天然气水合物原位补热降压充填开采方法

天然气水合物资源量丰富,被公认为最有潜力的新型高效清洁替代能源,是未来能源革命的战略突破口。由于天然气水合物分解是伴随相变的复杂物理化学过程,安全经济地开采天然气水合物仍有许多瓶颈难题亟待解决。当前降压法是相对经济有效的开采方法,但天然气平均日产量远远达不到产业化开发的需求。在分析降压法规模化开采面临的瓶颈问题的基础上,提出了一种全新的天然气水合物开采方法原位补热降压充填开采法,重点剖析了该方法的3个基本原理,提出了该方法的开采技术方案、关键技术与工艺步骤。得出了如下结论:(1)天然气水合物降压法规模化开发需要突破“天然气水合物分解热补给”(补热)、“储层结构稳定性”(保稳)和“提高储层渗透率”(增渗)等3个方面的瓶颈难题;(2)基于“降压分解原理”、“原位补热原理”和“充填增渗原理”,提出了天然气水合物原位补热降压充填开采法,该方法将氧化钙(CaO)粉末注入天然气水合物储层,反应产生的大量热量补充天然气水合物的分解热,同时,反应生成的氢氧化钙(Ca(OH)2)既填充了天然气水合物分解后留下的空隙,多孔结构又提高了储层的渗透性;(3)提出了天然气水合物原位补热降压充填开采所涉及的具体技术方案、关键技术与工艺步骤。当前天然气水合物开采技术手段距离产业化开发的需求还有一定距离,未来需要加强国际科研合作,深度学科交叉,研发变革性技术,早日实现天然气水合物规模化开发。     

Geomechanical issues in the exploitation of natural gas hydrate

As a clean fossil fuel with great reserves, natural gas hydrate (NGH) is widely regarded as an important future alternative energy source. NGH is widely distributed in onshore tundra and shallow sedimentary layers in the deep sea. These sedimentary layers typically exit shallow burial depth, poor diagenesis and low strength characteristics; moreover, the decomposition of NGH can also greatly reduce reservoir strength. Therefore, NGH development can easily causes many geomechanical problems, including reservoir instability, sand production and seabed landslides, etc., which may further trigger a series of environmental disasters such as tsunamis, natural gas leakage and the acceleration of global warming. This study mainly reviews the research progress regarding geomechanical issues in NGH development, including mechanical properties of NGH-bearing sediments, borehole stability, hydraulic fracturing, sand production, reservoir settlement and seabed landslides. In addition to previous research achievements regarding geomechanical problems in NGH exploitation, the limitations and challenges are also discussed, and several questions and insightful suggestions are put forward for future research from our point of view.     

天然气水合物分解和开采的机理及数学模型研究综述

回顾了25年来国内外水合物开采数值模拟研究的进展,分析了影响水合物开采过程的主要机理,即传热、气液流动和水合物分解。将已有的模型分为热力开采、降压开采和综合3种模型,并对各种模型所具有的特点进行了讨论。综合分析认为,TOUGH Fx/HYDRATE模型充分考虑了多相多组分并借鉴上述3类开采方式,可模拟开采过程中气液流动和相态变化,具有较高的应用价值。最后探讨了目前模型的主要问题以及发展方向,认为水合物矿藏岩石的绝对渗透率、相对渗透率、热传导系数等关键参数的测量及确定是精确模拟水合物开采过程的重要因素。     

南海北部莺歌海盆地壳源型非生物CO2运聚成藏特征与资源潜力

南海北部莺歌海盆地壳源型非生物(无机)成因CO2运聚成藏机制独特、分布规律复杂、资源规模及潜力巨大,根据目前勘探及研究程度,其CO2资源量逾万亿立方米,勘探所获地质储量超过2000亿m3,居中国探明CO2地质储量之首,在世界范围亦是罕见的,故具有颇大的资源潜力与综合开发利用前景。CO2具明显的多重性,其不仅能广泛应用于国民经济及工农业生产中,而且是导致"厄尔尼诺"现象,严重影响生态环境的主要温室气体,因此,如何综合开发利用这种储量规模巨大的CO2资源,充分发挥其市场经济价值,促进国家经济建设,这是目前该区天然气勘探开发面临的重大科技攻关课题。     

