增强型地热系统采热性能影响因素分析

为了综合分析增强型地热系统各参数对系统采热性能的影响,以及参数相互之间的影响规律,以云南腾冲热海热田为地质背景,利用正交设计思想通过数值模拟方法对井间距、注入流量、注入温度、储层渗透率等因素的变化进行了分析。结果表明：注入流量是影响系统采热性能的关键因素,并对注入温度、井间距的确定有显著影响;注入流量越大,系统稳定采热时间和运行寿命越短,且注入流量较小的变化（提高0.06 m³/s）会对系统采热温度产生较大的影响（降低47℃）;增加注入温度可以提高系统的采热温度和运行寿命,但注入温度升高30℃、运行50 a后采热温度只提高10℃,效果有限;井间距、渗透率、开采压力对系统采热性能的影响相近,且远小于注入流量。     

超临界地质流体的物性

超临界态流体具有接近液体的密度、高于液体的扩散系数和低于液体的粘度等不寻常特性。在地球内部,伴随板块俯冲带入的水等流体进入超临界态,并与壳幔物质混合及相互作用会形成对地球内部结构演化、元素和能量运移有重要影响的流体,即超临界地质流体。然而,目前对于超临界地质流体的性质、作用的认识还极其有限,准确测定超临界流体的物理性质更是严峻挑战。金刚石对顶砧装置(DAC)的优势就是适合极端条件下原位物性探测,这对于超临界地质流体研究是不可或缺的。本文基于金刚石对顶砧装置原位加温的技术特点,对超临界地质流体物性测量的有关问题进行了讨论,并扼要回顾了超临界流体物性研究的进展。     

超临界二氧化碳喷射破碎页岩试验

高效开发页岩气有利于满足日益增长的能源需求,但页岩储层的开发极为困难,超临界二氧化碳作为一种新型页岩气钻采流体,可以有效保护页岩储层,置换吸附提高页岩气采收率,并同时实现二氧化碳的埋存.研发了一套超临界二氧化碳喷射开发页岩气装置,并开展了超临界二氧化碳喷射破碎页岩室内试验.发现超临界二氧化碳射流喷射后岩石强度降低,且射流压力和温度越高,降低幅度越大;本实验条件下超临界二氧化碳射流破岩体积是水射流的1.73~6.51倍,破岩优势显著,井底环境温度对超临界二氧化碳射流的破岩性能有较大影响.表明超临界二氧化碳可显著提高页岩气钻井速度,有望形成一种高效的页岩气开发方法,应用潜力广阔.      

CO2基增强型地热系统中流体-花岗岩相互作用研究进展及展望

CO2与水相比,膨胀性大、黏度低、与岩石反应程度低,并且在作为增强型地热系统(EGS)渗流传热流体时,比水具有更高的换热效率.对CO2-EGS生产过程中储层岩石物性变化的研究具有重要意义,从理论研究、实验研究、数值模拟3个方面,对CO2基增强型地热系统CO2-EGS中流体-岩石相互作用的研究现状进行了总结,并且从矿物成...     

花岗岩粗糙单裂隙对流换热特性的数值模拟

在干热岩储层中开采地热能,往往需要对储层进行人工水力压裂以形成贯穿的换热通道。然而,热储中的对流换热对干热岩的采热率有重要影响,经过人工刺激的储层会形成几何形态各异的裂隙面,而裂隙粗糙程度的不同则会引起换热性能的显著差异。因此,选取4条Barton的经典岩石裂隙粗糙度曲线,在实验室条件下建立一个单裂隙对流换热模型。详细分析了花岗岩粗糙裂隙中热工质的换热特性。结果表明：局部对流换热系数沿着裂隙长度方向逐渐降低;JRC值越大,平均对流换热系数就越大,表明换热性能越好;局部对流换热系数的分布与JRC曲线的几何轮廓形态有很好的相关性,波峰波谷的变化趋势相一致;相对于温度而言,高流速对局部对流换热系数具有放大效应,流速越大,局部对流换热系数波动越大。     

