黄土高原半干旱区陆面温度和能量的气候特征分析

利用黄土高原半干旱区“定西陆面过程综合观测试验站”2004年11月至2005年10月的各种陆面物理量综合资料,比较系统地研究了黄土高原半干旱区土壤温度、降水量、地表反照率、地表辐射分量和能量平衡分量的年变化和日变化特征及其影响机制。结果显示,黄土高原陆面过程特征与其他地区有很大不同。土壤温度变化向下传播速度约为2.5~3.5 h/10cm;地表反照率随土壤湿度的增大而减小,两者的相关系数达到了0.5338;而地表反照率随降雪量增大而增大,与降雪量的相关系数为0.6645;长波辐射年最大值出现的时间比总辐射迟1个月左右,年平均日变化中地表和大气对太阳辐射加热大约需要1个小时的响应时间; 潜热通量夏季是冬季的5倍多,感热通量有了两个比较明显的峰值,潜热通量、感热通量和土壤热通量的日峰值比净辐射滞后30 min~1 h。     

干旱沙区陆面蒸散量与土壤水分关系的数值计算

利用电子称重式蒸渗仪（Ｌｙｓｉｍｅｔｅｒ）测定田间蒸散量（ＥＴ），并用中子水分仪同步测定沙面下１０～１５０ｃｍ土壤水分含量，求得含水率Ｗ（％）。通过研究沙区不同植被区域内，土壤剖面不同深度土体含水率Ｗ与ＥＴ的关系，估算出了三种处理（油蒿栽植区、柠条栽植区、裸露沙区）的不同深度土壤水分对蒸散过程的贡献值，模拟出了土壤含水量对区域陆面蒸散量的相关关系式     

陆面实际蒸散研究

从能量平衡方程和热传导方程出发,引进"相对蒸散"和"相对干燥力",建立了用常规气象资料估算实际蒸散的理论模式。该模式避免了计算实际蒸散需首先计算可能蒸散这一过程,从而解决了由于采用不同的"可能蒸散"估算方法带来的误差。利用近30年的水文、气象等资料,在全国选择了九个有代表性的流域。对流域年实际蒸散量的模拟结果显示,除黄河流域部分年份外,可以将陆面年实际蒸散量的估算误差控制在10%以内。     

利用ASTER遥感数据反演陆面温度的算法及应用研究

陆面温度是地气交换过程的一个重要参数,在生态环境研究中应用很广。传统方法只能进行点上的观测和计算,遥感的出现则使得计算区域陆面温度成为可能。ASTER遥感数据具有较高的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率,能够提供比NOAA/AVHRR和Landsat等遥感数据更丰富的陆面信息,有助于提高反演陆面温度的精度。本文以新疆自治区阿瓦提县典型研究区域为例,根据ASTER遥感数据的特点,基于温度/比辐射率分离算法的思想,运用ADE(AlphaDerivedEmissivity)、比值法和MMD(Maximum-MinimumDiffer-ence)三个模块计算陆面温度,并简要分析了模型的主要误差来源。分析结果表明本文所采用的算法是可行的,ASTER遥感数据用于反演陆面温度可以取得比较理想的结果,具有良好的应用前景。     

遥感蒸散模型的时间重建方法研究

本文提出的遥感蒸散模型的时间重建方法考虑了逐日蒸散可能的变化情况, 在阻抗- 彭曼单层模型的基础 上, 将图像去云处理与时间重建结合在一起, 先使用SEBS 能量平衡余项模型获得晴好日的地表阻抗信息, 选择了 叶面积指数LAI 作为反映植被表面阻抗的参量, 通过时间序列谐波分析(HANTS)获得逐日逐像元的LAI 信息, 将晴 好日的阻抗信息扩展至待定日, 并使用因子函数表达了极端温湿条件对植被叶面阻抗的限制作用。使用中科院禹 城站2003 年作物季的大型蒸渗仪数据对模型所得逐日蒸散结果进行了验证。在作物生长季, 模型结果相对于实测 结果表现出了良好的相关性(R2≈0.7), 远优于作为对比的蒸发比不变法。受单层模型假设局限, 方法在裸地及稀疏 植被上的结果还存在着较大的误差。     

多年平均陆面蒸发量的计算

作者建议用公式E/r=thD(E₀/r)来计算陆面蒸发量,并从数学上及气候物理概念上对此公式作了分析论证,认为是合理的可行的,又用国内外大量资料检验,符合精度要求。     