中国南海天然气水合物开采储层水合物相变与渗流机理:综述与展望

【研究目的】中国地质调查局先后于2017年、2020年在南海北部神狐海域成功实施两轮水合物试采,创造了产气时间最长、产气总量最大、日均产气量最高等多项世界纪录,了解和掌握南海天然气水合物开采储层相变与渗流机理,有助于进一步揭示该类型水合物分解机理、产出规律、增产机制等,可为中国海域水合物资源规模高效开采提供理论基础。【研究方法】基于两轮试采实践,笔者通过深入研究发现,储层结构表征、水合物相变、多相渗流与增渗、产能模拟与调控是制约水合物分解产气效率的重要因素。【研究结果】研究表明,南海水合物相变具有分解温度低,易在储层内形成二次水合物等特点,是由渗流场-应力场-温度场-化学场共同作用的复杂系统;多相渗流作用主要受控于未固结储层的物性特征、水合物相变、开采方式等多元因素影响,具有较强的甲烷吸附性、绝对渗透率易突变、气相流动能力弱等特点;围绕南海水合物长期、稳定、高效开采目标,需要在初始储层改造基础上,通过实施储层二次改造,进一步优化提高储层渗流能力,实现增渗扩产目的。【结论】随着天然气水合物产业化进程不断向前推进,还需要着力解决大规模长时间产气过程中温度压力微观变化及物质能源交换响应机制以及水合物高效分解、二次生成边界条件等难题。创新点：南海水合物相变是由渗流场-应力场-温度场-化学场共同作用的复杂系统;南海泥质粉砂储层具有较强的甲烷吸附性、绝对渗透率易突变、气相流动能力弱等特点,多相渗流机理复杂。     

The first offshore natural gas hydrate production test in South China Sea

Natural gas hydrates (NGH) is one of key future clean energy resources. Its industrialized development will help remit the huge demand of global natural gas, relieve the increasing pressure of the environment, and play a vital role in the green sustainable growth of human societies. Based on nearly two decades’ studying on the reservoir characteristics in the South China Sea (SCS) and the knowledge of reservoir system, the China Geological Survey (CGS) conducted the first production test on an optimal target selected in Shenhu area SCS in 2017. Guided by the “three-phase control” exploitation theory which focused on formation stabilization, technologies such as formation fluid extraction, well drilling and completing, reservoir stimulating, sand controlling, environmental monitoring, monitoring and preventing of secondary formation of hydrates were applied. The test lasted for 60 days from May 10^th when starting to pump, drop pressure and ignite to well killing on July 9^th, with gas production of 3.09×10⁵ m³ in total, which is a world record with the longest continuous duration of gas production and maximal gas yield. This successful test brings a significant breakthrough on safety control of NGH production.     

The second natural gas hydrate production test in the South China Sea

Clayey silt reservoirs bearing natural gas hydrates (NGH) are considered to be the hydrate-bearing reservoirs that boast the highest reserves but tend to be the most difficult to exploit. They are proved to be exploitable by the first NGH production test conducted in the South China Sea in 2017. Based on the understanding of the first production test, the China Geological Survey determined the optimal target NGH reservoirs for production test and conducted a detailed assessment, numerical and experimental simulation, and onshore testing of the reservoirs. After that, it conducted the second offshore NGH production test in 1225 m deep Shenhu Area, South China Sea (also referred to as the second production test) from October 2019 to April 2020. During the second production test, a series of technical challenges of drilling horizontal wells in shallow soft strata in deep sea were met, including wellhead stability, directional drilling of a horizontal well, reservoir stimulation and sand control, and accurate depressurization. As a result, 30 days of continuous gas production was achieved, with a cumulative gas production of 86.14 ×10⁴ m³. Thus, the average daily gas production is 2.87 ×10⁴ m³, which is 5.57 times as much as that obtained in the first production test. Therefore, both the cumulative gas production and the daily gas production were highly improved compared to the first production test. As indicated by the monitoring results of the second production test, there was no anomaly in methane content in the seafloor, seawater, and atmosphere throughout the whole production test. This successful production test further indicates that safe and effective NGH exploitation is feasible in clayey silt NGH reservoirs. The industrialization of hydrates consists of five stages in general, namely theoretical research and simulation experiments, exploratory production test, experimental production test, productive production test, and commercial production. The second production test serves as an important step from the exploratory production test to experimental production test.     

Natural resource management for stable industrial development in Nigeria

This paper takes a critical look at Nigeria's natural resource development and its management. Natural resources are examined in terms of their mineral or vegetable origin and of their renewable and non-renewable nature. Their industrial character and quality for stable economic development are examined. It is found that in spite of laudable agricultural development policy statements for improving the level and distribution of income as well as for providing a stable industrial and food resource base for the country, official actions and defaults have caused widespread loss of interest in agriculture amidst the euphoria of an oil boom. This has weakened the agricultural sector and its potential for foreign exchange earning and for promoting local industrialization. The dangers of indiscreet exploitation of oil and natural gas - non-renewable assets - are also considered.     

