Unconfined Compression Strength of Polymer Stabilized Forest Soil Clay

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Due to undesired mechanical characteristics, some forest soils cause problems in road construction. Several methods have been proposed for stabilizing...     

Application of Generalized Regression Neural Networks in Predicting the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Carbonate Rocks

Measuring unconfined compressive strength (UCS) using standard laboratory tests is a difficult, expensive, and time-consuming task, especially with highly fractured, highly porous, weak rock. This study aims to establish predictive models for the UCS of carbonate rocks formed in various facies and exposed in Tasonu Quarry, northeast Turkey. The objective is to effectively select the explanatory variables from among a subset of the dataset containing total porosity, effective porosity, slake durability index, and P-wave velocity in dry samples and in the solid part of samples. This was based on the adjusted determination coefficient and root-mean-square error values of different linear regression analysis combinations using all possible regression methods. A prediction model for UCS was prepared using generalized regression neural networks (GRNNs). GRNNs were preferred over feed-forward back-propagation algorithm-based neural networks because there is no problem of local minimums in GRNNs. In this study, as a result of all possible regression analyses, alternative combinations involving one, two, and three inputs were used. Through comparison of GRNN performance with that of feed-forward back-propagation algorithm-based neural networks, it is demonstrated that GRNN is a good potential candidate for prediction of the unconfined compressive strength of carbonate rocks. From an examination of other applications of UCS prediction models, it is apparent that the GRNN technique has not been used thus far in this field. This study provides a clear and practical summary of the possible impact of alternative neural network types in UCS prediction.     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Study of Factors Affecting the Compressive Strength of Sandy Soil Stabilized with Polymer

Material engineers are continually confronted by depletion of quality construction materials for road and airfield construction. Even if good quality construction materials for road and airfield are available, the haul costs may preclude their use. Stabilization of soils in order to improve strength and durability properties often relies on cement, lime, fly ash, and asphalt emulsion. These materials are inexpensive, relatively easy to apply, and provide benefits to many different soil types. In addition, there are a variety of nontraditional soil stabilization/modification additives available from the commercial sector such as polymer emulsions, acids, lignin derivatives, enzymes, tree resin emulsions, and silicates. These additives may be in liquid or solid state and are often touted to be applicable for most soils. Polymers may be easy to apply in permeable materials such as sand and may achieve good stabilization in relatively shorter periods of time. These polymer materials can be used for stabilizing, soil in road shoulders, slopes, and pads of military and emergency airports. In addition, these types of materials can be used to prevent the movement of the dune sands on the sides of railroads and stabilizing the dust on the surface of access roads. Within the present research, two different polymers of wide range of dosages have been applied. Following results have been achieved: (1) These polymers improve the compressive strength from 0.03 N/mm2 for control sample to 5.2 N/mm2 for improved sample. (2) The optimum curing time of dune sands with different polymers is 7 days. (3) The UC strength of stabilized samples soars with an increase in the temperature, in the first 24 h of the curing process. (4) When the concentration of salt increased from 1 to 10 percent, UC strength of stabilized samples decreased.     

Prediction of Unconfined Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Cement-Stabilized Sandy Soils: A Case Study in Vietnam

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Stabilization of sand by the deep mixing method increases its unconfined compressive strength (UCS) so that it can be used as a foundation for...     

Effect of Lime Stabilized Soil Cushion on Strength Behaviour of Expansive Soil

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the effects of lime-stabilized soil-cushion on the strength behavior of expansive soil. In the present investigation, a series of laboratory tests (Unconfined compression tests and CBR tests) were conducted on both expansive soil alone and expansive soil cushioned with lime-stabilized non-expansive cohesive soil. Lime contents of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% by dry weight of cohesive non-swelling soil was used in the stabilized soil cushion. Both expansive soil and lime stabilized soil cushion were compacted to Standard Proctor’s optimum condition with thickness ratio 2:1. Tests on cushioned expansive soils were conducted at different curing and soaking periods i.e., 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. The test results revealed that maximum increase in strength was achieved after 14 days of curing or soaking period with 8% of lime content.     

The Use of Fiber to Improve the Characteristics of Collapsible Soil Stabilized with Cement

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Urbanization and development in arid and semiarid have brought increased interest in the improvement of water sensitive soils susceptible to volume change....     

Gypsum Induced Strength Behaviour of Fly Ash-Lime Stabilized Expansive Soil

Physical and engineering properties of soil are improved with various binders and binder combinations. Fly ash and lime are commonly used to improve the properties of expansive soils. An attempt has been made, in this paper, to examine the role of gypsum on the physical and strength behaviour of fly ash-lime stabilized soil. The change in strength behaviour is studied at different curing periods up to 90 days, and the mechanism is elucidated through pH, mineralogical, microstructural and chemical composition study. The strength of soil-fly ash mixture has improved marginally with the addition of lime up to 4 % lime and with curing period for 28 day. Significant increase in strength has been observed with 6 % lime and enhanced significantly after curing for 90 days. The variations in the strength of soil with curing period is due to cation exchange and flocculation initially, and binding of particles with cementitious compounds formed after curing. With addition of 1 % gypsum to soil-fly ash-lime, the strength gain is accelerated as seen at 14 day curing. The accelerated strength early is due to formation of compacted structure with growth of ettringite needles within voids. However, strength at curing for 28 day has been declined due to annoyance of clay matrix with the increase in size of ettringite needle; and again increased after curing for 90 days. The rearrangement of clay matrix and suppression of sulphate effects with formation of cementitious compounds are observed and found to be the main responsible factors for strength recovered.     

