Bottled drinking water: Water contamination from bottle materials (glass,hard PET,soft PET), the influence of colour and acidification

A test comparing concentrations of 57 chemical elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr) determined by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) in 294 samples of the same bottled water (predominantly mineral water) sold in the European Union in glass and PET bottles demonstrates significant (Wilcoxon rank sum test, α = 0.05) differences in median concentrations for Sb, Ce, Pb, Al, Zr, Ti, Th, La, Pr, Fe, Zn, Nd, Sn, Cr, Tb, Er, Gd, Bi, Sm, Y, Lu, Dy, Yb, Tm, Nb and Cu. Antimony has a 21× higher median value in bottled water when sold in PET bottles (0.33 vs. 0.016 μg/L). Glass contaminates the water with Ce (19× higher than in PET bottles), Pb (14×), Al (7×), Zr (7×), Ti, Th (5×), La (5×), Pr, Fe, Zn, Nd, Sn, Cr, Tb (2×), Er, Gd, Bi, Sm, Y, Lu, Yb, Tm, Nb and Cu (1.4×). Testing an additional 136 bottles of the same water sold in green and clear glass bottles demonstrates an important influence of colour, the water sold in green glass shows significantly higher concentrations in Cr (7.3×, 1.0 vs. 0.14 μg/L), Th (1.9×), La, Zr, Nd, Ce (1.6×), Pr, Nb, Ti, Fe (1.3×), Co (1.3×) and Er (1.1×).     

Evaluation of elemental enrichments in surface sediments off southwestern Taiwan

Surface slices of 20 sediment cores, off southwestern Taiwan, and bed sediment of River Kaoping were measured for major and trace elements (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V, and Zn) to evaluate the geochemical processes responsible for their distribution, including elemental contamination. Major element/Al ratio and mean grain size indicate quartz-dominated, coarse grained sediments that likely derived from sedimentary rocks of Taiwan and upper crust of Yangtze Craton. Bi-plot of SiO₂ versus Fe₂O₃^T suggests the possible iron enrichment in sediments of slag dumping sites. Highest concentrations of Cr, Mn, P, S, and Zn found in sediments of dumping sites support this. Correlation analysis shows dual associations, detrital and organic carbon, for Cr, P, S, and V with the latter association typical for sediments in dumping sites. Normalization of trace elements to Al indicates high enrichment factors (>2) for As, Cd, Pb, and Zn, revealing contamination. Factor analysis extracted four geochemical associations with the principal factor accounted for 25.1% of the total variance and identifies the combined effects of dumped iron and steel slag-induced C–S–Fe relationship owing to authigenic precipitation of Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides and/or metal sulfides, and organic matter complexation of Fe, Mn, Ca, Cr, P, and V. Factors 2, 3, and 4 reveal detrital association (Ti, Al, Ni, Pb, Cu, and V), effect of sea salt (Cl, Mg, Na, and K) and anthropogenic component (As and Zn)-carbonate link, respectively, in the investigated sediments.     

Carbonatites of the Dara-i-Pioz alkaline massif,central Tajikistan,and their compositional features

Carbonatites found in the Dara-i-Pioz alkaline massif, Tajikistan, form linearly-elongated, steeply-dipping and, sometimes, rounded in plan pipe-like bodies of mainly calcitic composition. As compared to reference carbonatites, they have lower contents of Fe, Mg, Ti, Sr, Ba, Mn, P, REE, Zr, Nb, Ta, and other elements but elevated contents of Rb, Cs, Al, Si, Na, K, and others. However, the Dara-i-Pioz carbonatites are characterized by such typomorphic features of carbonatites as the sharp predominance of LREE over HREE and high ΣCe: ΣY, La: Yb, and Sr: Ba ratios.     

