天山造山带的深部结构

天山造山带是中亚最令人瞩目的一条由陆陆汇聚而形成的陆内造山带,从古生代以来经历了长期的构造演化,尤其是新生代以来的再次活化,导致了本区复杂的构造特征,因此在全球范围内具有独特性和活动性,是全球公认的研究大陆动力学的天然实验室.从1980年以来,针对天山及周缘的深部结构特征开展了大量的深地震探测研究工作,揭示了天山造山带...     

天山造山带基底结构的有限差分研究

利用横跨天山造山带的库尔勒-吉木萨尔地震宽角反射/折射剖面Pg震相, 通过三维有限差分方法对天山造山带的基底和盖层构造进行反演, 获得了上地壳的速度分布及构造. 根据速度结构可将此剖面划分为塔里木盆地北缘、天山造山带及准噶尔盆地南缘3个部分, 天山造山带内具有三隆四凹的构造格局. 塔里木盆地北缘基底速度横向变化不大, 埋藏深度约10 km. 天山造山带内速度横向变化较大, 其中焉耆盆地的基底深度约为6 km, 往北基底迅速变浅, 到中天山基底几乎出露地表. 库米什南部为一小的山间盆地, 最大基底深度约为3 km, 到库米什附近基底变浅并几乎出露地表. 塔里木盆地与天山之间的北轮台断裂为边界断裂, 断层落差达5 km左右. 吐鲁番盆地具有巨厚的沉积, 其基底深度约7 km. 天山与吐鲁番盆地的边界断裂为博罗科努断裂, 其特点是基底深度迅速变深, 断层落差达7 km左右. 进入准噶尔盆地, 基底深度约为8 km. 虽然库尔勒-吉木萨尔剖面的地形是不对称的(南部平缓, 北部起伏强烈), 但有限差分法所揭示的基底结构具有以中天山为轴南北对称的特点, 并与该剖面所揭示的深部结构协调一致, 预示着天山两侧的塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地向天山造山带的深部对冲. 但南侧的俯冲可能是更早的事件, 目前已经弱化; 而北侧的俯冲正方兴未艾, 致使博格达山快速隆升与吐鲁番盆地的快速沉降. 这种构造样式与横跨天山的另一条剖面, 即沙雅-布尔津剖面所揭示的岩石圈结构不同, 表明在这两条剖面之间可能存在重要的构造边界.     

天山造山带与准噶尔盆地壳幔过渡带 及其动力学含义

利用小波分析方法对天山造山带与准噶尔盆地壳幔过渡带的反射波进行处理,获得了来自各个爆炸点壳幔过渡带反射波走时曲线.计算结果表明,沙雅-布尔津地学断面的壳幔过渡带根据其特点可以分为三段塔里木盆地北缘、天山造山带与准噶尔盆地.塔里木盆地北缘的壳幔过渡带比较简单,主要由一级间断面构成;准噶尔盆地的壳幔过渡带也比较简单,除个别地段外皆以一级速度间断面过渡;天山造山带(尤其是北天山)的壳幔过渡带十分复杂,它由7~8个薄层叠合而成,层厚度2~3km不等,层速度高低相间,总厚度近20km.天山造山带与准噶尔盆地壳幔过渡带的结构特点及其两者之间的差异特征是天山造山带地球动力学"层间插入消减"模型建立的重要依据之一.     