Numerical Study of Gas Production from a Methane Hydrate Reservoir Using Depressurization with Multi-wells

With the implementation of the production tests in permafrost and offshore regions in Canada, US, Japan, and China, the study of natural gas hydrate has progressed into the stage of technology development for industrial exploitation. The depressurization method is considered as a better strategy to produce gas from hydrate reservoirs based on production tests and laboratory experiments. Multi-well production is proposed to improve gas production efficiency, to meet the requirement for industrial production. For evaluating the applicability of multi-well production to hydrate exploitation, a 2D model is established, with numerical simulations of the performance of the multi-well pattern carried out. To understand the dissociation behavior of gas hydrate, the pressure and temperature distributions in the hydrate reservoir are specified, and the change in permeability of reservoir sediments is investigated. The results obtained indicate that multi-well production can improve the well connectivity, accelerate hydrate dissociation, enhance gas production rate and reduce water production as compared with single-well production.     

陕北能源化工基地采煤生态环境破坏及补偿机制研究

陕北能源化工基地煤炭、石油、天然气、岩盐等矿产资源储量丰富,经过近20a的开发,已初步建成为中国重要的能源接续地和大型煤化工基地。但该区又具有水资源相对短缺、生态环境脆弱的特点,加之近年来煤炭生产和转化等资源开发增长速度较快,采煤造成的区域性环境污染与生态破坏问题较为突出,严重制约着该区的可持续发展。通过探索建立陕北能源化工基地生态补偿机制,解决了煤炭资源开发与生态环境保护的矛盾,使资源得到适度、可持续的开发利用,环境生态得到持续的恢复和改善,从而使该区的经济发展与保护生态环境相协调,最大限度的实现了可持续发展的战略。     

矿产资源在西部大开发战略中的地位

矿产资源开发活动对区域经济社会发展的作用主要体现在工业化贡献、市场化贡献、城市化贡献和交通贡献4个方面, 是区域经济高速增长的重要引擎.从总体上讲, 中国西部地区的资源优势体现在矿产资源而不在农业资源.由于历史的原因, 西部地区的智力支持系统和科技能力发育程度比较低, 旅游资源的开发利用还有一个资金积累和市场发育过程.工业化是实现西部经济发展不可逾越的阶段.以矿业为主导产业, 大规模地开发矿产资源并注重矿业后问题, 是实施西部大开发战略的重要内容.      

天然气水合物原位补热降压充填开采方法三维数值模拟研究

天然气水合物是未来极具潜力的新型高效清洁替代能源。在分析水合物开采面临的瓶颈问题的基础上,提出了一种全新的天然气水合物开采方法——原位补热降压充填开采法。该方法将氧化钙(CaO)粉末注入天然水合物储层,降压开采天然气,天然气水合物分解产生的水和氧化钙粉末迅速反应,产生的大量热量补充天然气水合物的分解热。本文利用基于有限体积法的新型天然气水合物模拟器,构建三维地质模型对该方法进行产能数值模拟评价。模拟结果表明相较于常规水平井方法以及水平井结合压裂开采方案,该方法对生产的促进效应明显,尤其是与水平井结合压裂开采方案相比该方法的累积产气量明显提高,但累积产水量没有显著变化,开采效率显著提升。施工工艺中裂缝等效渗透率和氧化钙注入量两个关键参数的敏感性分析结果表明在压裂过程中,压裂技术的增产效果会随着等效渗透率的提高而逐渐减弱。除此之外,氧化钙注入量越大,增产效应越明显,并且提高氧化钙注入量只会提高产气量,不会显著提高产水量,所以理论上注入量越大,产气效率越高。与此同时,该方法在不同渗透性能的天然气水合物储层中均有一定的适用性,其中针对低渗储层的促进效应更为显著。综合上述结论,本文从三维模型理论计算的角度定量化验证了原位补热降压充填开采方法的潜在价值,期待为将来的水合物试采工作提供一定参考。     

天然气水合物藏品质评价的多级模糊综合评判

天然气水合物作为一种储量巨大的后备能源,近年来已受到广泛关注。建立与天然气水合物藏开发相适应的品质评价模型是其商业开采的前提。针对天然气水合物藏的特点,在文献调研和数值模拟研究的基础上,运用多级模糊综合评判法,对影响天然气水合物藏品质的主要因素进行层次划分和权重统计,建立天然气水合物藏品质评价的多级模糊综合评判模型。最后应用该模型,对4个模拟天然气水合物藏的品质进行了分析,证实了该评价模型的适用性。     

