微地震台阵网天然地震层析成像技术在油田深层构造解析中的应用

天然地震层析成像相对于传统的反射地震方法而言是一种新的经济的勘探方法.这是由于天然地震层析成像所需的观测值直接来自于研究区下方发生的天然微地震,而反射地震却需要在研究区表面进行人工放炮.因此本工作是将天然地震层析成像方法应用于柴达木盆地西部某油田约100km2地区的深层构造的尝试性研究.626个地震事件的3289个P波到时的初步结果与研究区已知的大的构造吻合较好.该模型中非常显著的特征就是观测到一个北西向的背斜.此外,微地震的分布也与研究区中活动断裂带的位置基本一致.     

浅海海底表层速度建模技术及其应用研究

浅海海底起伏和速度变化对OBC资料成像质量产生较大影响。建立浅海海底表层速度模型不仅能够解决OBC资料的静校正问题,也可用于海底反射系数计算、双检资料合并、多次波压制等,但是,目前针对浅海海底表层速度建模的研究还不多。文中提出了针对浅海地区OBC资料的海底表层速度建模的三维初至走时反演技术,主要包括:(1)震源位置校正技术。根据地震波在海水中传播特征,把在海水中激发的震源位置校正至海底,使震源和接收点都位于海底,利于初至走时反演计算;(2)快速三维初至走时反演方法。利用回折波走时和射线方程,形成了高效率初至走时反演方法。将该技术应用于胜利油田莱州湾浅海区海底OBC资料的处理中,建立了三维海底表层速度模型,用此速度模型进行静校正,取得了良好的应用效果。     

Automatic seismic wave detection and autoregressive model method

The problem of automatic detection of seismic waves by large telemetered seismic networks such as the Mexican Continental Aperture Seismic Network (RESMAC), is extended here to include determination of seismic first-arrival and S-phase-arrival times. A short general outline of the detection problem background and a small introduction to the autoregressive model (AR) concept are presented. Several automatic detection algorithms were implemented and compared with a newly developed autoregressive algorithm. Careful consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of each method determined that a mixed detection scheme is optimal and suitable for RESMAC. A few examples are shown that illustrate the relative performances of the methods tried here. The proposed detection scheme has the following characteristics: (a) First-arrival detection, based on a simple (average of squared input) characteristic function, and a trigger criterion that uses as a distortion measure the long-average-to-short-average ratio of the characteristic function, checked using a duration criterion; (b) use of two threshold values, one for triggering, and another for beginning the backward search for the phase arrival time; (c) use of the autoregressive model (AR) method, with the Itakura-Saito distortion measure, for S-phase detection, checked using both duration and amplitude criteria; and (d) characterization of the reliability of the determinations for their subsequent use in automatic location programs, alarms, etc. The automatic detection scheme has proved effective.     

Quantitative Control of Migration: A Geostatistical Attempt

This paper is devoted to a geostatistical attempt at modeling migration errors when localizing a reflector in the ground. Starting with a probabilistic velocity model and choosing the simple geometrical optics background for the wave propagation in such media, we give the expression of the errors. This may be quantified provided the covariance of the velocity field is known. Variance of arrival times at constant offset is related to the covariance of the velocity field at hand. A practical application is given in the same paragraph. After that we give a typical schema for migration and uncertainty modeling: starting with seismic data, we make the weak seismic inversion. We then obtain the covariance of the velocity field that we use for simulating migration errors. The main issues of this methodology are discussed in the last paragraph.     

Reduction of lithologic-log data to numbers for use in the digital computer

The development of a standardized system for conveniently coding lithologic-log data for use in the digital computer has long been needed. The technique suggested involves a reduction of the original written alphanumeric log to a numeric log by use of computer programs. This numeric log can then be retrieved as a written log, interrogated for pertinent information, or analyzed statistically.publication authorized by Director, U.S. Geological Survey.     

Optimum life of mine: declining production case

Conclusions By considering the mine to be depleted at a non-constant rate a considerable change in the mine life has been found. One can next consider a sensitivity analysis to determine which changes in which parameter are the more influential on the mine. Four computer programs were written in Fortran IV to use in this analysis and listings are available from the author. They are in interactive mode designed to be used for educational purposes.     