中国青藏高原深部地球物理探测与地球动力学研究（1958—2004）

经过半个多世纪的努力,中国学者在青藏高原进行的地壳上地幔地球物理探测工作取得了巨大进展. 累计完成长约45000km的深部地球物理探测工作,取得了许多科学数据,为探讨高原地壳上地幔结构、隆升机制和动力学研究奠定了基础. 为比较全面反映中国学者多年来的工作成果,作者广泛收集资料,总结了中国学者在青藏高原地壳上地幔地球物理探测工作程度,并按照方法分类绘制了系列工作程度图. 文中分别对地壳结构、上地幔的横向不均匀性、岩石圈的电性结构、青藏高原隆升机制、青藏高原地球动力学模型等几个方面所取得的主要成果做了概略的评述. 已有资料表明：青藏高原的莫霍面埋深变化较大,且在几条重要缝合带莫霍面两侧都有断错;根据目前的探测结果,高原在20±5km埋深范围内普遍存在壳内低速高导层,速度一般为5.6～5.8km/s,电阻率约为1～10Ω·m,厚度一般为5～10km,但横向分布不连续. 低速层与高导层的深度、厚度在趋势上一致,但不十分吻合.天然地震的研究结果表明,组成高原各个地块内部的地震各向异性方向大致相同,各地块的分界处各向异性方向往往有明显的变化;虽然对高原隆升机制还存在不同的看法,但至少认为高原是多期隆升、多种机制共同作用的结果这一点已达成共识. 综合已有的地球物理调查成果,结合地质地球化学资料建立的高原地球动力学模型,形象地表达出青藏高原岩石圈的双向挤压变形模式. 这些工作为研究青藏高原隆升和变形机制提供有价值的信息.     

中国大陆地球深部结构与动力学研讨会

20 0 4年3月1 4日,在北京召开了“中国大陆地球深部结构与动力学研讨会”,暨庆贺滕吉文院士从事地球物理学研究5 0周年.来自中国科学院、中国地震局、石油、地质、核工业系统、国家自然科学基金委及高校等部门近2 5 0位代表参加研讨会.会议由中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所主办,我国著名地球科学家刘东生、曾融生、孙鸿烈、孙枢、陈运泰等2 0位院士到会,中国青藏高原研究会、浙江大学、吉林大学、云南大学等1 0多个单位和徐世浙院士、林学钰院士等2 3位个人发来贺电.会议共收到论文1 0 2篇,内容涉及地壳与上地幔结构、板块与板缘构造、理论…     

天山地壳非均匀性与地震分布

根据重力、航磁及地震波传播速度等地球物理资料，研究了天山地区的深部构造特征。发现天山两缘是地壳物质组成变化较大的场所，也是介质结构最不稳定的区域。地震的发生不仅涉及到地表断裂构造的分布和活动方式，而且与深部物质的非均匀程度有一定的联系。大部分中强地震都发生在地壳中部附近不同速度体之间的梯度带附近，那里是深部介质分布最不均匀的构造层位。它的存在与中强地震的孕育场所密切相关，在构造应力的作用下很容易发     

山西裂谷系的深部地球物理探测

综述了山西裂谷系近年来通过重力、工程爆破及测震、大地电磁测深、航磁资料反演、深地震测深等研究该地区地壳与上地幔结构的结果与进展。文中还提出了在本区继续开展地壳与上地幔细结构研究的任务与设想。     

大别造山带西段宽频带数字地震台阵观测与地壳上地幔结构

2001年5～11月,在大别造山带西段的新县、红安地区（31 °20～3°50′N,114°30′-115°E）架设了宽频带数字地震流动台阵．采用接收函数方法对台阵记录的高质量远震P波数据进行反演,获得了大别造山带西段的S波速度剖面和地壳上地幔精细结构．研究结果显示,研究区的地壳厚度整体上较薄,约为32～38km,莫霍面自南向北倾斜．在台阵北缘对应桐城一桐柏剪切带处,莫霍面发生错断,断距达到4-6km,显示桐城．桐柏剪切带为早中生代扬子板块与华北板块碰撞的古缝合带的南界．在上地幔顶部存在向北倾斜东西向延伸的s波低速带,显示出大别山造山带与毗邻华北块体之间的拼合关系．在台阵南部下地壳底部存在高速体,这可能和拆沉作用以后,发生大规模拉张作用相伴随的幔源基性岩浆在下地壳下部的底侵作用有关．     