The dynamic economic evaluation method of shale gas resources

At present, most shale gas exploration and development areas in China are difficult to provide sufficient and effective production data to support economic evaluation, since they are still in the initial stage of low exploration level. In addition, ecological and environmental factors are not taken into account in the evaluation process, which does not meet the needs of green energy development of China. Aiming at above problems, the dynamic economic evaluation method of shale gas resources based on calculus principle is proposed. The Arps hyperbolic decreasing curve model will be used in the evaluation of single shale gas well production, which can evaluate single well production of shale gas by fitting the existing dynamic production data to generate the production decreasing curve. Therefore, the variation regularity of the cumulative production of single well shale gas within the study area can be obtained by the model mentioned above. According to the variation regularity of the cumulative production obtained from the Arps hyperbolic decreasing curve model, the recovery period of single well cost, ultimate economic life and the ultimate economic resource can be evaluated dynamically by analyzing the variation regularity of the cumulative sales revenue and cumulative input cost of single shale gas well. Then the evaluation result can be further extend to the whole evaluation areas, in order to analyze shale gas resources ’ economic value in evaluation regions under different shale gas price conditions. The results of the above evaluation methods are not only conducive to improving the economic benefits of relative shale gas development enterprises, but also provide a basis for the national energy strategy deployment.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Sensitivity Analysis of Multi-phase Seepage Parameters Affecting the Clayey Silt Hydrate Reservoir Productivity in the Shenhu Area, South China Sea

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is an important future resource for the 21st century and a strategic resource with potential for commercial development in the third energy transition. It is of great significance to accurately predict the productivity of hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS). The multi-phase seepage parameters of HBS include permeability, porosity, which is closely related to permeability, and hydrate saturation, which has a direct impact on hydrate content. Existing research has shown that these multi-phase seepage parameters have a great impact on HBS productivity. Permeability directly affects the transmission of pressure-drop and discharge of methane gas, porosity and initial hydrate saturation affect the amount of hydrate decomposition and transmission process of pressure-drop, and also indirectly affect temperature variation of the reservoir. Considering the spatial heterogeneity of multi-phase seepage parameters, a depressurization production model with layered heterogeneity is established based on the clayey silt hydrate reservoir at W11 station in the Shenhu Sea area of the South China Sea. Tough + Hydrate software was used to calculate the production model; the process of gas production and seepage parameter evolution under different multi-phase seepage conditions were obtained. A sensitivity analysis of the parameters affecting the reservoir productivity was conducted so that: (a) a HBS model with layered heterogeneity can better describe the transmission process of pressure and thermal compensation mechanism of hydrate reservoir; (b) considering the multi-phase seepage parameter heterogeneity, the influence degrees of the parameters on HBS productivity were permeability, porosity and initial hydrate saturation, in order from large to small, and the influence of permeability was significantly greater than that of other parameters; (c) the production potential of the clayey silt reservoir should not only be determined by hydrate content or seepage capacity, but also by the comprehensive effect of the two; and (d) time scales need to be considered when studying the effects of changes in multi-phase seepage parameters on HBS productivity.     

天然气水合物勘探开发研究新进展及发展趋势

天然气水合物是继煤、石油和天然气等能源之后的一种潜在新型能源,本文简要介绍了天然气水合物的由来、性质和特征,根据目前国内外研究现状,概述了天然气水合物勘探开发方面的国际研究新进展,以及我国在这方面取得的研究成果,归纳了目前存在的问题并展望了发展的方向和趋势。     

利津县黄河湿地生态治理浅析

刁口乡自然保护区位于利津县东北部,丰富的湿地植被和水生生物资源已成为当地生态旅游的重要场所和经济来源,但由于区内自然资源开发,特别是石油、天然气的勘探开采,石油外溢引起的大面积水土污染,导致自然生态系统破坏。根据当地地质环境和湿地生态系统特点,制定了工程措施和生物措施的湿地治理设计方案,使黄河湿地生态系统得到恢复,带动当地海洋经济板块发展和产业结构调整。     

青海木里三露天井田煤系天然气水合物成藏模式与勘查开发建议

天然气水合物因其能量密度巨大、使用方便、燃烧值高、清洁无污染等特点,被誉为21世纪最有希望的战略资源,是常规油气资源的潜力巨大的一种替代能源.青海木里地区三露天井田天然气水合物的发育是该区含煤岩系的充足气源和高寒山区适宜的水合物稳定带耦合作用的结果.将赋存在煤系中的天然气水合物定义为煤系天然气水合物,并将其纳入煤系非常...     

秦岭北麓水资源可持续开发利用分析

水资源的开发利用与保护,关乎民生,关乎经济社会的可持续发展。论述了秦岭北麓水资源作为基础性自然资源及战略性经济资源的重要性。讨论了秦岭北麓水资源开发、利用、保护之间的关系及其重要性。结果表明：秦岭北麓对于关中地区而言就是一座巨大的绿色水库,其水资源保护的关键在于以保护为前提的适度开发,地表水-地下水统筹利用,建立地下水库及水资源补偿机制,加强水资源战略研究。     

晋陕蒙煤炭开发战略研究——中国区域煤炭开发战略之新探索

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