基于分形盒维算法的天然地震波初至拾取方法研究

基于分形理论,提出了一种地震波初至的拾取方法,根据地震初至波到达前后时间序列的分形特征,采用适当的时间窗口,可以定量地确定初至波的到达时间。数值计算表明,当窗口大小为0.6 s时,计算速度合适,可以保证地震波波至时间的拾取精度,并且在广西地区的宽频带地震流动台网记录的地震数据处理中进行了应用。     

Twenty years of paleoseismology in Italy

Italy has one of the most complete and historically extensive seismic catalogues in the World due to a unique and uninterrupted flow of written sources that have narrated its seismic history since about the end of the Iron Age. Seismic hazard studies have therefore always been mainly based upon this huge mass of data. Nevertheless, the Italian catalogue probably “lacks” many M ≥ 6.5 events, the seismogenetic structures responsible for which are characterized by recurrence times that are longer than the time span covered by our historical sources. For these reasons, and as in other countries, earthquake data that in Italy have been derived from paleoseismological studies should finally become a necessary ingredient in seismic risk assessment. Indeed, over the past 20 years, some hundred trenches have been excavated, supplying reliable and conclusive data on the recent activities of many faults. Through to many robust datings of surface fault events, these studies have provided the ages of several unknown or poorly known M ≥ 6.5 earthquakes. Here, we summarize the state of the art of paleoseismology in Italy, and present a first catalogue of 56 paleoearthquakes (PCI) that occurred mainly in the past 6 kyr. The PCI integrates the historical/instrumental seismic catalogue, and extends it beyond the recurrence time of the seismogenetic faults (2000 ± 1000 yr). We feel confident that the use of the PCI will enhance future probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, and thus contribute to more reliable seismic risk mitigation programs.     

On the amplitudes of correlations and the inference of attenuations,specific intensities and site factors from ambient noise

While techniques for retrieval of seismic velocities from wavelet arrival times in ambient noise correlations are now well established, interpretation of wavelet amplitudes remains unsatisfactory. It is clear that such amplitudes contain information on seismic attenuation, but they are also affected by ambient noise intensity, site amplification, and any nonlinear preprocessing that may have been applied to the noise signals. Disentangling these many factors in order to reliably recover seismic attenuation is challenging. It is argued here that noise intensity, while rarely isotropic or homogeneous, may nevertheless be modeled by a radiative transfer equation. It is then shown that this recognition sufficiently constrains the noise intensity that we may hope to fit measured correlation amplitudes to models for spatially varying attenuation and site amplification factors. One-bit preprocessing, it is shown, is not compatible with such fits except in the special case of spatially constant noise intensity. An alternative procedure for accelerating convergence is suggested. Numerical simulations for a case of homogeneous attenuation and homogeneous seismic velocity are presented in support of the assertions. Attenuation, site factors, and noise intensity are successfully retrieved from correlations of numerically simulated imperfectly diffuse waves measured on a linear array of sensors.     

青藏高原北部新生代火山岩区深部结构特征及其成因探讨

青藏高原北部发育的大量新生代钾质、高钾质火山岩体的成因一直是个谜。利用布置在青藏高原内部及其周缘的305个临时宽频地震台站和固定地震台站记录到的9 649个远震事件,共139 021条P波初至到时资料对青藏高原深部结构特征进行了层析成像反演研究。结果显示,印度岩石圈地幔俯冲前缘已经到达了羌塘地体中部之下,在俯冲前缘存在一个从地幔深处延伸至地表的大规模低速体。该低速体可能是由于印度岩石圈地幔前缘俯冲进入软流圈深处而引起地幔热扰动,造成深部软流圈地幔的热物质向上扩散而形成的深部地幔物质上涌通道;该通道为青藏高原北部的新生代钾质、高钾质火山岩体的形成提供了条件。因此,青藏高原北部新生代火山岩可能是印度岩石圈地幔持续北向俯冲的结果。     

A Simple Algorithm for Sequentially Incorporating Gravity Observations in Seismic Traveltime Tomography

The geologic structure of the Earth's upper crust can be revealed by modeling variation in seismic arrival times and in potential field measurements. We demonstrate a simple method for sequentially satisfying seismic traveltime and observed gravity residuals in an iterative 3-D inversion. The algorithm is portable to any seismic analysis method that uses a gridded representation of velocity structure. Our technique calculates the gravity anomaly resulting from a velocity model by converting to density with Gardner's rule. The residual between calculated and observed gravity is minimized by weighted adjustments to the model velocity-depth gradient where the gradient is steepest and where seismic coverage is least. The adjustments are scaled by the sign and magnitude of the gravity residuals, and a smoothing step is performed to minimize vertical streaking. The adjusted model is then used as a starting model in the next seismic traveltime iteration. The process is repeated until one velocity model can simultaneously satisfy both the gravity anomaly and seismic traveltime observations within acceptable misfits. We test our algorithm with data gathered in the Puget Lowland of Washington state, USA (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound [SHIPS] experiment). We perform resolution tests with synthetic traveltime and gravity observations calculated with a checkerboard velocity model using the SHIPS experiment geometry, and show that the addition of gravity significantly enhances resolution. We calculate a new velocity model for the region using SHIPS traveltimes and observed gravity, and show examples where correlation between surface geology and modeled subsurface velocity structure is enhanced.     