花岗岩粗糙单裂隙对流换热特性的数值模拟

在干热岩储层中开采地热能,往往需要对储层进行人工水力压裂以形成贯穿的换热通道。然而,热储中的对流换热对干热岩的采热率有重要影响,经过人工刺激的储层会形成几何形态各异的裂隙面,而裂隙粗糙程度的不同则会引起换热性能的显著差异。因此,选取4条Barton的经典岩石裂隙粗糙度曲线,在试验室条件下建立一个单裂隙对流换热模型。详细分析了花岗岩粗糙裂隙中热工质的换热特性。结果表明：局部对流换热系数沿着裂隙长度方向逐渐降低;节理粗糙系数JRC值越大,平均对流换热系数就越大,表明换热性能越好;局部对流换热系数的分布与JRC曲线的几何轮廓形态有很好的相关性,波峰波谷的变化趋势相一致;相对于温度而言,高流速对局部对流换热系数具有放大效应,流速越大,局部对流换热系数波动越大。     

基于开挖的增强型地热系统概述

地热能赋存于地球内部岩土体、流体和岩浆体中,是一种永久的、可再生的、储量丰富的清洁能源。地热能的开发,尤其是干热岩的开发利用,有可能成为解决人类未来能源危机的重要途径。目前采用的干热岩开采方法被称为增强型地热系统(EGS)。热储地质环境的复杂性和水力化措施对天然裂隙的依赖性,造成多数的EGS项目存在热储体积和换热面积不足、工质流量小、终端温度低,以及诱发地震风险等局限性,致使干热岩开发始终未能大规模商业化。基于开挖的增强型地热系统(EGS-E)的提出为突破传统EGS的技术弊端和规模局限提供了新思路。文章在其概念模型的基础上,从系统原理、工程构想、技术优势等方面对EGS-E进行了更详尽的阐述。EGS-E采用开挖、爆破、崩落等采矿技术,形成了独特的热储致裂系统和热能交换系统,能够大幅度降低地质环境对热储质量的限制,具备构建定制的热储空间、形成充足的换热面积,维持稳定的工质流量与温度及减少诱发地震风险等优势,为干热岩开发的商业化提供了新的解决方案。     

增强型地热系统热-水动力-力学(THM)耦合模拟——以河北马头营凸起区为例

增强型地热系统(EGS)的裂隙热储层在长期开采过程中,由于不断地提取高温干热岩体的热量,致使高温花岗岩岩体温度下降,进而诱发岩体产生二次破裂,甚至出现流体短路,降低地热系统开采效率。为了保证EGS热能的稳定提取,需要建立试验场地的热-水动力-力学(THM)耦合模型,分析水动力和热效应对该储层裂隙发育规律的影响。本文基于河北马头营凸起区EGS开发场地的循环注水试验数据,建立场地热-水动力-力学耦合模型,通过模型模拟结果与现场观测结果进行比较,先验证了THM耦合模型的准确性,然后利用校正后的模型预测了不同注入方案下,EGS储层渗透率的提高和增产带的空间范围,揭示了储层裂隙增产带的范围受温度、压力、注入速率的影响情况。结果表明：经过63 d的增产处理,该模型预测的增产层体积约为10万m³;提高注水压力能刺激现有的裂隙发生剪切性破裂,拓宽增产带的区域;减小注水的温度有助于提升流体的穿透能力,扩大储层的增产带;在水力压裂的开始阶段,适当利用冷水注入有利于提高储层渗透率,且提高注入速率会使储层增产带的范围扩大。     

