常压混酸溶矿一电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铌钽

混酸溶解矿石样品,在酒石酸介质中,用电感耦合等离子体发生光谱法(ICP-AES)测定溶液中的铌钽。该方法ρ(Nb₂O₅)和ρ(Ta₂O₅)在0～20 μg/mL时,铌钽原子发射光谱强度与浓度呈良好的直线关系,Nb、Ta标准曲线相关系数尺分别为0.999 9和0.999 7。检出限分别为0.023 μg/mL和0.072 μg/mL。本方法测定标准样品,测定值与认定值相符。对实际样品分析,Nh、Ta的相对标准偏差(n=6)分别为0.42％～2.3％和1.8％～3.3％,加标回收率均为97％～103％,适合地质找矿、选冶等领域的样品测试。     

自制氢化物发生装置与电感耦合等离子体质谱仪联用测定地质样品中的稀散元素锗和碲

铌、钽在氢氟酸介质中能够形成稳定的溶液,使用耐氢氟酸进样系统的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)有利于提高分析的准确性。本文采用模块化的小罐型、多罐体组合(70罐/组)酸溶罐体的微波消解溶样模式,结合ICP-OES仪器的耐氢氟酸进样系统,建立了测定铌钽矿中铌、钽的分析方法。本方法加快了酸溶的溶样速度,溶样时间从原来的48 h减少至1 h,且在氢氟酸介质中测定,避免了高含量铌、钽在低酸度介质中容易水解的影响。方法检出限为铌5.58 μg/g,钽5.87 μg/g。本方法应用于测定铌钽精矿(19%Nb₂O₅,27%Ta₂O₅)的分析结果与碱熔方法一致,能够测定Nb₂O₅含量在42 μg/g~19%和Ta₂O₅含量在86 μg/g~27%高低品位的铌钽矿,尤其对于铌、钽在百分含量以上的铌钽矿具有优势。     

阿尔泰成矿带中蒙边界地区稀有元素铌和钽区域地球化学特征

铌和钽是高科技不可或缺的稀有金属材料,阿尔泰是重要的稀有金属成矿带,开展阿尔泰成矿带铌和钽资源远景优选至关重要。收集了中蒙边界1∶100万铌和钽地球化学数据,探讨其在不同构造单元内的背景值及区域地球化学异常特征。全区铌、钽元素中位值和平均值分别是1380×10-6和1493×10-6、111×10-6和131×10-6,中国境内铌元素中位值(1219×10-6)和平均值(1331×10-6)分别低于蒙古国境内铌元素中位值(1490×10-6)和平均值(1639×10-6);相应地,中国境内钽元素中位值(102×10-6)和平均值(120×10-6)也分别低于蒙古国境内钽元素中位值(120×10-6)和平均值(141×10-6);对于划分的构造单元而言,戈壁阿尔泰弧盆系、阿尔泰南缘弧盆系和阿尔泰构造带铌、钽元素的中位值和平均值分别高于全区中位值和平均值,是铌、钽元素的富集区,且产出大量稀有金属矿床;根据85%累积频率,圈定出13个铌异常区并优选出7个铌地球化学省,同时圈定出13个钽异常区并优选出10个钽地球化学省,根据铌、钽组合异常图为该区寻找稀有金属矿床提供了重要选区。研究填补了阿尔泰成矿带中蒙边界地区铌、钽元素地球化学分布的空白,同时为研究区稀有金属矿床对比提供基础数据。     

“康滇地轴”北段花岗岩岩浆类型及其含矿性

康滇地轴位于扬子地台西部边缘,是我国著名的南北向构造带。在其北段广泛分布着不同时代、不同类型的花岗岩,沿安宁河深断裂和金河—箐河深断裂构成了南北向花岗岩带。这些花岗岩可分为两大类。一、陆壳重熔S型花岗岩,二、上地幔基性岩浆分异的Ⅰ型花岗岩。它们在时空分布、岩石化学性质、含矿性和成岩机理等方面都备具不同的     

