古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土土壤蒸发特征

土壤表面蒸发是降水的无效损失,其大小直接决定着降水转化为有效土壤水的效率,从而间接决定了植物可利用水分的多寡。在降水稀少的沙漠区,定量认识土壤蒸发的大小和其所占降水的比例显得尤为重要。在2004年全生长期(5~9月)应用自制的微型蒸渗仪(Micro-Lysime-ter)测定了风沙土(有结皮覆盖的丘间低地和裸露沙丘顶部)和对照的荒漠盐碱土的土壤蒸发。结果表明:在相似的气象条件下,风沙土区的丘间低地和荒漠盐碱土的日平均蒸发量分别约是裸露沙丘(风沙土区)的2倍和3倍。整个生长期裸露沙丘的累积蒸发量为18.7mm,丘间低地为38.8mm,荒漠盐碱土为52.1mm。根据整个观测期的累积蒸发量和累积降雨量计算得出的蒸发降雨比分别为:裸露沙丘0.20,丘间低地0.42,荒漠盐碱土0.62,表明裸露沙丘由降水转化为土壤水而储存的比率最高。同时,从数据分析中可以看出:在风沙土区0~5cm土层的含水量对土壤蒸发起决定作用,而盐碱土区的土壤蒸发则受到更深层次土壤水分的影响。裸露沙丘低的土壤蒸发、高的降水转化效率,为植被恢复奠定了良好的基础。因此,裸露沙丘的低蒸发量可以视为植被状况对生态水文过程的一种良性反馈。     

Grassland productivity in an alpine environment in response to climate change

Situated in a climatically stressful environment, alpine grassland is sensitive to subtle climate changes in its productivity. We remedy the current deficiency in studying grassland productivity by taking the integrated effect of all relevant factors into consideration. The relative importance of temperature, rainfall and evaporation to the alpine grassland productivity in western China was determined through analysis of their relationship with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) between 1981 and 2000. Climate warming stimulated grassland productivity in the 1980s, but hampered it in the 1990s. Temperature is more important than rainfall to grassland productivity early in the growing season. However, their relative importance is reversed late in the growing season. Monthly summer month rainfall modified by maximum monthly temperature is a good predictor of alpine grassland productivity at 62.0 per cent. However, the best predictor is water deficiency, which is able to improve the estimation accuracy to 78.3 per cent. Hence, the impact of temperature on grassland productivity is better studied indirectly through evaporation.     

阿拉善荒漠草地恢复初期植被与土壤环境的变化

对阿拉善荒漠草地恢复初期(1998-2001)植被特征和土壤养分的变化进行了研究。结果表明:草地恢复过程中,植被的盖度和生物量比封育前分别增加272%~536%和44.39%~305.3%。植被的恢复使土壤理化性质发生了变化,与封育前相比土壤中有机质、全N、速效K以及细砂、特别细砂和粘粒含量显著增加;速效N、速效P降低。土壤有机质、全N和全P的含量与土壤中<0.05 mm颗粒和速效K含量呈极显著正相关,并且前三者之间也呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。     

青藏高原植被覆盖对水热条件年内变化的响应及其空间特征

利用1982-2000年NOAA/AVHRR卫星的NDVI数据(时间分辨率旬,空间分辨率8 km×8 km),结合同时期的气温和降水资料,基于时滞互相关方法和GIS工具,分析了青藏高原植被覆盖对水、热条件年内变化的时滞响应及其空间特征。结果如下:①除高寒荒漠、森林外,青藏高原植被NDVI与同期旬均温和旬降水相关性均呈高度正相关。其中,中等覆盖度的植被受水、热影响表现更为强烈。②青藏高原植被NDVI对气温和降水有滞后效应,且滞后水平存在空间差异,高原北部(柴达木盆地、昆仑山北冀)和高原南部植被对降水、和温度的响应比较迟缓,而高原中、东部地区植被对温度和降水的响应比较敏感。③不同植被类型对水热条件的响应程度也存在差异,由高到低依次是草甸、草原、灌丛、高寒垫状植被、荒漠,最后是森林。     

