长山群岛海洋渔业资源的平均营养级变化特征

根据长山群岛 1965-2016 年渔业统计资料,分析长山群岛海域主要捕捞渔获物产量、平均营养级 （Mean trophic level, MTL）、渔业均衡指数 （Fishing in balance index,FiB） 年际变化,探讨其海洋渔业资源利用状况,并利用小波分析方法研究52年来渔获物 MTL 周期变化特征。研究表明： （1） 长山群岛捕捞产量、MTL 和 FiB 指数呈阶段性变化; （2） 长山群岛渔业资源开发经历初期开发、扩张捕捞、过度捕捞、资源破坏等四个阶段,渔业资源环境正在逐渐恶化;（3） 受人类捕捞活动影响,MTL 在 15~19 年和 24~34 年两种时间尺度下呈周期波动,30 年为第一主周期,17 年为第二主周期。长山群岛渔业资源破坏日益严重,未来几年平均营养级将呈下降趋势。为防止渔业资源进一步衰退,应加强捕捞活动管理力度,落实海洋渔业资源保护制度;完善预警机制,构建海洋渔业资源监测系统;同时应积极调整长山群岛渔业产业结构,提高资源产出效率.     

台湾海峡及其邻近海域鱼类生活史特征及其变化研究

世界范围内,海洋渔业资源广泛面临着过度捕捞的压力.鱼类的不同生活史特征可表征不同的生活史对策,其变化可揭示鱼类种群对渔业捕捞压力的响应.台湾海峡及其邻近海域的主要渔场30多年来面临着过度捕捞的压力,导致了鱼类群落结构发生改变.本研究分析了该海域51种主要经济鱼类的生态参数,系统研究了其生活史特征及其变化.采用主成分分析法可将51种鱼类分成5个不同的生活史对策组,分组结果表明超过60%的鱼类被归纳入第5组,即近r对策组,且多为中上层鱼类.在此基础上收集相关历史数据,对其中25种经济鱼类进行生活史变化分析,讨论不同鱼类种群对渔业开发的响应.分析结果表明,在长期的渔业开发活动下多数鱼类表现出小型化、低龄化、早熟和生长率加快等趋势.此外,本研究计算了每种鱼类的开发率以进一步研究渔业捕捞压力对鱼类种群的影响,发现其中4种底层和近底层鱼类的生活史特征变化显著,提示某些物种可能对捕捞压力更敏感.本研究可为渔业管理和保护提供重要的科学依据.     

国际海洋动态

NOAA发布2004年美国渔业情报年度报告2005年9月1日,NOAA向美国国会发布了2004年美国渔业情报的年度报告。与先前的资源评估相比,这份报告体现了以下几点变化:一种渔业资源已被完全恢复;6种资源已停止过度捕捞;3种资源不再有过度捕捞的危险;5种资源正在被过度捕捞;还有3种资源已     

关于捕捞过度概念和译名的探讨

在渔业资源评估中确认是否捕捞过度以及何种类型的捕捞过度,对渔业管理是有意义的。     

N0AA发布2004年美国渔业情报年度报告

2005年9月1日，NOAA向美国国会发布了2004年美国渔业情报的年度报告。与先前的资源评估相比，这份报告体现了以下几点变化：一种渔业资源己被完全恢复：6种资源己停止过度捕捞；3种资源不再有过度捕捞的危险；5种资源正在被过度抽捞：还有3种资源已经被过度抽捞：还有3种资源已经被过度捕捞。     

环境污染与海洋渔业

对于大多数的鱼群来说,它们将受到来自两个方面人为的影响,那就是捕捞过度和环境污染。 1 沿岸及近海水域生态平衡被破坏 由于捕捞过度,日前世界上已有许多渔业资源遭到不同程度的破坏,许多鱼种已形不成渔汛。在这方面,我国也不例外,随着人口增长和人民生活水平的不断提高,对于水产品的需     

海洋捕捞与海水养殖监管系统研究

文章针对海洋渔业由于过度捕捞造成渔业资源枯竭的问题,提出了一种基于海洋遥感(ORS)、全球定位系统(GPS)和海洋地理信息系统(MGIS)等高新技术的海洋捕捞与海水养殖监管系统设计方案,可以远程自动对海洋渔业区域的水质多参数信息和养殖环境视频信息进行综合采集、传输及监控,也可以自动采集传输渔船RFID身份识别信息、渔船AIS自动识别信息、渔船GPS定位信息和捕捞生产视频信息等,并通过海洋精细渔业专家系统ES进行渔业养殖监控、渔业环境资源监测评估、渔船船数和功率数控制和海洋捕捞生产渔情监测等。该系统可以实现海洋渔业精细化捕捞和海洋渔业精细化养殖,促进海洋渔业可持续发展。     