渤海湾盆地干热岩开发利用前景评估——基于开采优化数值模拟的认识

渤海湾盆地的大地热流高,5 000 m埋深地层平均温度为175℃,热储岩性以低孔低渗的变质岩、火成岩为主,具备形成干热岩资源的条件。基于大地热流、岩石热导率、生热率等热参数,利用COMSOL软件建立三维水热耦合的干热岩开采模型、分析不同井间距、注采速率、布井方式等差异开采方案下在100 a内对热储层温度的影响随开发时间的变化,选取最优方案并估算干热岩资源。结果表明：注采速率一定时,随着开采时间的增加,开采井水温度下降速率与井间距成反比;当注采井间距一定时,注采速率越大,开采井水温度下降越快,发生“热突破”的时间越早;其他条件相同的情况下,“两采两注”布井方案比“一采一注”布井方案获得的热量更多,开采效率更高。基于上述认识,确定研究区最优开采方案为：年限50 a、井间距400 m、注采量90 m³/h、“两采两注”方式。此方案下,可获得开采井水平均温度为172℃,对应全渤海湾盆地可采资源量为3.28×10¹⁹ J/a。以河北任丘市为例,按照民用住宅热负荷指标100 W/m²计算,利用最优方案进行干热岩的开采,仅需157.7...     

二氧化碳注入下岩层变形和流体运移分析:(Ⅱ)实例分析

第I部分[1]提出了一个两相流-岩层流固耦合模型,为了应用该模型对超临界二氧化碳注入过程中岩层力学响应和流体运移进行评估,采用Comsol商业程序,提出了相应的数值分析方法。给出了模型参数的确定方法,并采用室内试验数据对模型进行了验证;通过现场的温度和压力条件以及岩层的Van Genuchten参数,确定了二氧化碳的密度和黏度。基于三轴压缩试验、有效应力系数试验和渗透性试验,对力学模型及耦合关系中的参数进行了验证。最后给出一个应用实例,该岩层位于地下680⁷00 m深度,宽度为100 m,分析了不同二氧化碳注入速率下注入压力的演化规律,得到了岩层中孔隙压力、竖向应变和损伤变量的分布,并对二氧化碳的运移规律也进行了分析。研究结果为超临界二氧化碳注入过程中岩层力学响应和流体运移的评估提供了理论基础。     

Catalog of Enhanced Geothermal Systems based on Heat Sources

It is common sense that a deeper well implies higher temperature in the exploration of deep geothermal resources, especially with hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal resources, which are generally exploited in terms of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). However, temperature is always different even at the same depth in the upper crust due to different heat sources. This paper summarizes the heat sources and classifies them into two types and five sub-types: crust-origin (partial melting, non-magma-generated tectonic events and radiogenic heat production), and mantle-origin (magma and heat conducted from the mantle). A review of global EGS sites is presented related to the five sub-types of heat sources. According to our new catalog, 71% of EGS sites host mantle-origin heat sources. The temperature logging curves indicate that EGS sites which host mantle-origin magma heat sources have the highest temperature. Therefore, high heat flow (>100 mW/m2) regions with mantle-origin magma heat sources should be highlighted for the future exploration of EGS. The principle to identify the heat source is elucidated by applying geophysical and geochemical methods including noble gas isotope geochemistry and lithospheric thermal structure analysis. This analytical work will be helpful for the future exploration and assessment of HDR geothermal resources.     

Thermo-economic Investigation of an Enhanced Geothermal System Organic Rankine Cycle and Combined Heating and Power System

As a potentially viable renewable energy, Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGSs) extract heat from hot dry rock (HDR) reservoirs to produce electricity and heat, which promotes the progress towards carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. The main challenge for EGSs is to reduce the investment cost. In the present study, thermo-economic investigations of EGS projects are conducted. The effects of geofluid mass flow rate, wellhead temperature and loss rate on the thermo-economic performance of the EGS organic Rankine cycle (ORC) are studied. A performance comparison between EGS-ORC and the EGS combined heating and power system (CHP) is presented. Considering the CO2 emission reduction benefits, the influence of carbon emission trading price on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is also presented. It is indicated that the geofluid mass flow rate is a critical parameter in dictating the success of a project. Under the assumed typical working conditions, the LCOE of EGS-ORC and EGS-CHP systems are 24.72 and 16.1 cents/kWh, respectively. Compared with the EGS-ORC system, the LCOE of the EGS-CHP system is reduced by 35%. EGS-CHP systems have the potential to be economically viable in the future. With carbon emission trading prices of 12.76 USD/ton, the LCOE can be reduced by approximately 8.5%.     

