西北干旱地区绿洲城市土地生态安全动态评价——以新疆库尔勒市为例

土地生态安全是一个地区生存和发展的核心。以新疆第二大城市库尔勒市为研究靶区,运用三角模型,建立评价指标体系,通过熵权法计算各指标的权重,分别计算得到EI、NSI、NREI三组综合指数,在此基础上计算出各指标的影响度。从时间序列上对“十二五”规划期间内库尔勒市土地生态安全状况进行评价,并对其主要影响因子进行分析。结果表明：（1）库尔勒市土地生态安全综合指数呈现极不安全-较不安全的趋势。（2）影响库尔勒市土地生态安全的限制性因子主要是人口城市化水平、一般工业固体废物产生量以及排水管道密度。综上所述,库尔勒市土地生态安全现状极不安全,此研究将为改善生态状况提供科学依据。     

Interpretation of Rock Varnish in Australia: case studies from the arid zone

Rock varnish has a long history of study in Australia. Although Australian varnishes have biological, chemical and morphological similarities to varnishes in other continents, rock varnishes in arid Australia tend to be less stable than in other drylands. Still, with careful sampling, radiocarbon and cation‐ratio dating of rock varnish has been used to constrain the age of Henbury Meteor Craters, Northern Territory, and rock engravings in South Australia and New South Wales, as well as to assess the geomorphic surface stability of Ayers Rock, Northern Territory, and the slopes of Pepuarta Bluff in the Olary Province of South Australia.     

干旱区绿洲城市土地利用效益研究——以乌鲁木齐为例

对绿洲城市土地利用效益进行评价和研究有助于衡量绿洲城市土地利用水平,实现绿洲城市土地的高效协调利用.选取典型干旱区绿洲城市乌鲁木齐,利用多时相TM影像数据,对乌鲁木齐1990-2005年土地利用的基本特征进行分析,在此基础上采用综合指标评价法、灰色关联度和相关数学方法从土地利用的经济、社会和生态效益三方面对1990-2...     

干旱绿洲农业区村庄多功能特征与类型划分研究——以临泽县为例

村庄是最能直接体现乡村经济社会活动规律的单元,落实到村级层面的功能类型划分是分类推进乡村振兴的关键。以行政村为基本单元,采用熵权法、泰尔指数及优势功能模型,构建适用于村庄发展功能识别与类型划分的研究思路,并以西北干旱绿洲农业区临泽县为例进行实证研究。结果表明：干旱绿洲农业区总体形成以农产品生产和生态保育为主的国土空间格局,村庄形成农业种植、畜牧养殖、工业加工、商贸旅游、劳务输出、生活保障等多功能地域综合体,其中农产品生产和生活保障功能总体空间差异较小,而非农生产功能空间差异较大。村庄因资源禀赋、规划引导、政策驱动和社会需求差异形成不同的优势功能类型,空间上呈现“外围生态、沿河种植、中部农牧、临城劳务,文旅、商旅、生活保障以政府驻地及附近村庄为主”的分布规律,并形成非农生产功能镶嵌于农业生产功能之中、生产生活功能被生态保育功能包围的分布格局。通过自上而下主体功能统筹与自下而上经济社会需求相结合的方法进行村庄发展功能识别和类型划分具有较强的适用性和实践指导价值,在巩固国家主体功能定位、保障国家粮食和生态安全的同时,可以调整优化县域资源要素配置,实现村庄发展功能互补与功能协调。     

