紫菜养殖筏架上定生浒苔对黄海绿潮的贡献

Green tides caused by the unusual accumulation of high floating Ulva prolifera have occurred regularly in the Yellow Sea since 2007. The primary source of the Yellow Sea green tides is the attached algae on the Pyropia aquaculture rafts in the Subei Shoal. Ulva prolifera and Blidingia(Italic) sp. are the main species observed on Pyropia aquaculture rafts in the Subei Shoal. We found that U. prolifera has strong buoyancy and a rapid growth rate, which may explain why it is the dominant species of green tides that occur in the China's sea area of the Yellow Sea. The growth rate of floating U. prolifera was about 20%–31% d–1, which was much higher than Blidingia(Italic) sp. There were about 1.7 × 10~4 t of attached algae on the Pyropia aquaculture rafts in May 2012. We found that 39% of attached algae could float when the tide rose in the Subei Shoal, and U. prolifera accounted for 63% of the floating algae. Our analysis estimated that about 4 000 t of attached U. prolifera floated into the surrounding waters of the Subei Shoal during the recycling period of aquaculture rafts. These results suggest that the initial floating biomass of large-scale green tides in the Yellow Sea is determined by the U. prolifera biomass attached to Pyropia aquaculture rafts, further impacting the scale of the green tide.     

江苏梁垛闸潮间带表层沉积物特征及输运趋势

采用激光粒度仪对2004年1月在江苏梁垛闸附近潮间带下部采集的36个表层沉积物样品以及垂向海岸的8个表层沉积物样品进行了粒度分析,获得了粒径分布和矩值参数的分布规律,结果表明:(1)江苏梁垛闸附近潮间带表层沉积物以粉砂为主,随着由海向陆水动力的减弱,沉积物粒度参数出现有规律的变化,由海向岸其粒径逐渐变细,分选变好,砂的含量逐渐减少,粘土和粉砂的含量逐渐增多。(2)运用G ao-Co llins二维沉积物粒径趋势分析模型模拟出了江苏梁垛闸潮间带的泥沙输运趋势,即该区的泥沙主要向北和北偏东16°左右方向输运,这种运动趋势主要受当地的潮流特征、地貌形态等因素的控制。     

中国苏北浅滩海域定生海藻繁殖体的来源

自2007年以来,黄海海域已连续爆发大规模浒苔绿潮并造成了严重的经济损失。在苏北浅滩条斑紫菜养殖筏架上的定生浒苔被认为是漂浮绿潮藻的主要来源。然而,现阶段对筏架定生绿藻的种源基础并不清楚。因此,在本研究中,我们通过现场调查结合室内试验来揭示了筏架定生绿藻的繁殖体源。同时,为了对黄海大规模绿潮进行防控,我们对防止绿藻在紫菜养殖筏架的附着做了相关研究。结果表明,（1）包括浒苔、缘管浒苔、扁浒苔、曲浒苔以及盘苔这五种海藻的微观繁殖体共同存在于苏北浅滩海域的水体及沉积物中,而且在不同时期它们的比例变化明显。（2）经过去皮处理后的毛竹可明显抑制浒苔微观繁殖体的附着。通过本研究,我们明确分布于苏北浅滩海域的绿藻微观繁殖体是黄海大规模绿潮的种源基础。同时,我们为从源头防控黄海大规模绿潮的发生提供了一个可行的手段。     

江苏沿海地区海洋渔业发展差异与对策

江苏是海洋大省,但并非海洋强省,2005年海洋渔业在全国处于第6位,为浙江和山东的1/3和1/5。江苏具有发展海洋渔业的有利条件,丰富的水产资源和滩涂资源适合发展海洋渔业,发达的地区经济为渔业发展提供了技术支撑。从省内区域差异来看,渔业过分集中于如东、启东等少数县市,多数县市产业优势未能充分发挥。应该大力发展海水增养业、加强养殖区域生态环境保护,积极发展相关海洋产业。     