Post-depositional redistribution processes and their effects on middle rare earth element precipitation and the cerium anomaly in sediments in the South Korea Plateau,East Sea

We sampled two box-core sediments from the slope of the eastern South Korea Plateau (SKP) in the East Sea (Sea of Japan) at water depths of 1400 and 1700 m. Two chemical fractions of extractable (hydroxylamine/acetic acid) and residual rare earth elements (REEs) together with Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, S, As, Mo, and U were analyzed to assess the post-depositional redistribution of REEs. Extractable Fe and Mn are noticeably abundant in the oxic topmost sediment layer (<3 cm). However, some trace elements (e.g., S, As, Mo, U) are more abundant at depth, where redox conditions are different. Analysis of upper continental crust (UCC)-normalized (La/Gd)_UCC, (La/Yb)_UCC, and (Ce/Ce^*)_UCC revealed that the extractable REE is characterized by middle REE (MREE) enrichment and a positive cerium (Ce) anomaly, different from the case of the residual fraction which shows slight enrichment in light REEs (LREEs) with no Ce anomaly. The extractable MREEs seem to have been incorporated into high-Mg calcite during reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides. In the top sediment layer, the positive Ce anomaly is attributed to Ce oxide, which can be mobilized in deeper oxygen-poor environments and redistributed in the sediment column. In addition, differential concentrations of Ce and other LREEs in pore water appear to result in variable (Ce/Ce^*)_UCC ratios in the extractable fraction at depth.     

用X射线荧光光谱法测定Cl、S等31个元素

采用硼酸镶边垫底的粉末样品压片制样,用ARL ADVANT′XP＋型X射线荧光光谱仪对土壤和水系沉积物样品中Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl等31个组分进行测定。重点研究了Cl和S等元素的测定条件、痕量元素的背景选择和谱线重叠校正问题。使用经验系数法和康普敦散射作内标校正基体效应。经标准物质校验,结果与标准值吻合。方法的检出限、精密度和准确度能满足多目标地球化学调查样品的分析要求。     

Geochemistry and stratigraphic correlation of basalt lavas beneath the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory

 Thirty-nine samples of basaltic core were collected from wells 121 and 123, located approximately 1.8 km apart north and south of the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Samples were collected from depths ranging from 15 to 221 m below land surface for the purpose of establishing stratigraphic correlations between these two wells. Elemental analyses indicate that the basalts consist of three principal chemical types. Two of these types are each represented by a single basalt flow in each well. The third chemical type is represented by many basalt flows and includes a broad range of chemical compositions that is distinguished from the other two types. Basalt flows within the third type were identified by hierarchical K-cluster analysis of 14 representative elements: Fe, Ca, K, Na, Sc, Co, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Yb, Hf, Ta, and Th. Cluster analyses indicate correlations of basalt flows between wells 121 and 123 at depths of approximately 38–40 m, 125–128 m, 131–137 m, 149–158 m, and 183–198 m. Probable correlations also are indicated for at least seven other depth intervals. Basalt flows in several depth intervals do not correlate on the basis of chemical compositions, thus reflecting possible flow margins in the sequence between the wells. Multi-element chemical data provide a useful method for determining stratigraphic correlations of basalt in the upper 1–2 km of the eastern Snake River Plain. Received: 16 February 1996 · Accepted: 1 April 1996     

Silicate and salt melts in the genesis of the industrial’noe tin deposit: Evidence from inclusions in minerals