SWAT模型在陇西黄土高原地区的适用性研究

近年来SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型在国内外得到了广泛的应用,但应用研究主要集中在湿润地区,通过对探索了在中国西北干旱半干旱地区使用SWAT模型的可能性,对SWAT模型在陇西黄土高原地区的适用性进行了评价,得出:降水特征的特殊性,使得SWAT模型并不能很好地适用于该地区所有年份的径流模拟过程中,但对于降水特征变化幅度较小的时段,SWAT模型具有较高的径流模拟精度,可以应用于与流域径流相关的各种模拟分析。     

应用遥感方法估算区域蒸散量的制约因子分析

遥感方法估算区域蒸散量应用比较广泛的有两种,一种是完全以地表热量平衡方程为基础．用遥感方法估算出净辐射、土壤热流量和显热通量,然后用余项法求出蒸散量;另一种是以Penman—Monteith方程为基础．结合地表热量平衡方程,直接估算出蒸散量。本文根据国内外的研究现状,对应用遥感方法估算区域蒸散量的制约因子进行了深入的分析,这些制约因子包括(1)图像信息源;(2)反照率、比辐射率和表面温度等地表参数的遥感反演精度;(3)空气动力学阻抗和表面阻抗模型;(4)估算结果的验证方法(5)时间尺度的扩展问题。分析结果表明：长期以来由于这些因子中所涉及到的许多关键技术和难点问题都没得到很好的解决,因而极大地制约着应用遥感方法估算区域蒸散量的发展。通过对制约因子的分析．可以有助于高精度遥感蒸散模型的建立。     

黄土高原陇东地区土地利用遥感动态研究

根据1986和2000年2期TM影象，利用ARC／INFO、ARCVIEW地理信息系统软件，在人机交互下进行信息提取，对空间分布数据全面统计分析，剖析了陇东所辖十三个县（市）1986－2000年十四年间土地利用类型质量空间变化。针对区域土地利用程度及生态环境可能产生的影响进行了简要的评价。最终为陇东地区土地综合治理和可持续利用提供了可靠的理论依据。     

地表蒸散遥感反演双层模型的研究方法综述

通过遥感方法反演表面温度来计算地表蒸散量是定量遥感的一个很有潜力的应用领域。这种方法已成功地应用于植被完全覆盖的地表蒸散的监测,然而对于植被稀疏的地区,利用该方法模拟通量和观测通量之间存在很人的差异。产生这种差异的原因是假设辐射表面温度可以用来代替空气动力学温度。在这种假设条件下,植被完全覆盖的地表的通量计算能够得到较为满意的结果,但对于稀疏植被地表却是不成立的。对此,国内外许多学者提出了将土壤和植被分开计算的双层模型以求得到更加准确的通量结果。介绍了当前国内外几种常用的地表蒸散遥感估算双层模型,讨论了这些模型的物理基础和假设并讨论了目前双层模型在计算通量时存在的一些问题和难点,并对今后的工作重点和研究方向提出了建议。     

Land use and land cover change processes in China's eastern Loess Plateau

Using Landsat remote sensing images, we analyzed changes in each land use type and transitions among different land use types during land use and land cover change (LUCC) in Ningwu County, located in the eastern Loess Plateau of China, from 1990 to 2010. We found that grassland, woodland, and farmland were the main land use types in the study area, and the area of each type changed slightly from 1990 to 2010, whereas the area of water, construction land, and unused land increased greatly. For the whole area, the net change and total change were insignificant due to weak human activity intensity in most of the study area, and the LUCC was dominated by quasi-balanced two-way transitions from 1990 to 2010. The insignificant overall amount of LUCC appears to have resulted from offsetting of rapid increases in population, economic growth, and the implementation of a program to return farmland to woodland and grassland in 2000. This program converted more farmland into woodland and grassland from 2000 to 2010 than from 1990 to 2000, but reclamation of woodland and grassland for use as farmland continued from 2000 to 2010, and is a cause for concern to the local government.     

