含细粒珊瑚土抗液化特性试验研究

珊瑚土作为新兴的热带地区岛礁与港口工程的首选土工材料,宽级配是其结构组成的主要特征。由于相关工程面临较高的地震风险,珊瑚土的抗液化能力正逐渐引起重视。为探究含细粒珊瑚土的抗液化能力,以东太平洋某热带港口工程的实际珊瑚土场地为背景,通过大粒径循环三轴液化试验测试了设计相对密实度为0.4～0.8的3组代表性级配试样及剔除细粒的两组试样的饱和不排水动强度。试验结果表明：幂函数可以模拟含细粒珊瑚土的循环应力比与液化所需振次关系;细粒的存在与相对密实度的提高不会显著提高珊瑚土抗液化能力;珊瑚土液化过程的超静孔压发展模式与砂土相近,两参数或三参数的反正弦模型可以较好地模拟含细粒珊瑚土的液化超孔压发展过程。研究表明,含细粒珊瑚土仍然属于可液化土类。以背景工程为例,同类型工程在设计施工及使用阶段都需要考虑对地震液化灾害的设防,该研究为珊瑚土液化防治工作提供了技术支持。     

离心机振动台模型试验验证的珊瑚礁砂液化判别方法研究

工程现场珊瑚礁砂场地主要以珊瑚砂、砾组成的宽级配珊瑚礁砂,其砾粒含量分布从20%～90%,其液化特性与普通石英砂有较大区别,如仍采用现行液化判别方法评估珊瑚礁砂场地液化潜势,则容易导致工程场地的抗液化处理设计不经济或无法满足要求。以中国南海岛礁和东帝汶珊瑚礁砂为研究对象开展了原级配大动三轴试验分析,建立了基于抗液化强度(cyclic resistance ratios,简称CRR)与相对密实度Dr关系液化判别方法,并通过离心机振动试验进行对比分析。结果表明,当采取相同地震动工况时,由动三轴试验产生的超孔压比相比模型试验超孔压比大;当持时增加到30周时(对应震级8级),土体液化深度达20m,有效证明了珊瑚礁砂场地遭遇强地震动时具有液化潜在风险。此外,通过液化判别计算,验证了基于CRR-D_r关系的液化判别方法准确率达82.5%,且判别不一致工况的判别结果偏保守,进一步验证了此方法可应用于工程抗液化设计。     

钙质砂与硅质砂液化特性对比试验研究

钙质砂颗粒具有形状不规则、多孔隙、强度低、易破碎等特点,较硅质砂表现出更为复杂的液化变形特性.本文对相同级配的钙质砂和硅质砂进行了物性试验、不排水循环三轴试验、轻型动力触探试验,研究两种砂在物理性质、抗液化能力和贯入阻力三方面的差异,分析实验结果得到结论如下:(1)钙质砂比硅质砂具有更大的孔隙比和内摩擦角,这与钙质砂颗...     

1989～2011期间8次强地震中抗液化地基处理成功案例的回顾与启示

回顾了1989年美国Mw6.9级Loma Prieta地震、1993年日本Ms7.8级Kushiro-Oki地震、1994年日本Mw8.2级Hokkaido Toho-Oki地震、1995年日本Ms7.2级阪神地震、1999年台湾集集地震、1999年土耳其Mw7.4级Kocaeli地震、2001年美国Mw6.8级Nisqually地震以及2011年Mw9.0级东日本地震中场地抗液化工程措施的成功案例,初步分析了各种抗液化工程措施的有效性与优劣性,可以给出如下工程场地抗液化处理的经验：（1）对于易液化的沿海及填海造陆场地,采用适宜的抗液化工程措施应成为地基处理不可缺少的环节;（2）应基于场地条件、经济条件及环境要求,综合考虑场地抗液化地基处理措施的选择;（3）挤密砂桩法和碎石桩法运用广泛、技术成熟且比较经济,宜优先选择作为抗震设防烈度Ⅷ度及以下地区的场地抗液化地基处理措施;（4）强夯法使用机具简单、费用低廉,适宜选择作为抗震设防烈度Ⅷ度及以下地区大面积场地的抗液化地基处理措施;（5）注浆法、深层搅拌法、旋喷法作为抗震设防烈度Ⅸ度及以下地区的场地抗液化地基处理措施是有效的;（6）多种抗液化地基处理措施联合使用的处理效果往往优于单一措施单独使用的处理效果,在条件许可的情况下,宜选择多种抗液化地基处理措施联合使用,以期达到更好的处理效果。     