江苏省连云港市东磊石海的成因

在山东半岛古冰川遗迹研究的基础上,作者又对云台山进行了实地调查。特别对东磊石海,花果山的冰碛洞群进行了认真的分析。通过大量的地质地貌资料的研究,作者认为：云台山曾被更新世期间出现的古冰川所覆盖,留下了众多的古冰川遗迹。云台山的古冰川遗迹以东磊石海和花果山的冰碛洞群为典型。连云港云台山古冰川遗迹的发现,为我国东部古冰川遗迹的研究,又增添了新的证据。     

秦皇岛近岸海域绿藻微观繁殖体的分布以及在绿潮形成中的作用

2015年以来,秦皇岛近岸海域暴发了绿潮,对北戴河旅游区的环境和生态系统造成了严重影响。绿藻微观繁殖体在绿潮的形成过程中起到重要作用,主要包括孢子、配子、幼苗和营养片段。绿藻微观繁殖体作为绿潮的“种源”,其分布规律可以反映绿潮的“藻源”位置。本研究于2016年4-9月和2017年1月对秦皇岛近岸海域绿藻微观繁殖体的调查,探究了其分布规律以及生物量变化。结果显示,绿藻微观繁殖体主要分布在近岸海域,由近岸向远岸海域逐渐降低。绿藻微观繁殖体的数量在7、8月份最高,在冬季最低。受绿潮影响严重的海域微观繁殖体数量高于其它海域。秦皇岛近岸海域的绿藻微观繁殖体为该海域绿潮的种源,其分布规律表明秦皇岛近岸海域绿潮起源于本地。     

江苏近海的激流

海洋激流,尽管已在1963年就由美国WoodsHole海洋研究所海洋地质学家Hollister在旧金山召开的IUGG会议上提出,但几十年来,却因资料的缺乏而未能作进一步的论证和分析.一些国家的海洋工作者,在解释大洋海底一些沟渠的冲刷原因时,认为这是大洋海底激流所致[1～3].我国研究者修日晨在对海流异常观测记录进行分析的基础上,于1978年提出“不论在大洋或近海,均存在着一种急流”[4],讨论了海洋中存在的激流现象.     

Role of mean circulation,tides, and waves in the transport of bottom sediment on the New Zealand continental shelf

Evaluation of velocity data on water movements over the New Zealand continental shelf has revealed that the mean circulation by itself is too slow to induce transport of bottom sediments. Tides generally have higher velocities, but are still not the main transporting agent except in the tide‐dominated Cook and Foveaux. Straits. Waves have the potential to stir sediments on the inner and middle shelf (less than about 70 m deep) during annual storms, and probably down to 130 m depth during the maximum 25‐y storm.

For sediment transport to take place, energies of at least two of the major water movements would have to complement one another. Optimum conditions for transport probably occur during storm periods when wave‐suspended sediment is readily moved by tides and the mean circulation.

The direction of transport is mainly along the continental shelf and is largely in response to prevailing weather patterns coincident with the direction of the mean circulation and strongly reinforced by the appropriate phase of the tide.     

The influence of tides,wind and waves on the redistribution of nourished sediment at Terschelling,The Netherlands

A calibrated morphodynamic model of the barrier island of Terschelling, The Netherlands [Grunnet, N.M., Walstra, D.J.R., Ruessink, B.G., 2004. Process-based modelling of a shoreface nourishment. Coastal Eng. 51/7, 581–607], comprising the island and its two adjacent tidal inlet systems, is applied to identify the relative contribution of tides, wind and waves to the cross-shore and alongshore redistribution of a 2 Mm³ nourishment supplied to the nearshore zone along the island. Several model simulations with varying combinations of horizontal and vertical tide, wind and wave forcing were designed to investigate the effect of each individual forcing on a large spatio-temporal scale (order of kilometres and months, respectively). As expected, stirring and transport by waves and wave-induced currents are predicted to be by far the dominant contributor to the net sediment transport along the coast of Terschelling. Because of the strong obliquity of the winds and the relatively small tidal currents in front of the island (≈ 0.5 m/s), alongshore wind-driven currents increase sediment transport rates and horizontal tides virtually have no net transport capacity. This motivated a local model of the study area along the closed coast of Terschelling, not including tidal inlets and further simplifying tidal boundary definitions by omitting the horizontal tides: morphodynamic simulations of the local model show virtually identical results as the larger model predictions. The reduction in complexity in setting up a local model instead of a regional model coupled with the corresponding significant reduction in computational time points to an increasing applicability of complex process-based models.     