再议绿洲－沙漠过渡带——以策勒绿洲－沙漠过渡带为例

 被长期质疑的绿洲－荒漠过渡带在不断观测和丰富积累的基础上让我们有了一个完整的认识。以策勒绿洲为例对其进行剖析,作为绿洲－荒漠过渡带的一种典型类型,绿洲－沙漠过渡带可以界定为自绿洲边缘（人工防护体系或天然稀疏灌木林边界）到植被盖度为20%～25%的固定－半固定沙地为外缘边界（绿洲与流动沙漠之间）的荒漠地带。过渡带的内缘边界为绿洲外缘的人工防护体系,包括防风阻沙林带或天然稀疏灌木林。过渡带形成是因为从绿洲到外部荒漠存在水热环境因子的梯度变化,导致植被、土壤、地貌等综合景观展现出过渡特征,其组成与结构模式为：由绿洲向沙漠方向,稀疏灌木林（或边缘防护林体系）地－缓起伏灌草沉沙地－起伏灌丛沙堆和高起伏灌丛沙堆地。过渡带是乡土动植物重要的保留与保护地,是绿洲与沙漠间能流物流输送交换的缓冲带、绿洲的天然生态屏障,对地貌、土壤以及植被具有保护功能,且具有重要的固碳作用。     

干旱区盐渍地遥感动态监测及其驱动力研究——以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例

土壤盐渍化作为主要的土地退化形式之一,已成为一个全球性问题.盐渍地的时空动态变化特征分析研究,是发展研究盐渍地动态监测与预报技术的重要基础工作之一,对于及时掌握盐渍化程度与分布,合理制定土地利用政策与生态改良措施,实现区域可持续发展等方面具有重要作用.针对目前塔里木盆地北缘地区广泛存在的土壤盐渍化问题,基于GIS和遥感变化检测方法,对渭-库绿洲1989、2001、2007年三个时期的盐渍地时空动态变化特征及其驱动力进行了分析.研究结果表明:1989-2007年间重度盐渍地的变化程度剧烈,呈剧烈增加态势;中轻度盐渍地面积减少,主要向重度盐渍地和非盐渍地转化;非盐渍地有所减少,主要向中轻度盐渍地和重度盐渍地转化;绿洲内部盐渍化程度有所降低,而绿洲外围盐渍化程度加剧;盐渍地重心具有向绿洲外围东南方向转移的趋势;通过分析盐渍地时空动态变化特征,表明盐渍地时空变化是一个极其复杂的过程,同时受到自然和人文两大系统的驱动,人为不合理的灌溉是促使土壤盐渍化的主要驱动力.研究为盐渍地时空动态分析与评价提供了普适性较强的实现方法,为构建盐渍地定量监测模型提供了一定科学依据.     

Invasive potential of the winter grass Schismus barbatus during the winter season of a predominantly summer-rainfall desert in Central-Northern Monte

Biological invasions are a major threat for natural ecosystems. Deserts are characterized by their scarce, highly variable rainfall and thus considerably susceptible to invasions, especially by annual plants that can quickly capitalize sporadic rainfall events. In this study we evaluated the potential of an invasive winter-annual species native to the Mediterranean region (Schismus barbatus) to invade a summer-rainfall desert in the Central-Northern Monte Phytogeographical Province, Argentina, where the native annual flora is mainly composed of summer species. We recorded the number of germinated seeds from soil samples collected in four seasons (during one year) coinciding with four important life-stages of Schismus (pre-germination, post-germination I and II and post-dispersal), and contrasted our results with data obtained from the literature. Almost 33,000 Schismus seeds were estimated to germinate per m², and about 90% percent of them germinated from samples collected in the pre-germination stage. Compared to deserts in USA and Australia, where Schismus has been a successful invader, the density of germinated seeds we observed was especially high even though the amount of rainfall for the vegetative period of Schismus was considerable lower. Our results suggest that S. barbatus has a great invasive potential in the Central-Northern Monte. The low number of annual plant populations that are able to compete for highly variable cool-season rains may be a key feature determining the invasibility of these deserts during the winter.     