近15a新疆不同类型植被NDVI时空动态变化及对气候变化的响应

为了研究新疆不同类型植被对气候变化的响应,以地带性划分的植被类型作为研究对象,1998-2012年为时间尺度,利用GIS的空间分析方法结合数学统计方法,分析了新疆各地带植被覆盖变化的时空分布特征;并采用"多元回归+残差插值"的方法,模拟了气温和降水量的空间分布;利用SPOT VGT/NDVI数据以及气候数据(气温和降水量数据),分析了5个不同地带植被的动态变化、年际变化和生长季内各月变化及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1)新疆各地带植被覆盖度存在着显著差异,其中,温带北部草原地带高植被区和浓密植被区的范围较广,植被覆盖度较高,而高寒荒漠地带的极低植被区占该地带面积的一半以上,且植被覆盖度最低。(2)新疆各地带植被覆盖在近15 a间呈波动增加的趋势,5个地带的植被覆盖均有所改善,其中,高寒荒漠地带和暖温带半灌木、灌木地带的植被覆盖改善较为明显,其余3个地带均有少部分地区出现轻微改善现象。(3)温带半灌木、矮乔木荒漠地带,暖温带半灌木、灌木荒漠地带和温带半灌木、灌木荒漠地带4~10月的平均气温呈上升趋势,而温带北部草原地带、高寒荒漠地带对应的平均气温则出现下降趋势。5个地带的降水量在该时段内均表现为下降趋势。(4)基于年际尺度,新疆各地带植被NDVI与气温、降水量的相关性均不显著;基于月尺度,各地带植被NDVI受降水量的影响比气温大。同时,仅有暖温带半灌木、灌木荒漠地带植被NDVI与气温存在1个月的滞后性,其余4个地带对气温和降水均不存在滞后性。     

Effects of Enclosure on Plant and Soil Nutrients in Different Types of Alpine Grassland

Enclosure is one of the most widely used management tools for degraded alpine grassland on the northern Tibetan Plateau, but the responses of different types of grassland to enclosure may vary, and research on these responses can provide a scientific basis for improving ecological conservation. This study took one site for each of three grassland types (alpine meadow, alpine steppe and alpine desert) on the northern Tibetan Plateau as examples, and explored the effects of enclosure on plant and soil nutrients by comparing differences in plant community biomass, leaf-soil nutrient content and their stoichiometry between samples from inside and outside the fence. The results showed that enclosure can significantly increase all aboveground biomass in these three grassland types, but it only increased the 10-20 cm underground biomass in the alpine desert. Enclosure also significantly increased the leaf nutrient content of the dominant plants and contents of total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K), and organic carbon (C) in 10-20 cm soil in alpine desert, thus changing the stoichiometry between C, N and P (phosphorus). However, enclosure significantly increased only the N content of dominant plant leaves in alpine steppe, while other nutrients and stoichiometries of both plant leaves and soil did not show significant differences in alpine meadow and alpine steppe. These results suggested that enclosure has differential effects on these three types of alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau, and the alpine desert showed the most active ecological conservation in the responses of its soil and plant nutrients.     

晚更新世中期以来克里雅河流域黄土沉积特征与环境演化

昆仓山中段克里雅河流域不同海拔黄土样品的物质组成，地球化学成分、孢粉组合表明塔里木盆地的继粒物质是其物源。黄土分布于２３００ｍ的前山地带至４９００ｍ高山带，自低而高，黄土厚度变薄，颗粒由粗变细。＾１４Ｃ年龄测定显示本区黄土物质由晚更新世中期（５００００－６００００ａＢ．Ｐ．）－全新世风力搬运的粉尘堆积而成。     

新疆于田景观特征变化的遥感分析

以4期Landsat遥感影像为基础,结合两期土地利用图及历年实地考察资料,分析了1977—2002年间新疆于田的景观变化特征。研究发现,于田平原与荒漠区环境退化严重,荒漠增加而交错带减少,高生态级别的高覆盖度草地锐减;绿洲在稳定增长,以绿洲为中心的核心区生态环境质量却明显退化,但天然绿洲整体变化不明显,波动小且变化恢复较快;生态的主要退化期为20世纪70—80年代,此后趋于好转,1999年以后好转明显;人工绿洲的开发只是明显影响了绿洲近缘景观,对远缘影响较弱。     

吐鲁番盆地天然草场资源评价及其合理利用

本文讨论了吐鲁番盆地天然草场类型及其资源评价，利用中存在的问题，并提出几点合理利用的意见。     

呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究（Ⅱ）:发育过程

沙质草原风蚀坑的发育过程主要有以下几个阶段:风蚀裸地→土层破口→活跃发展风蚀坑→固定风蚀坑→消亡风蚀坑。固定或消亡的风蚀坑可能活化,并重新进入活跃发展阶段。地貌发育则相应地经历典型草原景观→沙漠-草原景观→沙地-草原景观的总体演变过程。风蚀坑的发展有极限控制。但是各类沙丘的固定非常困难,有向大规模典型沙漠景观发展的高度危险。风蚀坑的形成发展和植被的演替将平坦单调缺水的典型草原改造成地形起伏多变,并有星散分布的风蚀坑湿地点缀其间、植被类型丰富多样的乔、灌、草相结合的沙地疏林草原。因地制宜地保护和利用沙质草原,可以保持其生态系统不致恶化并促进其不断优化。     

降水量对连古城自然保护区荒漠植被凋落物分解和氮状态的影响

对连古城自然保护区不同降雨梯度(不截留和分别截留30％、50％、80％)下荒漠典型植被土壤无机氮和原位净氮矿化的凋落物分解和养分释放进行了连续的观测分析.结果表明:(1)随着水分输入减少,凋落物的分解速率减小,凋落物分解速率与年降水量正相关.与此相反,净氮矿化与降水量无关.(2)土壤NO3-浓度随着降水输入的增加而显著...     