The data obtained on melt and fluid inclusions in minerals of granites, metasomatic rocks, and veins with tin ore mineralization at the Industrial’noe deposit in the southern part of the Omsukchan trough, northeastern Russia, indicate that the melt from which the quartz of the granites crystallized contained globules of salt melts. Silicate melt inclusions were used to determine the principal parameters of the magmatic melts that formed the granites, which had temperatures at 760–1020°C, were under pressures of 0.3–3.6 kbar, and had densities of 2.11–2.60 g/cm³ and water concentrations of 1.7–7.0 wt %. The results obtained on the fluid inclusions testify that the parameters of the mineral-forming fluids broadly varied and corresponded to temperatures at 920–275°C, pressures 0.1–3.1 kbar, densities of 0.70–1.90 g/cm³, and salinities of 4.0–75.0 wt % equiv. NaCl. Electron microprobe analyses of the glasses of twelve homogenized inclusions show concentrations of major components typical of an acid magmatic melt (wt %, average): 73.2% SiO₂, 15.3% Al₂O₃, 1.3% FeO, 0.6% CaO, 3.1% Na₂O, and 4.5% K₂O at elevated concentrations of Cl (up to 0.51 wt %, average 0.31 wt %). The concentrations and distribution of some elements (Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Br, Rb, Sr, and Sn) in polyphase salt globules in quartz from both the granites and a mineralized miarolitic cavity in granite were assayed by micro-PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission). Analyses of eight salt globules in quartz from the granites point to high concentrations (average, wt %) of Cl (27.5), Fe (9.7), Cu (7.2), Mn (1.1), Zn (0.66), Pb (0.37) and (average, ppm) As (2020), Rb (1850), Sr (1090), and Br (990). The salt globules in the miarolitic quartz are rich in (average of 29 globules, wt %) Cl (25.0), Fe (5.4), Mn (1.0), Zn (0.50), Pb (0.24) and (ppm) Rb (810), Sn (540), and Br (470). The synthesis of all data obtained on melt and fluid inclusions in minerals from the Industrial’noe deposit suggest that the genesis of the tin ore mineralization was related to the crystallization of acid magmatic melts. Original Russian Text@ V.B. Naumov, V.S. Kamenetsky, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 12, pp. 1279–1289.     

Geologic and biogeochemical role of crustose aquatic lichens in Lake Baikal

Based on materials collected in 2003–2007, data on aquatic lichens of the genus Verrucaria from the rocky littoral zone of Lake Baikal are discussed. The maximum density of their occurrence was observed at a depth of 1.5 m; 95–100% of rock fragments recovered from depths of 1.5–2.2 m are encrusted by 24–43% with the thalli of Verrucaria spp. It was found that the lichens contribute actively to the physical and physicochemical weathering of their rock substrate and prefer to reside on the rocks of granitic composition. The chemical composition of aquatic verrucaria is dominated by the same elements that are most abundant in the rocks (Ca > K > Fe > Al > Mg > P > S > Na > Mn > Sr > Ba), and, in most cases, the characteristic element ratios of the rock compositions are preserved in the composition of the thalli of Verrucaria spp. Compared with the elemental composition of the near-bottom water layer, the lichens most extensively concentrate the elements that slowly migrate in water: Gd > Sm > Pr > Nd > Al > La > Dy > Tb > Y > Lu > Ce > Yb > Be > Tm > Co > Nb > Mn > Zn. Compared with the composition of rocks, the mineral composition of the thalli of Verrucaria spp. is enriched by a factor of 100–10 in Hg > As > P > Zn > Li > S > U > Mo > Se > Cd > Ca > Tl > Sr > Pb > Be.     

Platinum group elements and gold in ferromanganese crusts from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount,equatorial Indian Ocean: Sources and fractionation

The major element relationships in ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount (ANS), eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, appear to be atypical. High positive correlations (r = 0.99) between Mn/Co and Fe/Co ratios, and lack of correlation of those ratios with Co, Ce, and Ce/Co, indicate that the ANS Fe-Mn crusts are distinct from Pacific seamount Fe-Mn crusts, and reflect region-specific chemical characteristics. The platinum group elements (PGE: Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd) and Au in ANS Fe-Mn crusts are derived from seawater and are mainly of terrestrial origin, with a minor cosmogenic component. The Ru/Rh (0.5–2) and Pt/Ru ratios (7–28) are closely comparable to ratios in continental basalts, whereas Pd/Ir ratios exhibit values (<2) similar to CI-chondrite (∼1). The chondrite-normalized PGE patterns are similar to those of igneous rocks, except that Pd is relatively depleted. The water depth of Fe-Mn crust formation appears to have a first-order control on both major element and PGE enrichments. These relationships are defined statistically by significant (r > 0.75) correlations between water depth and Mn/Co, Fe/Co, Ce/Co, Co, and the PGEs. Fractionation of the PGE-Au from seawater during colloidal precipitation of the major-oxide phases is indicated by well-defined linear positive correlations (r > 0.8) of Co and Ce with Ir, Ru, Rh, and Pt; Au/Co with Mn/Co; and by weak or no correlations of Pd with water depth, Co-normalized major-element ratios, and with the other PGE (r < 0.5). The strong enrichment of Pt (up to 1 ppm) relative to the other PGE and its positive correlations with Ce and Co demonstrate a common link for the high concentrations of all three elements, which likely involves an oxidation reaction on the Mn-oxide and Fe-oxyhydroxide surfaces. The documented fractionation of PGE-Au and their positive association with redox sensitive Co and Ce may have applications in reconstructing past-ocean redox conditions and water masses.     