Geomorphology and sediment dynamics of the Liyashan oyster reefs,Jiangsu Coast,China

Oyster reefs and their spatial patterns are deemed to change the local hydrodynamic condition and exert profound impacts on the grain size, concentration and transportation of suspended sediments. Meanwhile, high suspended sediment concentration often results in excess mortality among oysters. Oyster reefs are rare and vital ecosystem in Liyashan national marine park, Jiangsu Coast, China. However, urgent conservation efforts should be made on account of the drastic reduction in reef areas. To investigate the sediment dynamics and the geomorphology, two tripod observation systems were deployed and UAV aerial surveys with elevation measurement using Real Time Kinematic (RTK) were also carried out. High mud content (60%) was found in the bed sediment at the reef ridge, causing much lower drag coefficient than other recorded values of living oyster reefs, indicating the death of oysters and the degradation of reefs in Liyashan. Ridgelines of the string reefs at 45° to the current direction and high suspended sediment concentration in the water body (50–370 mg/L) that exceeds the threshold (200 mg/L), which would affect nutrient uptake efficiency and further result in gill saturation, decrease of clearance rate and associated deposition, were probably crucial causes of the death of oysters. The findings are useful for restoring natural oyster reefs and designing artificial reefs for nature-based coastal defense.     

Geotechnical characterization and strain analyses of sediment in the Mauritania Slide Complex,NW-Africa

Mass wasting processes are a common phenomenon along the continental margin of NW-Africa. Located on the high-upwelling regime off the Mauritanian coastline, the Mauritania Slide Complex (MSC) is one of the largest events known on the Atlantic margin with an affected area of ∼30?000 km². Understanding previous failure events as well as its current hazard potential are crucial for risk assessment with respect to offshore installations and tsunamis. We present the results of geotechnical measurements and strain analyses on sediment cores taken from both the stable and the failed part of the MSC and compare them to previously published geophysical and sedimentological data. The material originates from water depths of 1500–3000 m and consists of detached slide deposits separated by undisturbed hemipelagic sediments. While the hemipelagites are characterized by normal consolidation with a downward increase in bulk density and shear strength (from 1.68 to 1.8 g/cm³, 2–10 kPa), the slid deposits of the uppermost debris flow event preserve constant bulk density values (1.75 and 1.8 g/cm³) with incisions marking different flow events. These slid sediments comprise three different matrix types, with normal consolidation at the base (OCR = 1.04), strong overconsolidation (OCR = 3.96) in the middle and normal consolidation to slight overconsolidation at the top (OCR = 0.91–1.28). However, the hemipelagic sediments underlying the debris flow units, which have been ¹⁴C dated at <24 ka BP, show strong to slight underconsolidation (OCR = 0.65–0.79) with low friction coefficients of μ = 0.18. Fabric analyses show deformation intensities R ≥ 4 (ratio σ₁/σ₃) in several of the remobilized sediments. Such high deformation is also attested by observed disintegrated clasts from the underlying unit in the youngest debrites (¹⁴C-age of 10.5–10.9 ka BP). These clasts show strong consolidation and intense deformation, implying a pre-slide origin and amalgamation into the mass transport deposits. While previous studies propose an emplacement by retrogressive failure for thick slide deposits separated by undisturbed units, our new data on geotechnical properties, strain and age infer at least two different source areas with a sequential failure mechanism as the origin for the different mass wasting events.     

