Über die Lithiumgehalte und das Auftreten von Cookeit (Lithiumchlorit) in permischen Sandsteinen von Nordhessen

In the northern district of Hesse sandstones which have very high lithium contents (400–1000 ppm) occur in the basement of the Kupferschiefer. The lithium values are related to cookeite but not to quartz as it was stated in the literature. The cookeite contains up to 1,6% Li, while quartz has only 80 ppm Li and less. Geochemical criteria lead to the conclusion that the lithium enrichment must have taken place primaryly during the sedimentation. Most likely lithium biotites were deposited along with quartz and feldspar. The cookeite was formed later by diagnetic alteration of these biotites.

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Hern Prof. Dr. H. Harder danken wir für die Förderung dieser Arbeit.     

滇中盆地南缘富锂黏土岩地球化学特征及沉积环境初探

沉积岩中的微量元素对沉积环境变化有较高的敏感度,是研究古沉积环境的有效手段。滇中盆地倒石头组是一套富锂的黏土岩地层,其古环境的研究对恢复该时期盆地沉积格局和锂元素富集具有重要意义。基于滇中盆地倒石头组两个典型钻孔样品详细的地球化学研究,探讨了倒石头组富锂黏土岩形成时的沉积环境及其对锂元素富集的影响。研究结果表明:所有样品Sr、Ga元素含量及Sr/Ba值指示研究区古水体介质为淡水陆相沉积环境;其δU值介于0.51～1.63,U/Th值介于0.11～1.49,V/(V+Ni)值介于0.48～0.86,V/Cr值介于0.45～1.24,同时在U₍(EF))-Mo₍(EF))协变模式图中,样品数据均未落在缺氧和硫化区域,表明研究区富锂黏土岩的沉积环境为氧化—弱还原环境;且样品Sr/Cu比值介于0.69～4.87,CIA值介于86.3～99.66,XRD全岩黏土矿物分析显示高岭石为主要的黏土矿物,表明富锂黏土岩在形成过程中处于温暖潮湿的沉积环境并伴随较为强烈的化学风化作用。     

锂矿主要类型、特征、时空分布及找矿潜力分析

锂是重要的能源金属,分布高度集中。目前可开发利用的锂矿床主要有盐湖卤水型、伟晶岩型、黏土型、锂沸石型、其他卤水型（包括油气田卤水亚类和地热卤水亚类）和离子吸附型6种类型。除伟晶岩型锂矿的时代呈幕式分布,其他类型的锂矿主要集中形成于新生代。新生代锂矿占全球已查明资源量的75%,主要分布于显生宙造山带如安第斯锂三角地区、中国川藏地区、北美科迪勒拉等地区,其余锂矿则主要分布在前寒武纪克拉通如西澳克拉通、刚果克拉通、西非克拉通和加拿大地盾等区域。盐湖卤水型和伟晶岩型锂矿找矿潜力大,是目前勘探开发的主要类型。     

中蒙边界地区战略性矿产资源锂区域地球化学分布及控制因素

中蒙边界地区成矿地质条件优越,资源潜力巨大,是国际、国内地学研究和勘查的热点地区.锂能已被国际上公认为未来新能源的发展方向,锂矿成为关键性战略矿产资源调查和研究的热点.随着我国锂资源需求日益增加,了解其在土壤圈中的浓度和分布对缓解我国锂资源短缺问题至关重要. 依托中蒙边界1︰100万地球化学填图数据,探讨了汇水域沉积物中锂的地球化学参数、区域地球化学分布特征以及影响因素. 中蒙边界地区汇水域沉积物锂元素中位值和平均值分别是22.50×10-6和24.46×10-6;阿尔泰构造带、阿尔泰南缘弧盆系锂含量最高,区域浓集系数分别是1.38、1.26,是锂的富集优势区;锂的区域地球化学分布主要受地质背景、成土母岩控制,地理景观、黏土含量、矿床分布等也制约着锂的分布模式. 根据85%累积频率,圈定出74个锂地球化学异常区,其中23个锂地球化学异常达到地球化学省规模,根据锂地球化学异常分布模式为该区寻找锂等稀有金属矿床提供了重要选区. 研究填补了中蒙边界地区锂地球化学分布的空白,为两国边境地区锂等稀有金属矿床对比提供基础数据,为缓解中国锂资源短缺优选了勘查靶区.      