中国铝土岩系中伴生钪资源富集规律及富集机制初探

钪(Sc)作为新世纪的重要资源,广泛分布于自然界中,但其分布极为稀散,钪的独立矿物稀少,独立矿床几乎没有。铝土岩系中的钪资源储量巨大,本文统计了中国各铝土矿成矿带Sc数据,在对比山西(断隆)成铝区、华北陆块南缘成铝区、渝南—黔北成铝带、黔中成铝区和滇东南—桂西成铝区的数据基础上,发现滇东南—桂西成铝区的Sc含量最高,含钪铝土岩系形成时代主要为石炭纪和二叠纪。通过对比分析A/S与钪的关系,在A/S小于2.5,钪的含量总体较高,且与A/S正相关,大于2.5后,与A/S负相关。从而得出在铝土岩系中,Sc分布在顶层的黏土岩、中部的铁质铝土矿以及底部的铁质黏土岩、铁质岩,尤其是在含铁铝土岩系中高度富集。通过对比分析铝土岩系各元素含量,发现钪与铁、铌、钒、铬元素成正相关,综合铝土岩系中其他元素的矿物表现形式,推测钪在铝土岩系中的赋存形式可能为：类质同象、离子吸附、和超显微非结构混入物。本文初步探讨总结钪在铝土岩系中可能的赋存形式、时空分布规律及钪的迁移转化机制,为铝土矿中伴生钪资源的综合利用开发提供理论支撑。     

Mantle electrical conductivity profile of Niger delta region

The mantle electrical conductivity-depth profile of the Niger delta region in Nigeria has been determined using solar quiet day ionospheric current (Sq). The magnetometer data obtained in 2010 from geomagnetic stations installed in Lagos by magnetic dataset (MAGDAS) in 2008 and data from magnetometers installed in some parts of Niger delta by Center for Basic Space Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, were employed in this study. Gauss spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) method was used to separate the internal and external field contributions to Sq current system. The result depicted that the conductivity profile rose steadily from about 0.032 S/m at a depth of 89 km to 0.041 S/m at 100 km and 0.09 S/m at 221 km. This high conductivity region agreed with the global seismic low velocity region, the asthenosphere. The conductivity profile continued increasing downward until it got to 0.157 S/m at a depth of about 373 km (close to the base of upper mantle), 0.201 S/m at 784 km and reached 0.243 S/m at a depth of 1179 km at the lower mantle.     

中国铝土岩系中伴生钪资源富集规律及富集机制初探

钪(Sc)作为新世纪的重要资源,广泛分布于自然界中,但其分布极为稀散,钪的独立矿物稀少,独立矿床几乎没有。铝土岩系中的钪资源储量巨大,本文统计了中国各铝土矿成矿带Sc数据,在对比山西(断隆)成铝区、华北陆块南缘成铝区、渝南—黔北成铝带、黔中成铝区和滇东南—桂西成铝区的数据基础上,发现滇东南—桂西成铝区的Sc含量最高,含钪铝土岩系形成时代主要为石炭纪和二叠纪。通过对比分析A/S与钪的关系,在A/S小于2.5,钪的含量总体较高,且与A/S正相关,大于2.5后,与A/S负相关。从而得出在铝土岩系中,Sc分布在顶层的黏土岩、中部的铁质铝土矿以及底部的铁质黏土岩、铁质岩,尤其是在含铁铝土岩系中高度富集。通过对比分析铝土岩系各元素含量,发现钪与铁、铌、钒、铬元素成正相关,综合铝土岩系中其他元素的矿物表现形式,推测钪在铝土岩系中的赋存形式可能为:类质同象、离子吸附、和超显微非结构混入物。本文初步探讨总结钪在铝土岩系中可能的赋存形式、时空分布规律及钪的迁移转化机制,为铝土矿中伴生钪资源的综合利用开发提供理论支撑。     

黔西北上二叠统宣威组底部富铌多金属层地球化学特征研究

黔西北地区峨眉山玄武岩之上、宣威组之下广泛发育一套富铌铝土质黏土岩层,Nb含量最高可达571×10-6,但长期以来对铌富集的原因和形成机理研究较少。本文对威宁玉龙铌矿区富铌层位开展了矿物学和元素地球化学研究,结果表明,富铌铝土质黏土岩与下伏峨眉山玄武岩的Nb—Ta、Zr—Hf具有明显的相关性,两者的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图也极为相似,均表现明显的右倾,暗示富铌铝土质黏土岩很可能为峨眉山高钛玄武岩风化的产物。元素质量平衡计算显示,峨眉山玄武岩向富铌铝土质黏土岩过渡,Nb、Zr、Al明显富集,REE等元素则相对贫化。矿物学观察表明,锐钛矿很可能是富铌铝土质黏土岩中Nb的重要载体矿物,锐钛矿风化后会引起Nb的明显富集。综合各项研究,认为峨眉山玄武岩的风化是形成富铌铝土质黏土岩的关键,富铌矿物榍石、锐钛矿等经表生风化很可能是引起铝土质黏土岩中Nb明显富集的重要途径。     