Effects of upwelling,tides and biological processes on the inorganic carbon system of a coastal lagoon in Baja California

The role of coastal lagoons and estuaries as sources or sinks of inorganic carbon in upwelling areas has not been fully understood. During the months of May–July, 2005, we studied the dissolved inorganic carbon system in a coastal lagoon of northwestern Mexico during the strongest period of upwelling events. Along the bay, different scenarios were observed for the distributions of pH, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) as a result of different combinations of upwelling intensity and tidal amplitude. DIC concentrations in the outer part of the bay were controlled by mixing processes. At the inner part of the bay DIC was as low as 1800 μmol kg⁻¹, most likely due to high water residence times and seagrass CO₂ uptake. It is estimated that 85% of San Quintín Bay, at the oceanic end, acted as a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere due to the inflow of CO₂-rich upwelled waters from the neighboring ocean with high positive fluxes higher than 30 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹. In contrast, there was a net uptake of CO₂ and HCO₃⁻ by the seagrass bed Zostera marina in the inner part of the bay, so the pCO₂ in this zone was below the equilibrium value and slightly negative CO₂ fluxes of −6 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹. Our positive NEP and ΔDIC values indicate that Bahía San Quintín was a net autotrophic system during the upwelling season during 2005.     

Sea-level, sediment supply and coastal changes: Examples from the coast of Ireland

Sediment supply and pre-existing shoreline morphology are crucial factors in controlling coastal changes due to sea-level rise. Using examples from both southeast and northeast Ireland, it can be shown that sea-level change may trigger a sequence of events which leads to both static and dynamic shoreline equilibrium. Cliff erosion and longshore sediment movement in east Co. Wexford has led to injection of sediment onto the shelf, and the growth, under both wave and tide regimes, of linear offshore shoals. These shoals now control the pattern of shoreline erosion and provide a template for possible stepwise evolution of the coast under any future sea-level rise. In contrast, the nearby coast of south Co. Wexford comprises a series of coarse clastic barriers moving monotonously onshore, via overwash processes. Here the behavior of the barrier is conditioned by the antecedent morphology of both the beach face and stream outlet bedforms. Finally, the rock platform coast of Co. Antrim presents a far more resistant shoreline to incident marine processes, yet even here there is strong evidence of present process control over so-called ‘raised’ platforms and embayments. It is concluded that coastal sediment supply and dynamics, together with coastal morphology and its interaction with waves, present a far more complex variety of sea-level indicators than is normally acknowledged.     

基于MODIS数据的2016年黄海绿潮灾害动态监测研究

本研究利用高分辨率的GF-1卫星影像对MODIS数据绿潮监测的精度进行验证, 并在此基础上利用MODIS数据对2016年黄海绿潮过程进行连续动态监测, 结果表明: 相较于GF-1卫星影像,MODIS数据对绿潮的监测误差高于50%; 2016年黄海绿潮移动路径总体呈先向北, 然后沿山东半岛海岸线向东北方向移动, 并最终停滞于青岛、威海附近海域; 此次绿潮持续时间为80天左右, 并呈现出与往年类似的“出现→发展→暴发→治理→消亡”的规律; 其中“出现”的时间为5月12日, “发展”阶段时间为5月中下旬, 此时绿潮主体分布于苏北浑水区, 适宜前置打捞治理, 当5月底6月初绿潮进入清水区之后才开始进入“暴发”阶段, 本年度绿潮灾害“暴发”规模较大, 对山东沿海水产养殖业及旅游业影响严重。本研究成果对于绿潮预警和防控具有科学和实际意义。     

江苏盐城滨海地区浅层地下咸水的水盐来源及咸化成因

江苏盐城滨海地区浅层地下咸水对区域水资源利用和生态环境保护具有重要影响,为了查明浅层地下咸水的水盐来源及咸化成因,于2018—2019年采集了研究区河水、雨水、海水、地下淡水、微咸水及咸水等不同类型水样,对水样的水化学组成、离子比、Piper三线图、氢氧同位素组成及14C测年结果进行了分析,结果表明：① 潜水与第Ⅰ承压含水层地下水均以咸水为主,潜水含水层上部存在埋深小于10 m的淡化层,向海方向分布有淡水、微咸水、咸水水质类型。② 潜水与第Ⅰ承压含水层地下水主要来源于全新世暖期降水补给,盐分来源于强烈蒸发浓缩后的古残留海水。③ 潜水淡化层地下水主要来源于现代时期降水补给,盐分来源于岩盐和铝硅酸盐矿物的溶解,废黄河口部分地区地下水咸化主要受海水入侵影响。     