干旱区绿洲LUCC马尔柯夫过程分析——以新疆于田绿洲为例

土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)在干旱区环境变化及生态监测中具有重要意义。本文选取塔里木盆地南缘典型绿洲于田县,利用TM遥感影像,基于Markov模型预测了于田绿洲未来的发展趋势,得出绿洲将向良性方向发展的结论。通过对Markov模型中不同步长收敛结果的讨论,可以看出间隔10 a1、2 a步长的马尔柯夫过程与间隔两年的马尔柯夫过程有着明显的不同,短时间序列(两年)具有很大的随机特性,说明马尔柯夫模型中时间尺度是一个重要环节。由本文研究可以看出,基于遥感的Markov模型可以分析绿洲的变化趋势,在干旱区绿洲LUCC及其环境动态监测中具有重要的实用意义。     

基于MSAVI-WI特征空间的新疆渭干河-库车河流域绿洲土壤盐渍化研究

土壤盐渍化是造成干旱区土地荒漠化及生态恶化的重要原因,及时获取大尺度高精度土壤盐渍信息是防治工作的基础。选取新疆塔里木盆地北缘渭干河—库车河流域三角洲绿洲为研究区,利用Lansat-TM数据与野外实测数据分析盐渍化土壤与修改型土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)、湿度指数(WI)之间的关系,在此基础上提出了MSAVI-WI特征空间概念,构建了土壤盐渍化遥感监测指数模型(MWI)。结果表明:MWI与土壤表层含盐量相关性较高,其相关性为0.844,精度高于土壤盐渍监测常用的盐分指数与实测数据的相关性。MWI能较好的反映盐渍化土壤地表植被及土壤水分的组合变化,具有明确的生物物理意义,并且特征参量简单,理论上易于理解,实践上易于实现,MWI模型的构建有利于干旱区大尺度土壤盐渍化定量监测与评价工作的开展。     

干旱区绿洲农村居民点景观格局演变及机制分析

基于1987年、2002年、2013年三期Landsat TM、ETM+、OLI遥感影像提取研究区农村居民点时空分布信息,利用GIS空间分析、景观指数分析及多元线性回归分析干旱区绿洲农村居民点景观演化特征及驱动机制。研究表明：① 农村居民点集中分布在绿洲内部平原区,其中城市周边及沿河道、道路是居民点空间聚集较明显的区域。② 1987-2013年农村居民点面积增长较形状变化更为显著。新建居民点和旧居民点边界扩张是导致研究区农村居民点面积显著增长主要原因,且在不同时空区域表现出不同的增长方式;居民点形状以矩形和近圆形居多,条带型较少。③ 通过对居民点景观演变机制进行分析,发现城市辐射距离、水源地远近及距离道路远近是影响农村居民点景观变化的首要因素,其次是人口规模,最后才是区域经济的发展。     

内陆干旱区土地利用变化的景观格局特征分析——以新疆白杨河流域为例

基于GIS/RS环境对两期Landsat7-ETM 影像数据进行土地利用分类处理,运用景观生态学原理和数理统计分析方法,从区域整体景观格局水平和土地利用类型水平两个角度,选取景观多样性指数等5个指数描述白杨河流域土地利用变化的景观格局特征。结果表明:研究区各土地利用类型面积都有不同程度的变化,除草地和未利用土地有所减少,其他土地利用类型都有不同程度的增加。从景观水平上看,区域景观异质性在增大,景观斑块的连通性降低,表现为多样性指数和均匀度指数呈增加,优势度指数减小;从类型水平上看,5年间人类对景观的干预程度较大,对人工景观的干扰强于半自然景观,体现在半自然景观类型的分离度较小,而人工景观类型的分离度较大。同时,景观周长-面积分维度指数的增长趋势说明景观斑块的自我相似性减小,几何形状趋于复杂化。总体上,是人类活动加剧破坏了自然绿洲内部的整体性和完整性,并且人类活动干扰还在增加。     

Warming effect of desert and its impact on oasis heat resources and agricultural productivity in arid land, China

This paper provides a positive view of the desert, in terms of the warming effect of deserts on oases and the impact of heat resources and agricultural production. We use data from experimental sites in the Manas River Basin in China to characterize these relationships. We note that the warming effect of the desert was found to be significant but gradually reduced with increased distance of the oasis from the desert. The range of warming effect is about 100 km, and the improvement in temperature is about 1.8 °C. Due to this warming effect, the desert serves as the second heat source for the oasis, which represents one important aspect of the ecologic value of the desert. Our results also show the warming effect has a strong spatial impact on agricultural productivity. Crop productivity fell by about 49 kg/ha with every 10 km increase in distance away from the desert. Our results imply that crop suitability must correspond to the warming effect of the desert. More efficient use of heat resources can contribute towards achieving potential productivity.     