铌钽元素分析技术新进展

铌钽是发展新兴产业所需的功能性和结构性材料,铌钽矿产是国家重点支持的战略新兴矿产资源,开展相关物料中铌钽的分析技术研究具有重要意义。由于铌和钽的物理化学性质十分相似,彼此难以分离,且易水解,加之地质样品分解困难,因此铌和钽的分析测试一直困扰着分析工作者。本文重点对铌钽元素分析中的样品前处理技术和现代分析测试技术进行综述。样品前处理是铌钽分析的关键环节,结合分析方法和样品特性,选择合理的样品分解和分离富集方法是准确测定铌钽的前提。仪器分析是现代分析测试技术的主流,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱/质谱法(ICP-OES/MS)是目前测定铌钽应用最多的方法,需要解决共存组分的干扰、基体效应和盐类影响等问题。激光剥蚀(LA)技术、X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)和中子活化分析法(NAA)采用固体进样,避免了前期样品处理的繁琐步骤和杂质的引入,是铌钽元素分析发展的方向。     

浙东南吴小垟矿床晚白垩世铌成矿特征及其找矿指示意义

稀有金属铌钽在我国华南存在多时代成矿特征,前人对其最晚成矿期晚白垩世成矿事件报道较少。本文以浙东南的吴小垟铌矿床为研究对象,结合野外调查、岩石学、矿物原位微区分析和同位素年代学等研究,确定矿床铌成矿岩体为细粒黑云母花岗岩,成岩成矿年龄分别为89.2±0.8 Ma和86.5±1.0 Ma,揭示了该区存在晚白垩世花岗岩侵位及其相关铌成矿事件。铌除了以独立矿物的形式赋存在铌铁矿、铌铁金红石、铅烧绿石中,还有部分铌赋存于黑云母中。在岩浆-热液作用下,云母类型发生了从铁云母→黑鳞云母→铁锂云母的变化。铁云母Nb含量最高可达1253×10^-6,黑鳞云母-铁锂云母铌含量最高至794×10^-6,黑云母极度富铌的特征,指示该花岗岩具有非常好的铌找矿潜力,富铌黑云母可以作为一种铌钽找矿指示性矿物。综合上述矿物学特征,得出吴小垟矿床存在两阶段铌成矿事件:岩浆期原生铌铁矿族矿物、原生富铌黑云母和铌铁金红石的形成;以及后期热液作用下铌从岩浆和原生含铌矿物中迁移出形成次生的含铌氧化物。     

黔西北上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩风化壳中铌富集机制初探

近年越来越多的研究显示,贵州西北一带的峨眉山玄武岩风化壳上存在一套富铌、锆、钛、镓、稀土的多金属矿层,主要与风化壳中的黏土岩有关,不过,其中有关铌的赋存状态和富集机制仍有待研究.文章对黏土岩物质来源做出厘定,认为风化壳黏土岩层主要来源于高钛的峨眉山玄武岩,铌、锆、稀土等元素也继承自玄武岩.铌主要赋存于铁铝质黏土岩中(w...     

Geochemical characteristics of the niobium-rich arfvedsonite granites, Younger Granites province of Nigeria