Remote-sensing data reveals the response of soil erosion intensity to land use change in Loess Plateau,China

Developing an effective approach to rapidly assess the effects of restoration projects on soil erosion intensity and their extensive spatial and temporal dynamics is important for regional ecosystem management and the development of soil conservation strategies in the future. This study applied a model that was developed at the pixel scale using water soil erosion indicators (land use, vegetation coverage and slope) to assess the soil erosion intensity in the Loess Plateau, China. Landsat TM/ETM+ images in 2000, 2005 and 2010 were used to produce land use maps based on the object-oriented classification method. The MODIS product MOD13Q1 was adopted to derive the vegetation coverage maps. The slope gradient maps were calculated based on data from the digital elevation model. The area of water soil-eroded land was classified into six grades by integrating slope gradients, land use and vegetation coverage. Results show that the Grain-To-Green Project in the Loess Plateau worked based on the land use changes from 2000 to 2010 and enhanced vegetation restoration and ecological conservation. These projects effectively prevented soil erosion. During this period, lands with moderate, severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities significantly decreased and changed into less severe levels, respectively. Lands with slight and light soil erosion intensities increased. However, the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau was reduced. The contributions of the seven provinces to the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau and the composition of the soil erosion intensity level in each province are different. Lands with severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities are mainly distributed in Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. These areas, although relatively small, must be prioritised and preferentially treated.     

Spatial Patterns in Surface Energy Balance Components Derived from Remotely Sensed Data

A relatively simple modeling approach for estimating spatially distributed surface energy fluxes was applied to two small watersheds, one in a semi‐arid climate region and one in a sub‐humid region. This approach utilized a combination of ground‐based meteorological data and remotely sensed data to estimate ‘instantaneous’ surface energy fluxes at the time of the satellite or aircraft overpasses. The spatial resolution in the watershed grid cells, which was on the order of 100‐400 km, was selected to be compatible with ground measurements used for validation. The model estimates of surface energy fluxes compared well with ground‐based measurements of surface flux (typically within approximately 40 Wm^?2). The model accuracy may be slightly less for bare soil surfaces due to an overestimation of the soil heat flux. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of computing spatially distributed values of surface energy fluxes, these maps were used to qualitatively infer the dominant factors controlling the energy fluxes for the time period shortly following precipitation events in the basins. For the semi‐arid watershed, values of sensible heat flux varied considerably over the watershed and displayed a pattern very similar to that of the spatially variable cumulative precipitation for at least one to eight days prior to the image acquisition. Due to the large fraction of exposed bare soil in a semi‐arid ecosystem, even very small precipitation events had a strong influence on the pattern of sensible heat fluxes observed shortly after the event (less than 24 hours). For the sub‐humid watershed, the fluxes tended to be more uniform across the watershed, and were influenced by a combination of precipitation total and land cover type.     

城市地表热通量遥感反演及与下垫面关系分析

选择日本埼玉县熊谷市为研究区,应用ASTER热红外遥感图像,采用PCACA模型以及理论定位算法,对城市地表热通量的相关参数进行反演,进而分析城市下垫面不同土地覆盖类型对地表热通量以及能量平衡的影响.结果表明,PCACA模型应用于城市区域地表通量估算是可行的.这种算法可以大大减少在下垫面结构复杂的城市区域进行地表热通量估算时所需的参数,并有效降低研究结果的不确定性.研究发现,城乡不同下垫面地表覆盖类型对地表热通量的影响差异显著.不同地表下垫面类型的波文比由大到小顺序依次为:工业用地＞住宅用地＞交通用地＞公共设施用地＞旱田＞公共绿地＞水域.在相同的外部气象条件下,与城市周边的植被覆盖区相比,城市人工建筑用地具有较高的显热通量,较低的潜热通量,以及较高的波文比.由于城市地表显热通量和波文比明显高于周边植被覆盖地表,导致城市地表向低层大气供热的增加,这是城市热岛效应形成的重要机制之一.     

基于微波遥感数据的土地利用短期检测(英文)

随着经济的快速发展和城市的扩张,现在很难再以传统方法检测短时间间隔内的土地利用变化。同时,由于受到恶劣天气以及云层覆盖的影响,光学遥感影像的获取也受到限制。SAR影像,例如RADARSAT-1,是全天候观测地面目标的理想工具。根据RADARSAT-1卫星的过境时间,本文分别采用24、48和72天为时间间隔的RADARSAT-1数据进行土地利用变化检测并进行分析。根据这三个时间间隔,检测结果只能在精度和效率之间进行折中。大部分情况下,采用24天作为时间间隔已经足以得到60%以上的检测精度。如果要得到更高的检测精度,则需要更长的时间间隔,例如48和72天。