剩余产量模型在不同渔业中的应用

剩余产量模型因其简单和所需数据较少的特点为渔业资源评估广泛采用.本文应用目前常用的四种剩余产量模型对五种渔业下的渔业生物种群及北大西洋箭鱼种群xiphias gladius评估效果作了比较.四种剩余产量模型在渔业1中的评估效果较好,而在渔业2中的效果较差;Schnute模型在充分捕捞的渔业,如渔业3、4、5,尤其是在低生物量的渔业3中评估效果较好,但不适合评估未充分捕捞的渔业.Walters-Hilborn模型(W-H模型)适用于各种渔业,尤其是渔业1、4、5.在过度捕捞渔业中如渔业3、4,模型对参数q的估计较其它参数接近真值.在北大西洋箭鱼(xiphias gladius)渔业的评估中,W-H模型对MSY的估计约为14000吨,接近于Prager(1996)的结果.     

中国近海渔业资源结构特点及演替的研究

渔业资源是一种不断变化和更新的生物资源,如能合理地开发和利用可望取得良好的经济、社会和生态效益及永续利用的目的。然而由于人类的过度的开发和利用,加之生态环境的日趋恶化,使得许多渔业资源遭到破坏而严重衰退。近十多年来我国渔业与世界渔业发展的总趋势相似,随着捕捞强度的盲目增加,使得许多传统渔业资源遭到不同程度的破坏,主要捕捞对象替代频繁,其结构发生了显著的变化,总趋势是:经济价值高的、个体大的、年龄结构复杂的和在生态系统中营养层次高的类群逐渐被经济价值低的、个体小的、年龄结构简单的和营养层次低的类群所替代;底层鱼类所占比例日益减少,中、上层鱼类及虾、蟹类比例逐年增加。 对渔业资源结构特点和演替规律的研究一直受到国内外学者的重视,许多国家为了保护其近海渔业资源和本国的渔业权益,纷纷宣布建立渔业保护区和专属经济区,并采取了一系列的保护措施,因此近年特别着重研究建立保护区后的渔业资源结构的变化( Gunnar,1989; Megrey and Wespestaa,1990; Pinhorn and Halliday,1990)。我国学者也有许多渔业资源方面的研究报告(中国海洋渔业资源编写组,1990;邓景耀等,1991；孙宗烨等,1987;宋海棠等,1990;罗秉征等,1992;1993)。本文探讨了近40年来我国近海渔业资源结构的特点及其演变规律及趋势,并对我国不同海区渔业资源的演变进行了比较,进而分析了我国海洋渔业资源变化的原因,旨在为更加合理地利用我国的海洋渔业资源,并为其持续发展提供科学依据。     

太湖渔业产量和结构变化及其对水环境的影响

依据太湖渔业和水环境监测资料,分析研究了1952～2006年太湖渔业产量、结构变化以及对水环境的影响.结果表明:1952～2006年太湖渔业总产量呈上升趋势;捕捞渔获物组成中,小型鱼类湖鲚为优势种,产量占渔获物比例从1952年的640.5t和15.8%增加至2006年的21130t和60.2%;而银鱼、鮊鱼、鲢鳙等其他鱼类在渔获物中比例大幅度下降,2006年渔获物组成远不及1952年合理.结果表明,太湖的逐渐富营养化、不合理的捕捞方式和过高的捕捞强度,以及太湖受改变的水力学特点等导致了这一变化.1991～2006年东太湖养殖渔业尤其是网围养蟹业迅速发展,养殖规模不断扩大后的大量投饵及不合理的水生植被利用方式给东太湖水环境带来了严重影响,东太湖水体现处于富营养状态.因此,需要控制太湖渔业捕捞强度、调整鱼种放流结构、加强鱼类资源繁殖保护,改善养殖渔业方式以及加强对湖泊水环境的综合整治,以使太湖渔业与水环境和谐可持续发展.     