Arfvedsonite granites are most prevalent in the northern sector of the Nigerian anorogenic ring-complex province wherein they form the main granitic rocks at Kudaru and Fagam and are important components of Kila-Warji, Ririwai and Dutsen-Wai ring-complexes. The albitized variety of these rocks hosts pyrochlore to varying extents depending on the degree of albitization and are, therefore, important targets for niobium investigation. Geochemical data of the granites reveal that niobium has a mean concentration of 111 ppm in the arfvedsonite granite, increasing to 168 ppm in the aegirine arfvedsonite granite and reaching 1568 ppm in the albite arfvedsonite granite. Niobium is thus enriched in the albite arfvedsonite granite by a factor of 8-11 relative to its mean value in the aegirine arfvedsonite and arfvedsonite granites, respectively. Uranium contents show a sympathetic trend with niobium, being also enriched in the albite arfvedsonite granite relative to its abundance in both the aegirine arfvedsonite granite and arfvedsonite granite by a factor of 15. The uranium abundance in the albite arfvedsonite granite is more than 48 times higher than the mean background values in low-calcium granite.The REE fractionation patterns in all three arfvedsonite granite varieties are characterized by enrichment of both the light (La-Sm) and heavy (Gd-Lu) rare earth elements and a significant negative Eu anomaly. The albite arfvedsonite granite is, however, preferentially more enriched in the heavy REE relative to the aegirine arfvedsonite and the arfvedsonite granites. A plot of the ∑REE against Na₂O and niobium reveals positive correlation in the arfvedsonite granites. There is also a linear relationship and strongly positive correlation between Nb and Na₂O because the pyrochlore is most abundant in the most extensively albitized variety of the arfvedsonite granites.     

Niobium in hydrothermal systems related to alkali granites: Thermodynamic description of hydroxo and hydroxofluoride complexes

Available experimental data on the solubility of Nb₂O₅ and the stability constants for particles of an aqueous solution in the Nb–O–H–F system were processed. As a result, a set of thermodynamic properties for 25°C and 1 bar was obtained, in addition to the equation parameters for the HKF model (Helgeson–Kirkham–Flowers) for hydroxo and hydroxofluoride niobium complexes. F^– ion is the most important factor governing the concentration of dissolved Nb: neutral hydroxo complex Nb(OH)₅(aq) is formed at a low HF concentration, whereas an increase in HF results in an increase in the first Nb(OH)₄F(aq) and second Nb(OH)₃F₂(aq) fluoride complexes. The Nb(OH)₅F^– oxofluoride anion determines oxide solubility in alkali F-bearing fluids. Neutralization of acidic fluoride solution can be the main factor leading to niobium deposition.     

贵州威宁玉龙铌矿化体的发现及其意义

通过对贵州威宁玉龙铌矿化体的成矿地质背景、矿区地质特征的叙述及对矿化成因进行探讨,提出了区域上铌矿找矿方向:区域上陆相沉积的二叠系上统宣威组(P3x)在特定的地质、地球化学环境下可能局部富集形成可供开发的铌矿体;与二叠系上统宣威组(P3x)具有相同物源的陆源碎屑沉积二叠系上统龙潭组(P3l)含煤岩系,在特定的地质、地球化学障背景下铌是否富集成矿值得进一步研究。     

高分辨率城市活断层地震资料处理技术

高分辨率地震方法在城市活断层探测中,已成为一种不可缺少的方法技术。在活断层探测中,地震方法不但能确定断层的产状,而且还能确定断层的上断点。由于大多数地震资料都是在干扰背景较强的情况下取得的,高分辨率城市活断层中,地震资料处理的关键是在不降低地震记录分辨率的前提下,提高地震记录的信噪比。一般来说,提高地震记录的分辨率和信噪比是相互矛盾的。如何解决这一对矛盾,这里结合目前正在开展的城市活断层探测课题,进行了比较深入的研究,并取得了较好的处理效果。     

剔除拟合法在ST盆地地震资料处理中的应用

利用一系列处理方法,特别是利用剔除拟合法替代水平叠加技术,可获得高分辨率、高保真度和高信噪比的地震资料。对该资料解释后认为具有以下特点：（１） 能提高地震资料的分辨率和信噪比;（２） 为地震资料的反演处理提供较理想的基础资料;（３） 能提高储层预测的精度;（４） 能提供合理的角道差三维数据体。     

非洲铌钽矿地质特征、矿床类型及勘查开发现状分析

铌和钽作为重要的稀有金属矿产,被广泛应用于各种“高精尖”领域。非洲铌钽资源丰富,是全球最大的钽矿生产地。本文基于非洲铌钽矿资源状况、矿床类型、典型矿床及其勘查开发现状最新数据,得出以下认识：铌钽矿主要集中于非洲中南部地区,多数以伴生矿的形式产出,矿床类型主要包括碳酸岩型、风化壳型、碱性岩型、花岗岩型、伟晶岩型和砂矿型六种,其中花岗岩型和伟晶岩型主要富钽,而碳酸岩型和碱性岩型则主要富铌;铌钽矿床主要分布于卡普瓦尔克拉通、刚果克拉通、津巴布韦克拉通以及基巴拉、达马拉、泛非等碰撞造山带内,形成时代主要集中于太古宙、古元古代、新元古代、泛非活动期和中生代五个成矿期;非洲大部分铌钽矿山都还处于勘探开发初级阶段,受困于经济技术的落后,手工和小规模采矿仍然是铌钽矿生产开发的主要手段,未来资源潜力较大。     