Analysis of the inter-annual variability and southward expansion of red tides in the Zhejiang coastal waters from 1981 to 2018

A time series dataset spanning 39 years(1981-2018) on red tide events in Zhejiang coastal waters was used to study the characteristics of inter-annual spatial and temporal variations. A distinct inter-annual pattern characterized by low frequency, explosive growth and fluctuating decline stages was found over the studied time scale. Most red tide events occurred in parallel to the bathymetric contour, and 95.4% were located to the west of the 50 m isobath. Additionally, the high-incidence area o...     

黄海绿潮浒苔提取物的化感效应及化感物质的分离鉴定

化感作用是浒苔绿潮暴发的重要原因之一,目前,对于浒苔产生化感物质的结构、种类以及产量的研究鲜有报道。本文针对黄海浒苔绿潮致灾藻种,利用毒性鉴别程序（TIE）对其体内的化感物质进行分离提取及结构鉴定,明确了浒苔产生化感物质的主要成分。首先用石油醚、乙酸乙酯和甲醇3种有机溶剂分别对新鲜浒苔进行提取,得到3种不同溶剂粗提物,其中乙酸乙酯粗提物的抑藻活性最强,对测试物种中肋骨条藻的半数有效浓度（96h-EC₅₀）值为22.25 mg/L;其次对乙酸乙酯粗提物进行萃取分离得到初步提纯物,其对中肋骨条藻的96h-EC₅₀值为21.12 mg/L;然后用硅胶层析柱对上述初步提纯物进行分离,共得到6种组分,其中抑藻活性最强的组分对中肋骨条藻的96h-EC₅₀值为10.57 mg/L;最后,对新鲜浒苔提取物用红外光谱和气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行检测,实验结果表明主要化感物质为:4,7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳六烯酸、2-十六碳烯酸、棕榈酸、5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸、9,12-十八碳二烯酸、9,12,15-十六碳三烯酸、花生四烯酸、13-二十二碳烯酸等8种脂肪酸。研究结果对于系统阐释浒苔绿潮暴发机制具有重要意义。     

Grain-size distribution patterns of suspended sediment in response to hydrodynamics on the Dafeng intertidal flat, Jiangsu, China

1Introduction The sediment dynamics of intertidal flats in-volves erosion, transport, and settling processes. A-mong these, the mechanisms of sediment transportare a key question. Progress has been made in awide range of associated areas, including sedime…     

江苏盐城近海富营养化评价与径流输入的影响

依据2018年江苏盐城近岸海域的营养盐和化学需氧量（COD）等调查数据,采用单因子污染指数法、营养盐结构和限制性分析、富营养化状态指数法等对水域营养盐状况与富营养化特征进行了系统分析和评价。同时,对近岸4条主要河流的溶解无机氮（DIN）、溶解无机磷（DIP）和COD入海通量进行了估算,并探讨了陆源输入对近岸海域的影响。结果表明,该区水体DIN和DIP含量劣于第Ⅲ类海水水质标准的站位占比分别为90%和71%,但COD污染并不显著,78%的调查站位水体COD符合或优于国家Ⅰ类海水水质标准。水体营养盐与COD含量的空间分布趋势相似,表现为近岸高、离岸低、河口与港口局部区域异常高。调查区富营养化极为严重,98%的调查站位富营养化状态指数（E）≥1,重度富营养化（E＞10）的站位占比约30%。水体N/P平均为34,远高于Redfield比值,氮磷比例严重失衡,藻类生长可能会受到磷的潜在限制。经估算,近岸4条主要河流年DIN、DIP和COD的入海总量分别为12 901、484和33 077 t,为近岸海域污染物的主要来源;且各项污染物丰水季通量约为枯水季2倍;丰水季河流水体N/P比平均约为24.7,N污染较为严重,可能是造成夏季近岸海域氮磷比例失衡的重要原因之一。