Prediction of Unconfined Compressive Strength for Jointed Rocks Using Point Load Index Based on Joint Asperity Angle

This research paper is aimed to briefly highlight the correlation between unconfined compressive strength and point load index for jointed rocks based on joint asperity & orientation. In this observe, specimens were tested to obtain their unconfined compression strength and point load index for a different joint condition. The different joint conditions considered for this study were clean joint and joint filled condition. For both clean joint and joint filled specimens were prepared by various asperity angles of 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° with different orientation angles such as 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°. Plaster of Paris was used as model material to simulate weak rock mass in the field. By testing intact model specimens for unconfined compressive strength leads to revealing of optimum moisture content for further testing. The curing period for the model specimens is 3 days at room temperature. To simulate jointed rocks, various moulds of different orientation of joint with respect to major principal stress are prepared separately. The inner diameter of the mould is 50 mm and height is 100 mm. After casting, a rough joint was created by cutting the prepared sample using the cutter. The specimens are tested for both clean joint and joint filled condition to determine the favorable joint orientation and asperity angle. After curing, the specimens are tested for unconfined compressive strength and Point load index. The new multi-linear correlation for determining unconfined compressive strength with the help of point load index is developed and cross checked with equations formed for actual rock. On comparing both results it is found that the new equation can suitable for assessing the unconfined compressive strength of limestone and serpentinite rocks through point load index value.     

嘉陵江卵石粒度分布与最大干密度的分形特征

应用分形理论研究了卵石粒度分布的分形规律,建立了关于分维数（D）、小于10mm颗粒含量（P10）与卵石最大千密度（rdmax）的数学模型。研究表明,嘉陵江卵石颗粒粒径在10mm以上部分其粒度具有良好的分形结构,基于嘉陵江卵石特征所建立的数学模型对工程实践具有重要的指导意义。     

CFG桩在人工填土地基处理中的应用

介绍了CFG桩在人工填土地基处理中的应用情况,并对工程实践中的技术问题进行了分析和探讨。     

Utilization of Silica Fume to Maximize the Filler and Pozzolanic Effects of Stabilized Soil with Cement

Silica fume is identified as a pozzolan and supplementary cementitious material that can utilize to improve the mechanical properties of stabilized soil with cement. Silica fume wherein mixes with cemented soil in a proper dosage, it is susceptible to induce pozzolanic effect in cemented soil due to its fineness and high content of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. The pozzolanic effect is vital to ensure ongoing strength of stabilized soil with cement. Up to now, stabilization of clay with cement and silica fume is not completely explored. This paper investigates: (i) the capability of utilizing the silica fume as a supplementary material for cement to maximize the filler and pozzolanic effects of compacted and stabilized soil (ii) the mechanical properties of compacted and stabilized clay with various proportions of cement and silica fume. For this purpose, a total of 120 untreated and stabilized soil admixtures were prepared by replacing ordinary Portland cement with silica fume. The influence of partial replacement of cement with silica fume on the bearing capacity, shear and compressive strength of compacted and stabilized soil was investigated. To achieve such aims, the stabilized soil specimens were examined in laboratory under direct shear, unconfined compression and California bearing ratio tests. Based on the findings of this paper the 28-day UCS of the stabilized soil with 2% partial substitution of cement with silica fume is almost 3.5-fold greater than that of the untreated. It was found that the optimum mix design for the stabilized soil is 6% cement and 2% silica fume. In conclusion, a notable discovery is that the partial substitution of cement with 2% silica fume in the optimum mix design significantly refined the pore spaces as a result of pozzolanic activity and filler effect of silica fume.     

Undrained Shear Characteristics of Tropical Peat Reinforced with Cement Stabilized Soil Column

Peat commonly occurs as extremely soft, wet, unconsolidated surface deposits that are integral parts of wetland systems. Cement is widely used for the stabilization of peat by deep mixing method. This paper presents the results of the shear strength parameters of study models (fibrous, hemic and sapric peats stabilized with columns formed by dry mixing method). The columns were formed of peat treated with cement in different proportions. Triaxial test was performed after curing the samples for 28?days to evaluate the shear strength parameters. The results showed that the shear strength of peats can be improved significantly by the installation of cement stabilized soil columns. The amount of cement used to form the column and its diameter were observed to influence the strain–stress graph of peat reinforced. Furthermore, the result showed that the effect of cement was the highest on sapric peat due to its physico-chemical properties.     