Fisheries development in northeastern Asia in conjunction with changes in climate and social systems

The status and prospects of fisheries in northeastern Asia are reviewed in conjunction with climate change and social issues. This region has the biggest yield, consumption, and international trade of fisheries products in the world. Due to increasing industrialization and greenhouse gas emissions, higher rates of warming have occurred. The impacts of climate change on fisheries could be detrimental because the main fishery products are small pelagic fish whose biomass fluctuations are sensitive to climate changes. Improvements in the economies of the nations in this region offset the demand for fish products in human diets, and employment in fisheries. It is recommended that fisheries management plans consider both changes in climate and in social systems. Stocks which migrate between national jurisdictions are in need of particular attention.     

刍议南海渔业及渔业区划

南海地处热带和亚热带,复杂而多样的生境是孕育南海土类生物高度多样性的有利条件。南海海区与我国濒临的其它海区相比在物种多样性方面占绝对优势,350万平方公里的复杂海城为繁杂的物种提供了各种不同的栖身之地,温度、盐度及海流等的差异形成了不同的渔区。随着科技的发展,捕捞工具和功能也日新月异,传统的南海渔业区划已难以适应渔业现代化的需要。鉴于此,本文从海洋学、渔业捕捞以及海域管理方面综合分析,提出了新的渔业区划。     

Market integration and its relation to income distribution and inequality among fishers and traders: The case of two small-scale Kenyan reef fisheries

This study, carried out in five fishing communities along the Kenyan coast, examined fisheries-derived income of fishers and traders in two different invertebrate fisheries (octopus and sea cucumber) and tested if differences in global market integration of these two products could explain differences in income inequalities among actors involved in the two fisheries. The structure of the value chains was mapped, differences in income between fishers and traders tested, and income inequalities among actors in each fishery examined. Although the octopus fishery included a greater diversity of actors and thereby provides income to a larger group of people, income inequality in this fishery was higher among fishers and traders than in the sea cucumber fishery. Thus, the often cited relationship between increasing market integration and income inequality may require a re-evaluation and a more nuanced treatment.     

Global trade in fish and fishery products: An overview

Global trade in fishery products plays a significant role in shaping the harvesting and use of fish, and therefore will be an important part of a transition to sustainable fisheries. This article provides an overview of global trade flows in fish and fishery products as well as future trends affecting the sector. It then moves on to review trade policy measures applied in major producing and importing countries, including tariff, non-tariff measures, and fisheries subsidies. It ends with an overview of recent developments in international frameworks governing trade in fish and fishery products at the global, regional and national levels.     

中国近海区域浮游植物生态对气候变化的响应

我国近海区域对气候变化高度敏感,浮游植物生态的变化关系到我国近海生态安全.采用重构的遥感数据等资料,分析并综述我国近海区域浮游植物叶绿素a浓度、初级生产力和浮游植物群落结构对气候变化背景下海水升温、风场等环境因子的响应.结果表明,东(南)中国海叶绿素a浓度略有上升(下降)的趋势,但浮游植物群落结构和生物量有明显的变化;其中,微微型浮游植物和甲藻占比增加,小型浮游植物物种成为海区优势种,暖水性种分布区北扩,而这与气候变化背景下海洋热动力环境的长期变化及其对营养盐供给的影响关系密切.分析还指出了气候变化对我国近海区域海洋生态影响研究迫切需要开展的若干工作.     

北冰洋公海渔业权益争端的博弈分析——基于环北极国家视角

北冰洋公海尚处于冰封状态,但气候变暖、海冰加速融化使未来公海出现新渔场成为可能,其战略价值因而得到国际关注。当前,环北极国家已率先展开渔业权益争夺。为分析北冰洋公海渔业事务的国际走势,文章基于博弈论思想,构建非对称懦夫博弈模型及古诺模型来模拟和探究环北极国家在渔业利益争夺中的合作或冲突行为,研究得出:现阶段北冰洋公海渔业权益争端主要表现为渔业管理权的争夺,在该博弈中,非北冰洋沿岸国采取退让策略,沿岸国采取进攻策略,可以达到进化稳定均衡;一旦公海具备捕鱼条件,争端将演化为开发模式选择的博弈,此时,北冰洋沿岸国采取合作开发策略可以有效保护公海渔业资源,并实现国家的长期利益。     

Emerging fisheries,emerging fishery interactions with sea turtles: A case study of the large-mesh gillnet fishery for flounder in Pamlico Sound,North Carolina,USA