宁夏自治区生态农业地质研究及其前景

论述了宁夏回族自治区土壤元素含量和农作物优质高产与土壤环境中化学元素N、P、K、S、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B、Mo、V、Sr、Ti、Mg、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Y、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Ca、Co、Ni、F、Tl、Si、Na、Cr、Pb、Cd、Hg、Se、Ba、Te、Ta有密切的关系.提出了生态农业地质研究的目的、内容、方法、管理及其前景。     

X射线荧光光谱法同时测定土壤样品中碳氮等多元素

报道了采用粉末压片制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中C、N、S、Cl、Br、Hf、Mo、Sn、Se、Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Ba、La、Ce、U、Th、Pb等38种元素的分析方法。着重研究了C和N的分析条件、存在问题和注意事项。所拟方法的检出限，精密度和准确度大多数满足覆盖区多目标地球化学调查样品分析质量的要求。     

Aqueous geochemistry in the Udden pit lake,northern Sweden

The Udden pit lake in northern Sweden was studied from June 1998 to February 1999 in order to increase knowledge of the geochemistry in lakes created as a result of decommissioning open pit mines. The vertical water profile in the lake was sampled on 4 different occasions, in June, August, September and February. Water samples were analysed for total concentrations of Fe, As, Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Al, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Mn, S, Cl, N and P. Temperature, concentration of dissolved O₂, conductivity, pH, and redox potential were measured in situ at different depths. Four layers could be observed in the lake during summer, and 3 layers during winter. A thermocline was observed during summer at a depth of 5 m and on all 4 occasions a halocline was observed at a depth of ∼20 m, and a redoxcline at ∼35 m. Oxygen concentration decreased dramatically at a depth of 20 m. pH increased downwards in the lake from 4.8 at the surface to 6.4 at the bottom of the lake. Geochemical processes occurring in the lake, the origins of the layers, the metal concentrations and the anion concentrations are discussed in this article.     

Statistical assessment of geochemical pattern in overbank sediments of the river Sava,Croatia

Four overbank profiles from the three terraces of different age were sampled in 10 to 20 cm intervals for the bulk content of major and minor (Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Na, K and P) and trace (Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, As, U, Th, Sr, Cd, Sb, V, La, Cr, Ba, W, Zr, Ce, Sn, Y, Nb, Ta, Sc, Li, Rb and Hf) elements in the minus 0.125 mm fraction. Univariate statistics together with analysis of variance discriminated between the lower-lying carbonate (CA) population dominantly composed of carbonates and the overlying silicate (SI) population being dominantly of silicate mineralogy. This stratified pattern resulted from the intensive erosive action of melting glaciers exerted on limestones and dolomites in the alpine region, followed by local inputs mainly of silicate composition. Elements exhibiting the greatest between-population variability are Ca and Mg being enriched in the CA population and Fe, Mn, P, Sr, Al, Na, K, Li, Rb, Y, Zr, Ni, Cr and Ti being enriched in the SI population. Anomalously high Hg, Pb and Ba concentrations (maximum values: 6,500±2,860 ppb, 225±13 ppm and 1,519±91 ppm, respectively) in the lowermost part of the profile S7, which is nearest to the Croatian-Slovenian border, derive from the mineralized Slovenian catchment area. This profile also contains trimodal frequency distributions of Fe, Mn and P whose highest concentrations coincide with increased values of Zn and Cu which are bimodally distributed. Geochemical patterns of majority of elements in all four profiles consistently reflect the average compositions of the upstream drainage basins.     