不同地区饱和原状黄土静态液化特性试验研究

黄土因饱水静态液化而发生突发性失稳破坏,易造成人员伤亡和财产损失。按照颗粒级配的不同,中国黄土分为砂质、粉质和黏质黄土,不同区域的黄土具有不同的静态液化特性。利用GDS三轴试验系统,对陕西神木砂质黄土区(Q_3黄土)、甘肃黑方台粉质黄土区(Q_3黄土)和陕西泾阳黏质黄土区(Q_2黄土)原状饱和黄土进行了等向固结不排水三轴剪切(ICU)试验,研究了初始孔隙比和颗粒级配对原状黄土静态液化能力的影响。试验结果表明:①3个地区的饱和原状土的应力-应变关系均为软化型,在中低围压下泾阳饱和原状黄土不发生液化,仅表现出弱软化现象;②中低围压下,初始孔隙比是影响原状黄土静态液化的主要因素,高围压下,初始孔隙比的影响逐渐减小,颗粒级配成为影响原状黄土静态液化的主要因素。     

宽级配砾质土作为GCls防渗垫保护层的抗剪强度试验研究

水化后的土工织物黏土垫层(GCls)是良好的复合防渗材料,但同时表现出较低的抗剪强度特性。为改善水化后的GCls抗剪强度低的缺陷,拟采用取自天然并经人工调配的宽级配砾质土料代替黏土作为GCls防渗垫的保护层,共同构成复合防渗系统。文中利用TGH直剪摩擦拉伸仪对筛选出的宽级配砾质土及其与不同水化条件下的GCL接触面进行了试验研究,得到宽级配砾质土样及其与质量含水率分别为50%和完全水化的GCL接触面的抗剪强度试验数据并进行了整理分析。结果显示,宽级配砾质土样的抗剪强度大于其与不同水化条件下的GCL接触面的抗剪强度,且宽级配砾质土与GCL接触面的抗剪强度随GCL含水率的增加而减小。因此,可以根据外荷载作用下土中应力会发生扩散的原理,利用抗剪强度高和压缩性低的砾质土来承担部分甚至全部荷载,以弥补水化后的GCls抗剪强度低的缺陷。     

宽级配砾石土缩尺强度特性试验研究

宽级配砾石土广泛分布于泥石流易发区,其强度特性是正确评价泥石流启动和防治设计的关键性问题。为探讨宽级配砾石土强度参数与最大颗粒粒径和颗粒级配的关系,针对3种不同颗粒级配缩尺处理后最大粒径分别为30 mm、20 mm、10 mm和5 mm的宽级配砾石土进行三轴固结不排水强度试验。结果表明,宽级配砾石土具有液化特性,试验曲线表现为应变软化、应变硬化和应变软化-硬化3种形态;对于出现液化的土体,有效内摩擦角随着最大粒径的增大而线性增大;有效内摩擦角随着不均匀系数的增大而增大,两者呈二次函数关系;随着特征粒径的增大呈分段线性增大。研究结果为泥石流启动预测和防治工程设计的参数选取提供一定参考支持。     

用剪切波速判别砂土液化的新方法

本文目的是建立剪切波速评价场地砂土液化的定量方法,以西特简化法的思路为基础,提出了用剪切波速估算地震应力和抗液化应力的计算公式,并编制了相应的程序,计算了液化与非液化实例,计算结果与实际情况颇为一致。     

基于液化势指标的砂土抗液化评价方法及应用

在散粒体最大最小孔隙比理论的基础上,采用一种新的液化势指标对不同颗粒级配的二元砂粉混合物进行抗液化能力预测。通过对已有文献数据中砂粉混合物的体积应变势进行计算,分析混合物的细粒含量、粒径比与循环抗力比CRR的关系,结合混合物所处实际孔隙比提出了一个新的液化势指标ε′_v。与砂粉混合物的CRR试验数据对比分析显示：各类砂粉混合物的CRR均随ε′_v的增大而单调地降低,且两者呈现良好的幂函数关系,并进一步建立了CRR-ε′_v关系曲线最佳拟合参数与粒径比的关系。对蒙特利砂混合耶茨维尔粉土试样进行的CRR预测结果表明,ε′_v综合反映了土粒径分布、密实状态和颗粒形状的综合影响,是表征砂粉混合物CRR的一个有效指标。实际工程中可代替传统的现场原位试验,仅通过简单的室内试验预测场地土层抗液化能力。     