FixAl及同位素方法在EGS返排液研究中的应用

增强地热系统(EGS)是开采低渗透率热岩体中热能的技术,属于广义的地热储工程。其中,作为换热介质被注入岩体并在换热后返回地表的返排液,不仅是岩体地球化学特征的信息载体,而且其物理化学行为直接影响着EGS系统的运行效果。FixAl化学热力学模拟和水同位素十三线图解在天然水热系统评价中得到了广泛应用,对返排液研究的实用性则是文章的核心问题。文中收集了全球主要EGS项目的返排液资料,基于FixAl方法分析矿物与返排液的化学平衡状态,并计算了流体在深部的热交换温度,用同位素模型验证了EGS系统中原生卤水的驱替过程。研究结果表明,上述方法在EGS返排液研究中是适用的。此外,返排液的化学特征对EGS的指示意义还包括厘定原生卤水在返排液中所占比例,识别岩浆挥发分溶解及储层改造时的添加剂残留,预测结垢趋势和流体腐蚀性等。未来需要通过更多的实验和模拟方法深入研究返排液的化学特征,建立EGS的热-水-力-化学(THMC)耦合模型,为科学开发深层地热能提供依据。     

Analysis of thermal parameters of Triassic,Permian and Carboniferous sedimentary rocks in central Poland

The paper shows thermal tests results (thermal conductivity, specific heat) carried out during the research project to recognize the potential of hot dry rocks for heat and electricity production in Poland. Analysis of such parameters of the rock medium has fundamental significance in search of structures for location of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Analyses of thermal conductivity as well as specific heat determine the possibility of effective extraction of heat from hot rock formations and its efficient transfer to the land surface. Reservoir rock should be characterized by the lowest possible porosity and permeability, and the highest possible thermal conductivity. In order to recognize reservoir parameters of rocks that form potential reservoirs for EGS, 300 samples of sedimentary rocks were taken from 11 wells located in central Poland. For samples, sizes of which enabled measurement of thermal parameters, tests of thermal conductivity and specific heat were carried out. Independently, measurements of porosity were made. The porosity magnitude determines values of measured thermal parameters. Measurements of thermal conductivity of rocks were made for 24 samples collected from Triassic, Permian and Carboniferous deposits in six wells. Measurements of specific heat on rock samples were made for 20 rock samples. Among sedimentary rocks, principally sandstones and limestones with reservoir parameters favourable for this type of systems are considered to be petrogeothermal reservoirs and are often characterized by favourable thermal parameters for EGS. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

增强型地热系统不同注采井网参数分析

针对增强型地热系统中水通过复杂裂缝系统提取干热岩储层热量的过程,基于离散裂缝网络模型热流耦合构建了增强型地热系统的解析模型,利用Laplace变换得到了干热岩储层解析解,分析了在五点井网开采下注采井网参数对出口端温度及热提取的影响。研究结果表明:不同裂缝网络和井网模型下出口端温度下降幅度和热突破的时间不同;在相同裂缝网络下,井距越大,热突破时间越晚,当井距分别为50.0、100.0和150.0m时,热突破时间分别为2.0、5.2和15.0a;注水速率越小,温度下降越慢,当注水速率分别为0.1,0.2和0.3kg/s时,生产20.0a,温度下降幅度分别为53.0,34.5和26.8℃;通过正交实验分析方法得到注采参数中井距影响最大,其极差为13.15,其次为注水速率和注水温度,井网模型影响最小。     