天山造山带地壳结构与构造──乌鲁木齐─库尔勒地震转换波测深剖面

沿乌鲁木齐－库尔勒３５０余公里长的测线上完成了穿越天山的地震转换波野外观测,得出天山造山带的深部构造剖面图和壳内Ｐ,Ｓ波速度结构模型．天山的结晶地壳可分为４层,各层的速度分别是：Ｖｐ值为５．９,６．３,６．６,６．９ｋｍ／ｓ;Ｖｓ值为３．２,３．５,３．７,３．９ｋｍ／ｓ。上地幔顶部的波速：Ｖｐ值为８．１０ｋｍ／ｓ。Ｖｓ值为４．６ｋｍ／ｓ。天山地区的地壳厚度为４２－５６ｋｍ,中天山最厚,达到５０－５６ｋｍ。地壳中部存在低速透镜体。探测结果表明,天山大地构造可分为北天山、中天山和南天山３个区,其地壳深部构造特征各不相同。用颤动构造理论来解释天山造山带的形成机制和演化较板块构造理论更为合理。     

Shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle underneath the Tianshan orogenic belt

From April, 2003 to September, 2004, a passive broadband seismic array consisting of 60 stations was deployed over the Tianshan orogenic belt by State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration. Among them, 51 stations make up an about 500-km-long profile across the Tianshan Mountains from Kuytun to Kuqa. The receiver function profile and S-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle down to 100 km deep are obtained by using the re-ceiver function method (Liu et al. 1996, 2000). The main results can be summarized as follows: (1) A clear mountain root does not exist beneath the Tianshan Mountains, and the crust-mantle boundaries underneath the stations mostly have transitional structures. This implies that the material differentia-tion between the crust and mantle is not yet accomplished and the orogenic process is still going on. (2) The crust beneath the Tianshan Mountains has laterally blocked structures in direction perpendicular to the mountain strike, and the crust-mantle boundary has a clear dislocation structure. Both of them correspond to each other. (3) The offsets of the Moho discontinuity are highly correlated to the tectonic borders on the surface and that corresponding to the frontal southern Tianshan fault reaches to 14 km. This manifests that large vertical divergent movement took place between different blocks. This sup-ports the discontinuous model of the Tianshan orogeny, and the Tarim block subduction is restricted only to the southern side of the South Tianshan. (4) Inside the upper and middle crust of the Tianshan Mountains exist several low-velocity bodies correlated with high seismicity located on the moun-tain-basin jointures on both sides of the mountain and between different blocks, and the low-velocity bodies on the mountain-basin jointures are inclined obviously to the mountain. This implies that the low-velocity bodies may be correlated closely to the thrust and subduction of the basins on both sides of the mountain, the splicing of adjacent blocks and the fast uplift of the Tianshan Mountains.     

Crustal structure of Dabieshan orogenic belt

The crustal structures ofP velocity and density on the deep seismic sounding profile across the Ilabieshan orogenic belt are presented. There is a 5-km-thick crustal “root” between the Yuexi and Xiaotian where the elevation is highest on the profile. An apparent Moho offset of 4. 5 km beneath the Xiaotian-Mozitan fault marks the paleo-suture of the Triassic collision. A high-velocity anomaly zone at the depth below 3 km beneath the ultra-high pressure (UHP) zone may be correlated to the higher content of UHP metamorphic rocks. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Joint Earthquake Science Foundation.     

Shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle underneath the Tianshan orosenic belt

From April,2003 to September,2004,a passive broadband seismic array consisting of 60 stations was deployed over the Tianshan orogenic belt by State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics,Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration.Among them,51 stations make up an about 500-km-long profile across the Tianshan Mountains from Kuytun to Kuqa.The receiver function profile and S-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle down to 100 km deep are obtained by using the receiver function method (Liu et al.1996,2000).The main results can be summarized as follows:(1) A clear mountain root does not exist beneath the Tianshan Mountains,and the crust-mantle boundaries underneath the stations mostly have transitional structures.This implies that the material differentiation between the crust and mantle is not yet accomplished and the orogenic process is still going on.(2)The crust beneath the Tianshan Mountains has laterally blocked structures in direction perpendicular to the mountain strike,and the crust-mantle boundary has a clear dislocation structure.Both of them correspond to each other.(3)The offsets of the Moho discontinuity are highly correlated to the tectonic borders on the surface and that corresponding to the frontal southern Tianshan fault reaches to 14 km.This manifests that large vertical divergent movement took place between different blocks.This supports the discontinuous model of the Tianshan orogeny,and the Tarim block subduction is restricted only to the southern side of the South Tianshan.(4)Inside the upper and middle crust of the Tianshan Mountains exist several low-velocity bodies correlated with high seismicity located on the mountain-basin jointures on both sides of the mountain and between different blocks,and the low-velocity bodies on the mountain-basin jointures are inclined obviously to the mountain.This implies that the low-velocity bodies may be correlated closely to the thrust and subduction of the basins on both sides of the mountain,the splicing of adjacent blocks and the fast uplift of the Tianshan Mountains.     

秦岭造山带与邻域华北克拉通和扬子克拉通的壳、幔精细速度结构与深层过程

秦岭造山带与其南北两侧华北克拉通和扬子克拉通属三大构造单元,不论其各构造单元体还是其界带构造均甚为复杂,并受到多期次构造运动的制约,形成了大陆内部特异的造山过程.尽管在这一地域曾做过大量的地表地质工作和一些相关的地球物理工作,但对其壳、幔精细结构、深层动力过程,特别是同步穿越华北克拉通、秦岭-大巴造山带和扬子克拉通系统的耦合研究甚少.为了研究和探索该地域的壳、幔精细速度结构和其形成的深层过程,专门布置了一条北起榆林,向南经咸阳、宁陕直抵涪陵长达1000 km的高精度地震宽角反射、折射波场探测剖面.通过剖面辖区高分辨率的数据采集,数据处理、反演和壳、幔层、块精细速度结构,发现剖面辖区深部壳、幔结构存在特异的速度和结构变化,并厘定了一系列的新认识.研究结果表明:(1)秦岭—大巴造山带具有同一基底,其形成乃为结晶基底隆升所致,即它的形成仅涉及到上地壳的受力变形和空间状态.造山带与其南、北两侧的前陆盆地为陆内造山过程中同一深层过程的产物,但其沉积速率和形态却不相同.华北克拉通与秦岭造山带之间前陆盆地Bfc拉张为该区Moho界面的局部隆升所致.(2)首次提出了沿1000 km长剖面连续的沉积建造、结晶基底、上地壳、下地壳和上地幔顶部的层、块速度结构和各界面的起伏变化与空间状态.基于地震波边界场响应厘定了华北克拉通、秦岭—大巴造山带和扬子克拉通的分区界带.论述了三大构造单元各自的内部结构和其相邻界域的速度变化特征.(3)该区大陆内部速度结构和不同类型断裂分布及层序在华北克拉通、秦岭—大巴造山带、扬子克拉通三大块体地域存在显著差异.不同规模、层次与产状的断裂分布反映出它们在变形行为和机制上及所受构造运动的制约上均存在明显的差异.     

Crust-mantle transitional zone of Tianshan orogenic belt and Junggar Basin and its geodynamic implication

The traveling time of the reflection waves of each shot point from the crust-mantle transitional zone has been obtained by data processing using wavelet transform to the waves reflected from the crust-mantle transitional zone. The crust-mantle transitional zone of the Xayar-Burjing geoscience transect can be divided into three sections: the northern margin of the Tarim Basin, the Tianshan orogenic belt and Junggar Basin. The crust-mantle transitional zone is composed mainly of first-order discontinuity in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin, but in the Tianshan orogenic belt, it is composed of 7–8 thin layers which are 2-3 km in thickness and high and low alternatively in velocity, with a total thickness of about 20km. The discovery of the crust-mantle transitional zone of the Tianshan orogenic belt and Junggar Basin and their differences in tectonic features provide evidence for the creation of the geodynamic model “lithospheric subduction with intrusion layers in crust” for the Tianshan orogenic belt.     