Evidence for lithium-aluminosilicate supersaturation of pegmatite-forming melts

New experimental data on the solubility of lithium (Li) at spodumene (LiAlSi₂O₆) and petalite (LiAlSi₄O₁₀) saturation at 500 MPa and 550–750 °C reveal evidence for lithium supersaturation of pegmatite-forming melts before the formation of Li-aluminosilicates. The degree of Li enrichment in granitic melts can reach ~11,000 ppm above the saturation value before the crystallization of Li-aluminosilicate minerals at lower temperatures. Comparison of the experimental results with the spodumene-rich Moblan pegmatite (Quebec) is consistent with extreme Li enrichment of the pegmatite-forming melt prior to emplacement, which cannot be explained with equilibrium crystallization of Li-aluminosilicates from a common granitic melt. The results of this study support the model of disequilibrium fractional crystallization through liquidus undercooling as the most plausible mechanism for the generation of such Li-rich ore resources.     

深穿透地球化学勘查技术对隐伏稀有金属矿的勘查指示：以甲基卡X03号锂矿脉为例

花岗伟晶岩型锂矿是锂资源的重要矿产类型,目前随着勘查程度的提高,发现地表出露的伟晶岩型锂矿资源的几率越来越小,下一步的勘查重点应放到找寻隐伏型锂矿资源。近年来,深穿透地球化学勘查手段在隐伏矿勘查中发挥了重要作用。其中土壤微细粒分离测量技术能有效探测深部异常信息,已在多种景观覆盖区进行了试验,并取得了显著的效果。本文以四川甲基卡X03号隐伏锂矿脉为研究对象,利用土壤微细粒分离测量技术,开展深穿透地球化学勘查技术对隐伏锂矿脉探测的试验研究,并分析了成矿及伴生元素组合特征,结果表明：Li、Be、Rb、Cs、Sn、Nb、Ta、Bi、Pb、U等元素具有较好的相关性,富集程度高,异常明显,异常峰值显著;其中,Li-Be-Bi-Cs-Rb-Pb-U元素组合与研究区X03号矿脉成矿元素组合具有良好的耦合性;利用土壤微细粒分离测量技术取得的元素高异常范围与已知隐伏矿体具有较好的对应关系,可以将上述元素作为该区域寻找锂矿的指示元素。以上结果证实了深穿透地球化学勘查技术能有效指示深部隐伏锂矿体,可以将深穿透地球化学勘查技术应用于西部高寒山区景观覆盖区地球化学找矿勘查中。     

综合找矿模型在甲基卡隐伏区稀有锂金属找矿中的 应用

锂金属是重要的战略新兴关键矿产之一。寻找超大型稀有锂金属隐伏矿是中国矿床学界的一大难题。甲基卡广为第四系覆盖,以往的找矿和勘查工作主要局限在南部"就脉找矿"。笔者通过对超大型X03锂矿床的找矿实践,建立了"岩浆-变形-变质-成矿"四位一体控矿要素和成矿模式,归纳总结了地质-地球物理-地球化学异常的内在关联,从远景区分析、找矿靶区圈定、矿床(矿)预测定位的层次与流程,建立的第四系掩盖区隐伏稀有锂金属的综合找矿模型,在指导稀有金属找矿中取得了快速突破,是一个典型的成功实例。建议继续加强该矿田花岗岩基的深部延伸及岩石组合特征、伟晶岩(矿)脉的形成富集规律等研究,注重隐伏花岗岩株(枝)与伟晶岩(矿)脉的找矿相连部位的找矿,开展深部锂等稀有金属的资源潜力预测。     

Lithium extraction from hard rock lithium ores (spodumene,lepidolite, zinnwaldite,petalite): Technology,resources, environment and cost

Lithium production in China mainly depends on hard rock lithium ores, which has a defect in resources,environment, and economy compared with extracting lithium from brine. This paper focuses on the research progress of extracting lithium from spodumene, lepidolite, petalite, and zinnwaldite by acid,alkali, salt roasting, and chlorination methods, and analyzes the resource intensity, environmental impact,and production cost of industrial lithium extraction from spodumene and lepidolite. It is fou...