A new view of Italian seismicity using 20 years of instrumental recordings

In this paper, we show the seismicity of the past 20 years that occurred in Italy and surrounding regions. Hypocentral locations have been obtained by using P- and S-wave arrival times from the INGV national and several regional permanent seismic networks. More than 48,000 events, selected from an original data set of about 99,780, are used to reconstruct the most complete seismic picture of the Italian region so far. The seismicity distribution allows inference on seismotectonics of this complex region of subduction versus continental collision. Our results clearly reveal the geometry of the Adria and the Ionian subduction and a continuous normal fault belt in the upper crust, following the Apennines mountain range. The depth of the seismogenic layer is computed from the cut-off of seismicity at depth and shows large variations along and across the seismic active regions. Earthquakes are generated by the different velocity of slab retreat and the subsequent asthenospheric upwelling.     

Computation of synthetic seismograms for plane layered earth models including absorption and dispersion phenomena

A computer program package has been written in FORTRAN-IV language and tested successfully on an ICL 1904S computer. This program enables one to compute synthetic seismograms for layered earth models. The provision for studying the effect of absorption and dispersion of seismic waves has been made with Subroutines. The present program utilizes eight Subroutines and requires about 35 K core memory. A set of examples are illustrated for absorption and dispersion models. An exponential decay of amplitude has been used for the absorption model. This method is based on the plane wave propagation in a flat-layered earth system. Normal incident P-waves are used to eliminate the effect of other phases. Change in shape of reflected waves is observed in absorption model due to damping of energy of higher frequencies. Lack of resolution is found between closely spaced reflections at higher frequencies. The effect of dispersion on seismic waves decreases the time of primary reflections as well as amplitudes of the seismic waves.     

井间地震时频域联合速度和衰减系数同步层析反演

井间地震资料中蕴含丰富的地下储层岩性和物性信息,利用井间地震直达波初至信息,通过层析反演可以得到两井之间的速度剖面。通过对井间地震直达波振幅衰减信息的处理,可以实现井间的吸收衰减层析成像。基于井间地震直达波射线路径的一致性,提出了井间地震时域直达波走时层析反演和频域质心频率衰减层析同步反演方法,增加了约束条件,增强了抗干扰能力。对模型和实际资料的处理结果表明,速度和吸收衰减同步反演方法,提高了速度层析反演精度,得到了对油气更为敏感的衰减属性,增强了井间地震在储层描述和油气预测中的应用能力。     

利用QT调用Fortran程序实现地震属性的提取

为了解决地震属性商业软件开发严重滞后地震属性发展速度的问题,采用QT平台开发了地震属性分析模块.该模块使用QT编写交互式界面,调用Fortran程序生成的DLL文件,实现了地震属性计算、显示一体化,有利于新的地震属性的解释.以地震倒频属性的计算为例,详细地介绍了QT调用Fortran程序DLL文件的实现过程和利用Fortran语言编写DLL文件的标准,以及地震属性的各种显示方式,也可为开发类似的软件系统提供参考.     

Exploiting Lateral Resolution of Near-Surface Seismic Refraction Methods

The 1D τ-p inversion algorithm is widely employed to generate starting models with most computer programs that implement refraction tomography. However, this algorithm emphasizes the vertical resolution of many layers, and as a result, it frequently fails to detect even large lateral variations in seismic velocities, such as the decreases that are indicative of shear zones. This study presents a case that demonstrates the failure of the 1D τ-p inversion algorithm to define or even detect a major shear zone that is 50 m or ten stations wide. Furthermore, the majority of refraction tomography programs parameterize the seismic velocities within each layer with vertical velocity gradients. By contrast, the 2D generalized reciprocal method (GRM) inversion algorithms emphasize the lateral resolution of individual layers. This study demonstrates the successful detection and definition of the 50-m wide shear zone with the GRM inversion algorithms. The existence of the shear zone is corroborated by a 2D analysis of the head wave amplitudes and by numerous closely spaced orthogonal seismic profiles carried out as part of a later 3D refraction investigation. Furthermore, a 1D analysis of the head wave amplitudes indicates that a reversal in the seismic velocities, rather than vertical velocity gradients, occurs in the weathered layers. While all seismic refraction operations should aim to provide as accurate depth estimates as is practical, the major conclusion reached in this study is that refraction Inversion algorithms that emphasize the lateral resolution of individual layers generate more useful results for geotechnical and environmental applications. The advantages of the Improved lateral resolution are obtained with 2D profiles in which the structural features can be recognized from the magnitudes of the variations in the seismic velocities. Furthermore, the spatial patterns obtained with 3D investigations facilitate the recognition of structural features that do not display any intrinsic variation or "signature" in seismic velocities.     