Crustal structure beneath the Songpan—Garze orogenic belt

The Benzilan-Tangke deepseismic sounding profile in the western Sichuan region passes through the Song-pan-Garze orogenic belt with trend of NNE.Based on the travel times and the related amplitudes of phases in the record sections,the 2-D P-wave crustal structure was ascertained in this paper.The velocity structure has quite strong lateral variation along the profile.The crust is divided into 5layers,where the first,second and third layer belong to the upper crust,the forth and fifth layer belong to the lower crust.The low velocity anomaly zone gener-ally exists in the central part of the upper crust on the profile,and it integrates into the overlying low velocity basement in the area to the north of Ma‘erkang.The crustal structure in the section can be divided into 4parts:in the south of Garze-litang fault,between Garze-Litang fault and Xianshuihe fault,between Xianshuihe fault and Longriba fault and in the north of Longriba fault,which are basically coincided with the regional tectonics division.The crustal thickness decreases from southwest to northeast along the profile,that is ,from62km in the region of the Jinshajiang River to 52km in the region of the Yellow River.The Moho discontinuity does not obviously change across the Xianshuihe fault basesd on the PmP phase analysis.The crustal average velocity along the profile is lower,about 6.30 km/s.The Benzilan-Tangke profile reveals that the crust in the study area is orogenic.The Xianshuihe fault belt is located in the central part of the profile,and the velocity is positive anomaly on the upper crust,and negative anomaly on the lower crust and upper mantle.It is considered as a deep tectonhic setting in favor of strong earthquake‘s accumulation and occurrence.     

天山中段地区重复地震时空特征研究

基于2009—2017年新疆区域数字地震台网记录的地震波形数据,利用波形互相关技术及主事件定位方法识别并重新定位了新疆天山中段及其周缘的重复地震。以波形互相关系数0.9作为阈值来确定研究区的重复地震事件,统计结果显示3万零181个事件中的1万1 618个为重复地震事件,这些重复地震事件组成了2395组重复地震对和重复地震丛,占总事件数的38.5%。根据重复地震重定位前后地震对之间距离的统计结果推测,该区域的系统定位误差约为5—10 km。进一步结合该区域最新的震源分类结果对不同震源类型重复地震的时空分布特征予以分析,结果显示:重复矿山爆破事件在空间上呈丛集性分布,且其中的93.6%发生于白天,同时呈现季节性发生模式,即爆破多发生于夏季,而冬季较少;而重复构造地震在空间上大多沿断层分布,24小时内呈随机分布的特征,且研究时段内每个月的活动水平相对平稳;重复诱发地震成丛分布于靠近油气田和水库的区域,但其中部分诱发地震的位置与构造地震重叠,发震时间特征与构造地震相似,为随机分布。      

兴蒙造山带及邻区地壳速度结构特征

兴蒙造山带位于中亚造山带东段, 作为古亚洲构造域的重要组成部分, 由西伯利亚板块与华北板块碰撞拼合而成, 其经历了大陆裂解、洋盆扩张、洋壳俯冲消减和碰撞拼合造山等复杂的构造演化过程.为了利用壳幔结构约束造山带演化的深部过程, 跨越华北地块北缘、松辽—锡林浩特地块、兴安地块以及索伦—西拉木伦缝合带和二连—贺根山缝合带, 实施了一条520 km长的深地震测深剖面, 获得了高质量的人工源大当量的宽角反射和折射地震资料, 并采用地震动力学射线方法获得地壳速度结构.结果显示: (1)研究区地壳平均速度为6.15~6.3 km·s^-1, Pn波速度为7.8~8.2 km·s^-1; (2)地壳厚度约为36.1~42.2 km, 最厚位置(~42.2 km)对应地表大兴安岭主峰, 说明大兴安岭在此位置存在山根; (3)地壳速度在1.5~6.8 km·s^-1范围内, 认为在该区地壳内不存在洋壳物质; (4)主要断裂带或缝合带位于速度等值线变化剧烈的梯度带上; (5)速度结构显示研究区具有明显的横向分区和纵向分层的特点.地壳内速度剧烈变化特征表明兴蒙造山带的地壳物质组成不均匀, 尤其中下地壳, 速度等值线起伏剧烈.这种复杂的地壳速度结构应该与中生代以来多板块汇聚引发的多期区域性伸展和挤压作用有关.