Application of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms to Optimal Planning of Offshore Seismic Works

Doklady Earth Sciences - In this article, we present the algorithm, that allows to optimise the time and cost of marine seismic surveys. The application of a heuristic, algorithm is proposed for...     

Potential Application of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) as Liner in Waste Containment Structures

This study evaluates the applicability of residually derived lateritic soil stabilized with cement kiln dust (CKD), a waste product from the cement manufacturing process as liner in waste repositories. Lateritic soil sample mixed with 0–16 % CKD (by dry weight of the soil) was compacted with the British Standard Light, West African Standard and British Standard Heavy compaction efforts at water contents ranging from the dry to wet of optimum moistures. Geotechnical parameters such as Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, unconfined compressive strength and volumetric shrinkage strain were determined. Results indicate that the plasticity index, the maximum dry unit weight and hydraulic conductivity together with the volumetric shrinkage decreased with increased amount of CKD while the optimum moisture content and unconfined compressive strength increased with higher CKD content for all the efforts. When measured properties were compared with standard specifications adopted by most environmental regulatory agencies for the construction of barrier systems in waste containment structures, the resulting values showed substantial compliance. Besides developing an economically sustainable liner material, the present study demonstrated effective utilization of an industrial by-product otherwise considered as waste by the producers, in addition to a systematic expansion in the use of the lateritic soil for geotechnical works.     

软土深层搅拌桩的水泥土抗腐蚀性室内试验

结合深港西部通道填海区深层搅拌桩在滨海地下水环境中施工的需要,对水泥土在自来水、地下水、海水及Na2SO4溶液环境下的抗腐蚀性进行了室内研究,研究表明以纯水泥为固化剂的水泥土在腐蚀性地下水环境中的抗腐蚀性能较差,增加矿渣、粉煤灰的含量,能增强水泥土抗腐蚀性;分析了固化剂中矿渣、粉煤灰掺入量对水泥土抗压强度及抗腐蚀性的影响规律,即固化剂掺入比不变的情况下,用矿渣、粉煤灰替代部分水泥能大幅度提高水泥土的抗压强度,同时改善其抗腐蚀性;得出了抗腐蚀性能良好的水泥土配方,即矿渣、粉煤灰的质量占固化剂的40%～60%,可供同类工程借鉴.     

水泥土墙在水土保持工程中的应用研究

水泥土是一种经济适用的建筑材料,它常被用于大坝防渗与加固、桩基、基坑支护、土基、面垫层等工程中。本文根据水泥土的力学特性,探讨了水泥土墙在水土保持工程中的应用;通过一个工程实例,重点分析了水泥土挡土墙和浆砌石挡土墙建设成本的差异,验证了水泥土材料用于水土保持工程的可行性。实例分析表明,相同体积的水泥土墙和浆砌石挡土墙相比,水泥土墙的造价不到浆砌石挡墙的一半,并且材料运输距离越远水泥土墙造价越低。     

滇池固化淤泥重塑土的重塑时机及强度恢复特性试验

采用无侧限抗压强度试验和直剪试验,从单轴抗压强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角的角度探求了淤泥固化土重塑时导致的强度折减和重塑后土的强度恢复特性,并分析了重塑前养护龄期（T_前）、重塑后养护龄期（T_后）、水泥掺灰比（a_c）的影响。试验结果表明,重塑时机的选择对淤泥固化土的强度折减程度有显著的影响：T_前越长,破碎过程带来的强度折减越严重,且大致满足a_c越大、强度折减越严重的规律。从强度恢复特性来看：小水泥掺灰比的固化淤泥土经过T_后,其强度恢复较好;大掺灰比的重塑土其强度则较难恢复至固化土的水平,T_前越长,强度恢复越不利。从而得出了大掺灰比固化土宜早重塑,小掺灰比的重塑时间可适当延长的规律。     

水泥土强度试验主要影响因素的探讨

对软土中掺入不同量的水泥,以不同的水灰比(水和水泥的质量比)制成的水泥土试块在不同的养护条件下、不同的龄期对其无侧限抗压强度进行对比试验。分别讨论了掺入比(水泥和湿土的质量比)、水灰比及养护条件对其无侧限抗压强度的影响。     

基于粒子群优化和随机森林的最优含水率与最大干密度的预测模型

土体压实可以通过外力迫使土颗粒压密来增大土体密实度,从而改善土体的力学性能.因此,土体压实参数的确定对于土工结构有着重要影响.本文采用基于粒子群优化的随机森林模型对最优含水率(wopt)和最大干密度(ρdmax)进行了预测.首先,利用灰色关联度算法计算最优含水率和最大干密度与特征变量(含砾量,砂含量,细粉含量,液限,塑...     

Empirical Estimation of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock: Database of Simple,Multiple, and Artificial Intelligence-Based Regressions

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Empirical relationships for estimating Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) of rock from other rock properties are numerous in literature. This is because...