湖南仁里超大型钽铌矿床工作进展及找矿思路

湖南仁里超大型钽铌矿床钽铌铍矿资源丰富,Ta₂O₅资源量达到了超大型规模,BeO资源量达到了大型规模。为进一步研究湖南仁里超大型钽铌矿床稀有金属的赋存特征、成矿规律及矿产资源综合利用前景,开展了地球化学分析、电子探针、包裹体、同位素测年及可选性试验等研究工作,通过系统梳理仁里超大型钽铌矿床的工作进展,进一步探讨了该矿床的下一步找矿思路。仁里钽铌矿床共(伴)生矿种多,稀有金属综合回收率及矿产资源采选综合利用率高,具有极大的开发利用价值,可作为绿色、环保、无尾矿范例进行高效勘查与开发。仁里矿区钽铌铍矿资源丰富,具有较好的找矿潜力,加大地质勘查资金投入有望取得钽铌铍锂等稀有金属找矿新进展。下一步应对矿区2、3、5、6号主矿脉深部矿体进行控制,力争取得钽铌铍矿找矿突破,同时加强对矿区西部或西南部隐伏锂辉石白云母钠长石伟晶岩的研究工作,力争取得锂辉石白云母钠长石伟晶岩型锂矿找矿突破。     

Prospecting ideas and research progress of extra-large Ta-Nb deposit in Renli of Hunan Province

Renli extra-large Ta-Nb deposit is rich in tantalum, niobium and beryllium resources. The Ta₂O₅ resource is of extra-large scale and the Ta₂O₅ resource reaches large scale. In order to further study the occurrence characteristics, metallogenic regularity and the prospect of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources of rare metals in Renli extra-large Nb-Ta deposit, the authors have carried out the research work of geochemical analysis, EPMA, fluid inclusion study, isotope dating and mineral processing experiment. Based on the systematic review of the research progress in Renli extra-large Ta-Nb deposit, the authors also discussed the following prospectiong ideas of the deposit. There are many associated minerals in Renli Nb-Ta deposit, and the recovery rate of rare metals and the comprehensive utilization rate of mineral resources are high. Therefore it has great value of development and utilization, and the efficient exploration and development that characterized by green, environmentally friendly and no tailings can be carried out in Renli Ta-Nb deposit as a typical example. Renli mining area is rich in tantalum, niobium and beryllium resources and has great prospecting potential. With increasing geological exploitation funding, it’s probable to make new prospecting progress of Ta-Nb-Be-Li rare metal. The next work will focus on the control of the deep ore bodies of No.2, 3, 5 and 6 main ore veins in the mining area in order to make new progress in tantalum niobium beryllium ore prospecting. The research work of concealed spodumene muscovite albite pegmatite in western or southwestern mining area will be strengthened in order to make a breakthrough in spodumene muscovite albite pegmatite type lithium ore prospecting.     

CONCERNING THE GENESIS OF NIOBIUM-CONTAINING GRANITES

Niobium-bearing granites in the Soviet Union are described as associated with apices of large granitic intrusives, and it is possible to trace their field relationships into nearby granitic intrusives. Albitization of microcline and quartz,. uneven distribUtion of rock-forming minerals, and rare metal minerals are suggested as metasomatic criteria. Most importantly, niobium and zircon mineralizations have close paragenetic association with the albitization and decrease with depth into the associated granitic intrusives. Hence, this paper presents a method of formation of niobiumcontaining granites resulting from the albitization and metalization of the hoods or apices over igneous granitic bodies. The process is described as a metasomatic one and the author feels that similar niobium-containing granites elsewhere in the world which have been interpreted as magmatic in origin should actually be metasomatic instead and derived by intensive albitization and rare-metal metasomatism, a process which is described and prescribed for the niobium-bearing granites of the U.S.S.R. --Robert M. Hutchinson.