典型干旱区土地利用变化的生态环境外部性分析——以策勒绿洲为例

策勒绿洲深处封闭环境之中，是典型的极端干旱区，属于独特的荒漠——绿洲型生态系统，通过对绿洲生态系统的圈层结构及其绿洲化与荒漠化的反馈关系直观的反映出干旱区的生态特征和生态环境的脆弱性。土地利用变化引起的生态环境的影响具有明显的外部性，具体包括外部经济性和外部不经济性两种，通过对策勒绿洲土地利用变化对生态环境影响的正外部性和负外部性的表现进行介绍，并提出相应的对策和建议即建立环境友好型的土地利用模式。     

退化和恢复过程驱动的荒漠草地生态系统有机碳密度变化

荒漠草地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,研究退化和恢复荒漠草地生态系统碳密度的变化特征,是精确评估荒漠草地在全球气候变化中作用的关键,也能为中国碳达峰和碳中和提供数据支撑和理论依据.通过野外调查取样和室内分析,研究了腾格里沙漠南缘天然荒漠草地、重度退化荒漠草地和通过植被建设恢复良好的人工-天然荒漠草地的生态系统碳密度,主...     

祁连山区草原畜牧业的可持续发展问题与发展模式

以祁连山区的肃南县为实验基地,通过对山区生态保护和经济发展之间现存问题的分析,提出了以草原管理、牲畜繁育和产业发展为主要内容的山区草原畜牧业发展模式。它突破了山区的地域限制,将山区与山下绿洲作为一个完整的生态-经济耦合系统,使用跨学科的方法,将山区草原的生态保护与农户的经济增长兼容起来,从而成为山区草原畜牧业的一个可持续发展模式。     

2001-2010 年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征

基于MODIS-NDVI 遥感数据反演了内蒙古地区2001-2010 年植被覆盖度的空间格局和变化规律, 并结合该地区同期降雨量和温度数据, 分别从不同空间和时间尺度上分析了森林生态区、草原生态区和荒漠生态区植被的年际变化和月际变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1) 内蒙古植被覆盖度在空间上呈现东高西低的分布特征, 自西向东的变化速率为0.2/10°N, 10 年间森林、草原和荒漠生态区的年均植被覆盖度分别为0.57、0.4 和0.16;(2) 2001-2010年, 内蒙古植被覆盖度总体上呈上升趋势, 研究区内植被覆盖度极显著增加和显著增加的面积分别占总面积的11.25%和29.13%, 二者之和大于植被覆盖度极显著减少和显著减少的面积比例之和, 后者分别为7.65%和26.61%;(3) 在年际水平上, 内蒙古植被生长总体上与降雨量的关系更加密切, 而在月际水平上, 降雨量和温度对植被生长的影响作用相当, 说明年内植被生长更依赖于水热组合的共同作用, 而与单一气候因子的相关性降低;(4) 森林生态区植被覆盖度在年/月际水平上均与温度的相关性较强, 荒漠生态区植被覆盖度在年/月际水平上均与降雨量相关性较强, 而草原生态区植被覆盖度在年际水平上主要受降雨影响, 在月际水平上与二者相关性相当;(5) 草原区月植被覆盖度对降雨量的响应存在时滞效应。     

Short and long term effects of bioturbation on soil erosion, water resources and soil development in an arid environment

The importance of vegetal cover on soil erosion processes has been recognized for a long time. However, the short and long term effects of faunal activity on soil erosion and soil development had been largely overlooked by geomorphologists. The study of runoff and erosion processes in the Negev desert indicated pronounced systematic differences in sediment concentration and soil erosion rates between rocky and colluvial surfaces. Erosion rates were always higher on the former than on the latter. Field observations drew attention to an intense burrowing and digging activity conducted mainly by Isopods and Porcupines. The monitoring of this activity, based on a grid system, which consists of rows 5 m wide, lasted ten consecutive years. Data obtained suggest the existence of a strong link between the spatial pattern of bioturbation and that of soil erosion. The study also examines, through feedback processes, the regulatory role of bioturbation on the spatial distribution of water availability; soil moisture and soil forming processes. Due to bioturbation two distinct environments were recognised. The rocky environment which is characterized by a positive feedback with a high water availability and low soil salinity; and the soil covered areas where a negative feedback results in low water availability and a high soil salinity.     