高密度深长桩打桩施工综合防护措施及其效果

本文通过南市区西陵高层打桩施工的实例,分析了各种打桩防护措施的作用和效果。认为打桩对周围环境产生的公害是一个动态过程。因而,根据场地的工程地质条件和打桩的进程,配以适当的防护工作量,并根据打桩过程中场地孔隙水压力和地基土变形的规律及时调整打桩流水的情报化施工方法,降低了防护费用,并可大大减少对周围环境的影响。     

考虑土体结构性损伤的沉桩挤土效应解析分析

根据土塑性力学基本原理,采用简化的线性软化模型并考虑土的结构性损伤影响,推导出沉桩时产生的挤压应力的空间解析解,并在此基础上分析了土体具有不同的损伤程度时沉桩产生的挤压应力和极限扩张压力的空间分布规律。同时,采用Henkel孔隙水压力公式,进一步分析孔隙水压力的发展规律,该解析解可以弥补经典圆孔扩张理论在沉桩应用中的不足,能更好地揭示沉桩时的挤土机理。     

The critical state friction angle of granular materials: does it depend on grading?

Whether the critical state friction angle of granular materials depends on grading is a fundamental question of both academic and practical interest. The present study attempts to address this question through a specifically designed experimental program where the influence of particle grading was carefully isolated from other influencing factors. The laboratory experiments show that under otherwise similar conditions, the angle of friction at critical state is a constant independent of grading, but, for a given grading, the angle of friction at critical state is highly dependent on particle shape. This finding suggests that the commonly adopted practice of separately allowing for the effect of particle shape and the effect of grading on critical state friction angle is conceptually inappropriate and, hence, should be taken with caution in geotechnical design to avoid the risk of underestimating safety requirements. The study also reveals that varying particle gradation can impose a marked impact on liquefaction susceptibility of granular soils: Under the same post-consolidation state in terms of void ratio and confining pressure, a well-graded soil tends to be more susceptible to liquefaction than a uniformly graded soil. This variation of liquefaction susceptibility is shown to be consistent with the variation of location of the critical state locus in the compression space and is explainable by the critical state theory.     

Soil liquefaction studies at Mumbai city

Mumbai city is the economical capital of India and is situated about midway on the western coast of stable continental region of Peninsular India. Major part of the city being of reclaimed land, the soil type is of alluvium, sand, and recent conglomerate. There are some bigger water bodies within the city range. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the susceptibility of soil liquefaction using simplified empirical procedure based on number of blow counts (N values) of the soil layers from standard penetration test. The liquefaction susceptibility is quantified in terms of factor of safety along the borehole depths at available borehole locations using earthquake-induced cyclic stress on the soil and the cyclic resistance of the soil to withstand the load. The factor of safety against liquefaction is evaluated at different sites for two peak ground acceleration (PGA) levels pertaining to 10 and 2?% probability of exceedance in 50?years corresponding to uniform hazard response spectra for Mumbai city with 475- and 2,475-year return period, respectively. Contour maps are prepared that display the factor of safety at different depths for earthquake magnitude of M _w 6.5. These contour maps show the liquefaction vulnerability at different sites in the city.     

以标贯试验为依据的砂土液化确定性及概率判别法

核电厂址非基岩场地的地基液化问题是核电厂选址的关键问题,亟需建立核电厂址地基液化判别方法。回顾了以标贯试验和地表峰值加速度为依据的砂土液化判别方法的演化历史,依据Idriss-Boulanger确定液化临界曲线的基本方法,提出了确定液化临界曲线的基本原则,分别依据美国液化数据库、中国抗震规范液化判别式所用的液化数据及综合两者的液化数据资料,给出了相应的液化临界曲线,验证了液化临界曲线的位置对不同的细粒含量、有效上覆压力、现场试验方法的液化数据的合理性,分析了测量或估计土层循环应力比和修正标贯击数各种因素的不确定性对液化临界曲线的敏感性,结果表明：所提的液化临界曲线不易受各种因素的影响。利用Monte Carlo模拟、加权最大似然法和加权经验概率法,给出了液化临界曲线的名义抗液化安全系数与液化概率的经验关系式及概率等值线,并对核电厂Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类抗震物项地基,给出了相应的液化临界曲线。     