Emerging fisheries and changes in fishery practices are not always readily apparent, nor are their impacts on non-target species such as seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals. Data from several different sources led managers to discover high rates of sea turtle bycatch in an inshore large-mesh gillnet fishery in North Carolina, USA, particularly the emerging deep-water gillnet fishery. This paper reviews the history of how increased numbers of observed stranded sea turtles in 1999 led to the discovery that turtles were becoming entangled in the large-mesh gillnet fishery in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. It also demonstrates how a variety of data sets from fisheries observers, aerial surveys, and fisheries statistics programs contributed to shaping management of the large-mesh gillnet fishery in Pamlico Sound to decrease turtle bycatch and now point towards the need of additional assessment of gillnet bycatch in other parts of North Carolina. Finally, potential approaches are discussed for a more timely detection of future fishery conflicts and development of a plan to reduce otherwise inevitable bycatch and disruptions to fishing effort.     

Overview of West African fisheries under climate change: Impacts,vulnerabilities and adaptive responses of the artisanal and industrial sectors

Climate change affects ocean conditions, fish stocks and hence fisheries. In West Africa, climate change impacts on fisheries were projected to be mainly negative through multi-facet ways. However, analysis of adaptation responses of fishers to climate change impacts is scarce. This paper reviews the impacts on climate change on fisheries in West Africa and discusses the potential adaptation strategies adopted by both the artisanal and industrial fishing sectors. Overall, climate change and over-exploitation have altered species composition of fisheries catches in West Africa. The effect of ocean warming on fisheries is indicated by the increase in dominance of warmer water species in the landings, shown from an increase in Mean Temperature of Catch, in the region. Climate change induced changes in potential catch and species composition, which inherently have similar symptoms as over-exploitation, are expected to have repercussions on the economic and social performance of fisheries. Both artisanal and industrial sectors may adapt to these changes mainly through expansion of fishing ground that increases operation costs. Our results highlight that historical changes in target species are more common in industrial than artisanal fisheries. This result challenges the prevailing assumption that artisanal fisheries, given their limited movement capacity, would adapt to climate change by shifting target species and/or gear type.     

黄海区域海水养殖与海洋捕捞变化特征分析（1990—2015年）

近几十年来,黄海渔业资源的开发利用得到了飞速发展。作为重要的海水养殖以及海洋捕捞区域,黄海海洋生态系统为全国提供了丰富的海产品。本研究首次采用海洋供给服务评估方法研究黄海区域养殖生产和捕捞生产的物质量及价值量变化情况,结果表明：1990—2015年,黄海区域海水养殖物质量和价值量持续上升,2015年养殖物质量（883.1万t）比1990年（103.6万t）上升了752.4%,价值量则从130.1亿元上升至1 834.4亿元。与此同时,海洋捕捞物质量和价值量则呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在2000年达到顶峰（530.7万t,2 772.3亿元）后均有所下降。海水养殖价值量百分比组成变化十分显著,由最初的贝类和虾蟹类为主变为贝类（45.8%）和其他类（32.8%）为主。海洋捕捞价值量中其他类和头足类的比例也在不断增加,2015年增至24.9%,仅次于鱼类的捕捞价值量。黄海区域渔业利用变化情况与全球气候改变、近岸水域环境受污染严重以及各类养殖技术快速发展等密不可分。本研究期望通过海洋供给服务评估分析为黄海区域渔业资源利用管理以及可持续发展提供一定的科学基础。     

Forecasting in South African pelagic fisheries management: the use of expert and decision support systems

Understanding long-term variability of pelagic fish populations is important in developing forecasting strategies for fisheries management and planning. However, many current fisheries models have only short-term datasets available, whereas those of suitable duration often lack reliability. As resources are placed under increasing pressure, all available information should be used to assist management. Two simple rule-based deterministic modelling approaches are described, which use semi-quantitative and qualitative rules to relate recruitment success of South African anchovy Engraulis capensis to physical and biological indices. The first model relates recruitment success to indices of wind and sea surface temperature by way of a rule-based decision support system. In the second model, significant environmental and biological factors were identified and related to anchovy recruitment by way of an expert system approach. These two approaches are evaluated and compared. It is suggested that these types of models, when satisfactorily validated, have great potential in supporting the future management of the South African anchovy fishery in the dynamic environment of the Benguela Current.