The use of computer animation techniques in the teaching of stereographic projection

A suite of 10 programs, written for the BBC Model B, uses computer animation techniques to aid in the teaching of the principles of stereographic projection. The representation of the net remains static in the background whilst plotting and rotation occur on a foreground plane. This mimics the actual operations that are required using a net and tracing paper. Plotting of planes, lines, intersection and rotation problems are covered by this package. The methods of computer animation are reviewed.     

Delphi5与单片机串行通信

在Delphi5.0下利用添加VB6．0中ActiveX的一个通信控件（MSCComm32.OCX)实现在Windows 9x下PC机与单片机的串行通信，文明阐明了双方串行通信的实现方法，给出了用Delphi5.0和单片机C51语言编写的串行通信程序。     

地震资料处理中的并行计算机技术(综述)

作者在本文中从地震资料并行处理的工业需求，地震资料自身的特点和现代地震数据处理对高性能计算机的要求出发，简述了为什么要用并行机进行大规模并行处理的原因。通过分析目前国内外有代表性的两种并行机（IBM SP2和Intel Paragon)的体系结构，给出了并行机硬件的发展现状。作者在文中还着重对前苏联以及我国近几年引进的国外地震处理系统的并行功能和应用情况进行了阐述。并结合课题研究，提出了地震资料并行处理的一个发展方向-基于微机群的地震资料交互、并行处理系统。最后，作者对发展并行计算机提出了几点建议。     

The Somma–Vesuvius volcano (Southern Italy): Structure,dynamics and hazard evaluation

We review the main results, with several new analyses, obtained in recent times about the structure, present dynamics and hazard evaluation at Somma–Vesuvius volcanic complex. We present a global review and interpretation of structural features, both at local and regional scale, constrained both by seismic and petrological data. The local structure of Somma–Vesuvius is reviewed in three depth ranges, shallow, intermediate and deep. The shallow velocity structure is inferred by the joint inversion of shot and local earthquake arrival time data. The main feature pointed out at shallow depth is a high velocity anomaly at the crater axis, extending down to about 5 km of depth. Such an anomaly, first observed at Vesuvius, seems to be common to many other volcanoes. It can be interpreted in terms of the presence of solidified residual magma in the shallow conduits, accumulated in last eruptive cycles. The local seismicity is strongly clustered around this anomaly, due to the focusing effect of the rigidity contrast. The seismic occurrence appears as a result of the superposition of a background level, mainly due to gravitational instability of the Vesuvius cone, and of intense activity episodes, which possibly reflect episodic internal activity. Two main zones of magma accumulation in the upper crust are evidenced by the joint interpretation of seismic and petrological data. The first one, located in the depth range 4–6 km, is mainly constrained by the crystallisation depth of phonolitic magmas which fed Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions; the second one, around 11–15 km of depth, is mainly constrained by reflected–converted seismic waves, and in agreement with crystallization depths inferred for the moderate eruptions. The study of the deep structure, performed by regional tomography with teleseisms, further points out magma roots at higher depths (15–30 km). An additional result for the deep structure, studied at regional scale and very important for geodynamic interpretations of the Tyrrhenian volcanisms, has been the evidence for a subducting slab under the Apennines, in an area where previous models hypothesised a slab window.New original studies of crystal growth (phenocrystals and microlites) on the eruptive products allow to infer typical times of magma rising from such reservoirs, which appear very low, on the order of minutes to tens of minutes. Static deformation at this volcano, in the last 30 yr, has been detected by the joint use of levelling, GPS and DIFSAR techniques. It indicates subsidence, very concentrated in the crater area and in a narrow strip all around the volcanic edifice, with maximum rates less than 0.01 m/yr. Static deformation in the crater area appears in agreement with the mechanism of gravitational instability generating local volcano-tectonic seismicity, while the peculiar pattern around the volcanic edifice is probably due to the combination of extensional stress and volcanic loading, generating a ring normal fault-like structure. While the key results about structure and dynamics help to define pre-eruptive scenarios, a new probabilistic procedure to combine volcanological data and computer simulations has been used, in this paper, to build hazard maps giving the probability, at each location in the area, to be hit by a pyroclastic flow or to experience a destructive fall-out deposit. The review and new results of this work give then the first complete picture of the state of the art in our knowledge about Somma–Vesuvius volcano.