我国建立第一个地热资源数据库

Demonstrative geothermal resources data-base consists of 3 subsystems ; 1) Geotemperature&rock thermo一physical property ; 2 ) Hydrogeological testing parameters of thermal water&thermal water sites;3)Chemical composition of thermal fluids in geothermal areas. Data-base system is accompanied with software set including various programs for calculation on geothermal gradient, radioactive heat productivity and hydrogeological parameters,for identification of thermal water chemical type,for comparision of different geothermometers and for ploting lithological colum，geotherms , histograms ofthermal conductivity&. heat productivity, chemical composition of thermal waters, isotherms as well as curves of water table and flow rate.
     

中深层套管换热器短期无干扰名义取热量计算解析方法

从地下传热基本原理出发,考虑地温梯度影响,建立了中深层套管换热器进出口流体平均温度解析解和长时间近似解,推导了中深层套管换热器短期无干扰名义取热量计算解析公式,并通过与文献中结果对比进行了验证。研究结果表明,中深层套管换热器短期无干扰名义取热量是地温梯度的线性函数。短期无干扰名义取热量计算解析公式简单实用,可以实现中深层套管换热器短期换热性能快速评价。     

Performance and Sustainability of District-Scale Ground Coupled Heat Pump Systems

This study proposes a solution to the problem of maintaining the performance and sustainability of district-scale, cooling-dominated ground coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems. These systems tend to overheat because heat dissipates slowly in relation to the size of the borefields. To demonstrate this problem, a 2000-borehole field is considered at a district-scale GCHP system in the Upper Midwest, US. The borefield’s ground and fluid temperature responses to its design heating and cooling loads are simulated using computational fluid dynamics implemented by applying the finite volume method. The ground temperature is predicted by applying the thermal loads uniformly over the borefield and simulating heat dissipation to the surrounding geology through conduction coupled with advection due to groundwater flow. The results show that a significant energy imbalance will develop in the ground after the first few years of GCHP operation, even with high rates of groundwater flow. The model presented in this study predicts that the temperature at the center of the borefield will reach 18 °C after 5 years and approximately 50 °C after 20 years of operation in the absence of any mitigation strategies. The fluid temperature in the boreholes is then simulated using a single borehole model to estimate the heat pump coefficient of performance, which decreases as the modeled system heats up. To balance the energy inputs/outputs to the ground—thus maintaining the system’s performance—an operating scheme utilizing cold-water circulation during the winter is evaluated. Under the simulated conditions, this mitigation strategy carries the excess energy out of the borefield. Therefore, the proposed mitigation strategy may be a viable measure to sustaining the operating efficiency of cooling-dominated, district-scale borefields in climates with cold winters.     

岩石导热热阻对裂隙对流换热的影响机制

增强型地热系统(EGS)中高温岩石与流体之间的对流换热特征一直以来是干热岩(HDR)研究的重要基础内容。岩石导热热阻对裂隙对流换热特征具有重要影响。为研究其具体影响,综合运用理论解析与数值模拟2种研究方法,通过对解析解讨论以及建立数值模型,研究两平行光滑平板之间的换热规律。结果表明：流体速度、传热边界层充分发展时,局部努塞尔特准数Nu_x为定值,与其他因素无关;局部对流换热系数h_x仅与流体热导率k和裂隙开度e有关,与其他因素无关。上下平板壁面热流恒定时,Nu_x为8.235;温度恒定时,Nu_x为7.54。然后建立多组导热热阻不同的岩石裂隙对流换热数值模型,发现岩石导热热阻增大,温度场进口段延长,对流换热系数h增大。岩石长度显著影响进口段占比,进而影响h的大小。h随着长度增大而减小;当岩石长度足够长时,进口段占比足够小,此时除k与e之外的参数对h基本没影响。并且发现实验室常用岩石长度为100 mm,而典型EGS工程中裂隙长度是米级的,建议室内实验重视岩石长度对裂隙对流换热特征的影响。