基于适宜性和安全性评价的干旱区绿洲后备耕地资源开发——以渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲为例

选择典型干旱区渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区,基于遥感、地理信息系统技术和相关应用软件,在详实的野外实测数据、土地利用数据和遥感数据支持下,应用空间插值、叠置分析、逐步回归、神经网络、层次分析等方法,建立评价模型,进行自然、生态、土地利用和综合适宜性评价,相应确定后备耕地资源开发的适宜性等级、适宜度及其分布;提取三期遥感影像信息并进行分类,根据后备耕地资源利用/覆被类型的特征,构建后备耕地资源开发的安全性指数计算模型,加入水源保证条件限制,构建综合安全性评价模型,进行后备耕地资源开发综合安全性的时空分析;基于适宜性与安全性评价,进行叠置分析、综合性分级。研究表明：后备耕地资源开发综合性等级的区域分布呈现环状特征,适合后备耕地资源开发的区域面积与禁止开发的区域面积数量相差十倍。最后提出后备耕地资源开发的举措建议。     

Water use efficiency in an arid watershed: a case study

Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) becomes increasingly important in arid watersheds, where water resources are scarce and demands are rising under increased population pressure. In this case study, we present the results from the Elqui Valley in Chile, where water resources are shared between agriculture, mining operations, hydropower generation and drinking water for nearby cities. An IWRM model was applied to visualize water resources distribution in the catchment and determine irrigation and water use efficiencies. After calibration with observed surface and groundwater measurements, the model showed large differences in efficiencies between different irrigation sectors. Most notably, irrigation sectors with the highest irrigation security, i.e., higher water rights per hectare, were characterized with lower water use efficiencies. Frequent water deficits were present in sectors downstream of the main reservoir, which was related to limited water rights per hectare, lower irrigation efficiencies and higher water demands due to larger agricultural areas. In subsequent scenario analyses, the model was used to evaluate the impact of improved irrigation and water use efficiencies in these downstream sectors, to confirm an important reduction in water deficits, except for drought years when surface water resources are insufficient. In a third scenario, groundwater resources were allowed to compensate for water deficits, effectively reducing these in most irrigation sectors, especially during droughts. Expansion of the current agricultural area by 37% was evaluated, as a future scenario, and was found to be unsustainable, as aquifer levels are lowered to such levels that make annual recharge insufficient.     

干旱区发展的资源环境基础评价:以新疆为例

作为生态脆弱的干旱地区,新疆的社会经济发展受到资源环境基础的极大制约.一方面,资源环境综合评价的结果表明,新疆的资源环境基础脆弱、要素结构的稳定性差.此种特征决定了新疆的现代化发展有赖于资源环境基础的稳定,其中尤以淡水资源来源和农用地(主要为草场和耕地)的稳定最为重要.另一方面,资源环境空间组合的分析结果表明,北疆和南...     

中国热带第四纪动物群与气候波动

About 70 examples of Quaternary fauna in China‘s tropics are enumerated in this paper. Of which about 40% of the examples can be found even in cooling stages, showing the smaller amplitude of climatic fluctuation during Quaternary. According to the temporal and spatial distribution of tropical faunas, the following characters of climate variation can be evidenced: two main cycles in Early Pleistocene, three main cycles in Middle Pleistocene, two main cycles in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Megathermal. The drop in temperature during the Latest Glacial Period and Neoglaciation has not endangered the existence of tropical faunas. With influence of cooling fluctuation during historical period, some faunas have removed southwards progressively, but disappearance of these animals in China‘s tropics was mainly the result of artificial factors.     