     

天山造山带岩石圈密度与磁性结构研究及其动力学分析

库尔勒—吉木萨尔剖面横跨塔里木盆地北缘、天山造山带和准噶尔盆地南缘.沿剖面完成了重磁联合反演,获得了岩石圈二维密度结构与二维磁性结构.结果发现,塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地向天山造山带对冲.在地壳范围内,塔里木盆地北缘与准噶尔盆地南缘的平均密度较高,天山造山带的地壳平均密度较低.天山造山带具有较高的磁化强度,尤其表现在准噶尔盆地南缘至天山造山带中部的整个地壳范围内,预示着天山南北可能具有不同的构造演化历史、构造运动方式以及构造运动强度.在塔里木盆地与天山造山带以及准噶尔盆地与天山造山带的接触部位的上地幔顶部分别发现了低密度体,推测在塔里木盆地由南而北向天山造山带“层间插入与俯冲消减”,以及准噶尔盆地由北而南向天山造山带俯冲的过程中塔里木盆地北缘和准噶尔盆地南缘下地壳物质被带进天山造山带上地幔顶部.库尔勒—吉木萨尔剖面岩石圈二维密度结构与磁性结构为天山造山带的构造分段提供了岩石圈尺度的依据.     

中国境内天山地壳上地幔结构的地震层析成像

根据横跨中国境内天山的库车—奎屯宽频带流动地震台阵和区域地震台网记录的近震和远震P波走时数据,利用地震层析成像方法重建了沿该地震台阵剖面下方400 km深度范围内地壳上地幔的P波速度结构.结果表明：沿新疆库车—奎屯剖面,天山地壳具有明显的横向分块结构,且南、北天山地壳显示了较为强烈的横向变形特征,表明塔里木地块对天山地壳具有强烈的侧向挤压作用;在塔里木和准噶尔地块上地幔顶部有厚度约60～90 km的高速异常体,塔里木—南天山下方的高速异常体产生了较为明显的弯曲变形,而准噶尔—北天山下方的高速异常体向南一直俯冲到中天山南侧边界下方300 km的深度,两者形成了不对称对冲构造;在塔里木和准噶尔地块下方150～400 km深度存在上地幔低速体,其中塔里木地块一侧的上地幔低速物质上涌到南天山地块的下方;在塔里木—南天山200～300 km深度范围的上地幔存在高速异常体,它可能是地幔热物质向上迁移过程融断的塔里木岩石圈的拆离体. 上述结果表明,塔里木地块的俯冲可能涉及整个岩石圈深度,但其前缘仅限于南天山的北缘;青藏高原隆升的远程效应可能不但驱动塔里木岩石圈向北俯冲,同时还造成天山造山带南侧上地幔物质的涌入;天山造山带上地幔广泛存在的低速异常有助于其上地幔的变形,而上地幔物质的强烈非均匀性应有助于推动天山造山带上地幔小尺度地幔对流的形成;根据研究区地壳上地幔速度结构特征推断,新近纪以来天山快速隆升的主要力源来自青藏高原快速隆升的远程效应,相对软弱的上地幔为加速天山造山带的变形和隆升创造了必要条件.