上海地区某高层建筑基坑开挖和沉桩环境效应浅析

该文就软土地区高层建筑基础工程施工中,基坑开挖和沉桩挤土产生的环境效应进行了简析,结合工程实例提出了相应的对策。     

打桩挤土的现场试验研究及土体位移的计算公式

打桩挤土使周围土体发生位移,对周围其他桩及附近原有建筑物和基础设施产生破坏。本文通过典型工程打桩过程中的监测数据,运用小孔扩张理论结合回归分析方法导出了计算土体位移量的经验公式。运用该公式可定量预估挤土程度,防止意外事故的发生。     

大型石化地基振冲碎石桩处理现场试验研究

针对大型炼厂工程地基处理的复杂性,开展了振冲碎石桩的现场试验。利用静力触探试验检测桩体密实度和判别饱和砂土液化。基于旁压试验、标准贯入试验和重型动力触探试验结果,分析了施工前后地基承载力和土体工程特性变化情况。以单桩和复合地基载荷试验结果验证了桩间土、单桩及复合地基的承载性能。研究结果表明,振冲碎石桩对桩长范围的砂土具有明显的挤密效应,工程特性和场地的均匀性在处理后有了明显改善和提高,有效地消除了桩长范围内砂土的液化可能性。静载荷试验结果表明,振冲碎石桩复合地基承载力能达到设计要求;振冲碎石桩对砂土层下卧黏性土层的加固作用不明显,部分深度范围内土体强度降低;当地面以下10 m内不存在厚度大于5 m的软土夹层时,较薄的软土夹层状对挤密加固其余深度的砂土未产生明显影响,对地基承载力影响亦较小。     

Piles in fully liquefied soils with lateral spread

The paper provides a new analysis procedure for the assessment of the lateral response of isolated piles/drilled shafts in saturated sands as liquefaction and lateral soil spread develop in response to dynamic loading such as that generated by the earthquake shaking. The presented method accounts for: (1) the development of full liquefaction in the free-field soil that could trigger the lateral spread of the overlying crust layer; (2) the driving force exerted by the crust layer based on the interaction between the pile and the upper non-liquefied soil (crust) layer; and (3) the variation of the excess pore water pressure (i.e. post-liquefaction soil strength) in the near-field soil with the progressive pile deflection under lateral soil spread driving force. A constitutive model for fully liquefied sands under monotonic loading and undrained conditions is developed in order to predict the zone of post-liquefaction zero-strength of liquefied sand before it rebounds with the increasing soil strain in the near-field. The analytical and empirical concepts employed in the Strain Wedge (SW) model allow the modeling of such a sophisticated phenomenon of lateral soil spread that could accompany or follow the occurrence of seismic events without using modifying parameters or shape corrections to account for soil liquefaction.     

Discrete element modeling of static liquefaction of shield tunnel face in saturated sand

The failure mechanism and limit support pressure are essential factors for the stability assessment of tunnel face during shield tunneling. Previous studies were mostly based on the assumption that soil fails when the plastic limit is reached. The static liquefaction of saturated sand at pre-failure state often largely reduces shear strength; a stable tunnel face could be destabilized and even collapses abruptly. This paper aims to explore the static liquefaction failure of tunnel face in saturated sands by 3D discrete element simulation. The particle shape is considered by using clump composed of two identical spheres, and the micro-material parameters are calibrated by fitting against triaxial tests. The tunnel face is initially supported by the earth pressure at rest, and then the pressure is reduced by applying a displacement on the free surface until soil body completely collapses. The second-order work during the unloading process is calculated, and a negative value denotes the initiation of static liquefaction. The distribution of negative second-order work point shows the initiation and propagation of static liquefaction. The ultimate failure mode is shown to be composed of a sliding wedge and an overlying chimney, and the chimney is confined to a local area for soil arching. The experienced stress path of tunnel face verifies the existence of static liquefaction instability, indicating the stability analysis should consider static liquefaction rather than simply using the conventional plastic limit state analysis.