The Quaternary faunas and climatic fluctuation in the tropical zone of China

About 70 examples of Quaternary fauna in China's tropics are enumerated in this paper. Of which about 40% of the examples can be found even in cooling stages, showing the smaller amplitude of climatic fluctuation during Quaternary. According to the temporal and spatial distribution of tropical faunas, the following characters of climate variation can be evidenced: two main cycles in Early Pleistocene, three main cycles in Middle Pleistocene, two main cycles in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Megathermal. The drop in temperature during the Latest Glacial Period and Neoglaciation has not endangered the existence of tropical faunas. With influence of cooling fluctuation during historical period, some faunas have removed southwards progressively, but disappearance of these animals in China's tropics was mainly the result of artificial factors.     

干旱区绿洲耕地撂荒与复耕对土壤水力性质的影响

土地利用变化会改变土壤质地与结构,影响土壤水力性质,进而改变土壤水分有效性,影响植物生长。由于区域气候的干湿交替与水资源利用效率的提高,干旱区绿洲耕地普遍存在着撂荒-复耕现象。为了明确干旱区耕地撂荒与复耕对土壤水力性质的影响,以民勤绿洲北部边缘的耕地、撂荒地与撂荒复耕地为研究对象,测定0—40 cm深度土壤理化性质,分析不同土地利用下土壤水力性质差异及其影响因素。结果表明：耕地撂荒导致0—40 cm深度黏粒与粉粒比重增加,有机质含量降低,容重降低（P<0.05）,土壤孔隙度显著增加（P<0.05）,犁底层消失;在高水势阶段,土壤持水与导水能力增强,在土壤有效含水量对应的水势阶段,土壤持水与导水能力变差,有效含水量显著降低（P<0.05）。撂荒地复耕后,0—40 cm深度黏粒与粉粒含量继续增加,有机质含量转而增加,容重增加（P<0.05）,土壤孔隙度降低（P<0.05）,犁底层重新出现,土壤持水与导水能力又逐渐趋向于耕地水平。撂荒对干旱区绿洲土壤肥力与蓄水能力的提升不显著,而留茬免耕、深耕灭茬还田等保护性耕作措施能有效提高持水能力。利用研究区易测的土壤黏粒、砂粒含量与土壤容重,采用多元线性回归方法,可以准确、快捷预测土壤水分常数,这将有利于研究区农田灌溉制度的准确制定与优化,以及耕地利用变化对土壤水力性质影响的快速评估。     

干旱区典型流域近30年土地利用/土地覆被变化的分形特征分析——以玛纳斯河流域为例

利用1976、1989、2005年三期遥感影像,运用GIS和分形理论研究干旱区典型流域——玛纳斯河流域近30年的土地利用/土地覆被变化的复杂性和稳定性。结果表明:玛纳斯河流域各时段的土地利用/土地覆被类型分布具有分形结构,土地利用/土地覆被类型形状复杂性和斑块的稳定性波动变化,1976、1989、2005年三时期的各种土地利用/土地覆被类型总平均分维值分别为1.394 0、1.363 4和1.389 9。总平均稳定性指数分别为0.606 0、0.636 6、0.610 1。三期土地利用/覆被类型平均稳定性排序为:沙地>未利用土地>居民点工矿用地>水域>林地>草地>耕地>盐碱地。耕地、林地、草地、盐碱地稳定性相对较差。通过对流域土地利用/土地覆被类型变化复杂性和稳定性的研究,可以为政府协调水土开发和调整土地利用结构提供支持。     

绿洲农户生产效率差异评价及改进策略——以张掖市制种玉米为例

绿洲农业是中国西北干旱区农业的精华,面临自然要素稀缺和生态环境脆弱的双重限制。基于制种玉米种植农户数据,在采用数据包络分析法（DEA）测算生产效率的基础上,依据测算结果对冗余投入要素进行改进模拟,得出以下结论：该地区制种玉米生产效率均值为0.863 3,且小规模农地效率值最高,大规模农地效率值最低。针对冗余投入要素的改进模拟后,提出了主要针对贡献率高的生产要素优化的建议。