Desert grassland canopy arthropod species richness: temporal patterns and effects of intense, short-duration livestock grazing

Arthropods living in the canopies of two woody shrub species (a sub-shrub (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and a large shrub (Prosopis glandulosa)) and perennial grasses plus associated herbaceous species, were sampled on 18, 0.5 hectare plots in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland for five consecutive years. Mesquite shrubs were removed from nine plots, six plots were grazed by yearling cattle in August and six plots were grazed in February for the last 3 years of the 5 year study. Arthropod species richness ranged between 154 and 353 on grasses, from 120 to 266 on G. sarothrae, and from 69 to 116 on P. glandulosa. There was a significant relationship between the number of families of insects on grass and G. sarothrae and growing season rainfall but species richness was not a function of growing season rainfall on any of the plants. Several of the arthropod families that were the most species rich in this grassland were found on all of the plants sampled, i.e. Salticid spiders, Bruchid and Curculionid beetles, Cicadellid and Psyllid homopterans, and ants (Formicidae). There were more species rich families that were shared by grasses and the sub-shrub G. sarothrae than with mesquite. The absence of a relationship between growing season rainfall and species richness was attributed to variation in life history characteristics of arthropods and to the non-linear responses of annual and perennial desert grassland plants to rainfall.There were no significant differences in insect family or species richness on any of the plant types as a result of removal of mesquite (P. glandulosa) from selected plots. Intense, short duration (24 h) grazing by livestock during in late summer resulted in reduced species richness in the grass-herb vegetation layer but had no effect on insect species richness on snakeweed or mesquite shrubs. Livestock grazing in winter had no effect on insect species richness on any of the vegetation sampled.     

内蒙古荒漠草原植被降水利用效率的时空特征

植被降水利用效率（PUE）是评价干旱、半干旱地区植被对降水响应的重要指标。利用1982—2015年GIMMS NDVI3g NDVI数据及同期气象数据反演内蒙古荒漠草原的PUE,研究荒漠草原不同植被类型、不同地区PUE时空变化,并分析了PUE 与气候因子的相关关系。结果表明：（1）1982—2015年间荒漠草原年均PUE为0.51 gC·m^-2·mm^-1,PUE的分布呈现出一定的空间异质性。荒漠草原PUE极显著增大和显著增大的面积分别占草原总面积的35.88%、55.41%,荒漠草原PUE极显著减小的面积占草原总面积的8.70%,荒漠草原PUE整体呈现增大趋势。（2）荒漠草原不同植被类型PUE均值范围0.34—0.56 gC·m^-2·mm^-1。各种植被类型中,东方针茅草原PUE最大,镰芒针茅草原PUE最小。除了镰芒针茅草原与其他植被类型差异显著以外,其他植被类型间差异不太显著。从PUE变化看,除了东方针茅草原PUE呈现下降趋势,其他植被类型PUE都呈现增大的趋势。（3）荒漠草原PUE与降水有很强的负相关性;草地年PUE与年均气温相关性不太明显;草地年PUE与年均太阳辐射呈正相关关系。     

准噶尔盆地的气候变化与荒漠环境研究

通过对北疆及准噶尔盆地的气候变化与荒漠环境效应研究认为,该区一是受气候变化的影响,其次是受地形和人类活动的影响。在气候变化和环境效应研究中,该地区有着不可替代的区域特征和学科意义。尤其是该区域受西风环流控制和受太平洋季风的影响较少,因此具有季风气候和地中海气候的双重性。因此,该研究区荒漠环境的正逆发展过程不仅受降水和温度的重大影响,而且季节性积雪和高山雪冰融水为荒漠植物的萌发与生长提供了有效的水资源。但是,该地区的生态环境十分脆弱,人类的过度开发和扰动对其的影响也非常严重。所以,加强气候变化与环境效应的相互影响研究,保护干旱生态的平衡发展,再造秀美山川,是该地区今后研究的重要任务和发展方向。     

黑河中游不同土地覆被类型土壤呼吸及对水热因子的响应

以黑河中游6种典型土地覆被类型（百年灌溉农田、新垦灌溉农田、人工杨树林、人工樟子松林、人工梭梭灌木林和天然荒漠草地）为研究对象,对土壤呼吸及其对土壤含水量和土壤温度的响应进行测定。结果表明：灌溉农田的土壤呼吸速率显著大于人工樟子松林地和杨树林地,人工林地显著大于荒漠草地和梭梭灌木林地。6种土地覆被类型土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度显著正相关性,Q₁₀值1.14~1.31,表明该地区土壤呼吸速率对土壤温度的敏感性低于世界平均水平;土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量呈显著的指数关系。这表明6种土地覆被类型的土壤呼吸特征存在显著差异,且不同土地覆被类型的土壤呼吸特征与水热因子关系密切,以人类活动为主导的土地覆被变化深刻影响着荒漠绿洲生态系统水土气生的相互作用。