Regional Metasomatism and the Geochemistry of the Dalradian Metasediments of Connemara, Western Ireland

Based on 225 analyses of quartzites, siliceous granoblastites,calc silicate rocks, calcite and dolomite marbles, including120 analyses of pelites and semipelites, sedimentary trendsof chemical variation are identified in staurolite and sillimanitegrade rocks. The correlation of original clay mineral contentwith Ti, Fe, K, Rb, Y, Nb, Ca, Ni, Ga, Zn and probably Ba andMn is shown. A similar clay mineral (whose composition is calculated)was added to all the sediments except the quartz-rich sandstones,now quartzites. This pattern appears to be general for mostsediments, based on crustal averages. The form of the originaladdition of Sr in the sediments might be identified as eithercarbonate or feldspar by a Ca vs. Sr plot. The southern pelites in a 2–4 km peripheral zone to theConnemara orthogneisses and migmatites have been metasomatized.The crude order of elemental enrichment from the elements increasedthe most to those increased the least relative to the same stratigraphicalhorizons in the north is: Mn, Ba, Th, Cu, Ca, Sr, Y, Pb, Zn,Pr, Ge, Nd, La, Mg, S, Ce, Rb, Sm, Ti, Na, K and Ga while Si,Al, Cr, Ni, Co, Fe and P are unchanged or removed. The sourceof the material added is postulated to be the water-rich residualfraction of the migmatitic quartz diorite gneiss, the transportbeing by movement of a water-rich fluid out of the migmatites,the fixation being mainly in biotite and new, more calcic, plagioclaseporphyroblasts, there being a positive correlation between elementenrichment and ionic radius.     

南京地区土壤元素的人为活动环境富集系数研究

南京周边地区开展多目标地球化学调查获取了“双层土壤”各元素的含量,表层土壤的元素含量与其深层土壤元素含量之比值即称之为土壤中该元素的人为话动环境富集系数(简称环境富集系数),笔者介绍了有关环境富集系数的计算方法。通过对比研究区各元素环境富集系数分布特征,发现本区表层土壤中Si、Ti、La、Ce、Y、Sc、Zr、Th、U、W等元素与其自然土壤环境的含量相近,S、N、P、Hg、Pb、Cl、Br、Se等元素及有机碳呈现了显著的人为环境富集,I、Fe、Mg、Mn、Ca、Al、K等元素出现了地表贫化。最后探讨了深入开展土壤中元素环境富集系数研究的相关问题,并提出了建议。     

Standardization of metal concentrations in sediments using regression residuals: an example from a large lake in Florida, USA

 A new method of standardizing metal concentrations in sediments was tested on samples from Lake Miccosukee, a large karstic lake in north Florida. Metal concentrations were analyzed in 222 sediment samples from 26 cores representing 9 sampling sites in the lake. Measured sedimentation rates in the lake are low. Percent organic matter strongly increases upward in all the cores. The C/N ratio remains constant throughout all the samples, with a mean value of about 13, regardless of depth or location. All of the geochemical variables are at least approximately log-normally distributed; thus, log-log or semi-log scattergrams were used and the data were log-transformed before statistical calculations were performed. Some elements (Mn, Zn, Hg, Cu, and Ca) are primarily associated with the organic fraction; others (La, Cr, Sr, and Ba) are clearly related to the terrigenous fraction; others show affinities for both fractions. Consequently, no bivariate scattergrams or plots of ratio versus depth – commonly used for standardization by plotting or ratioing a reference element (such as Al) to an element of interest – were found to be adequate for standardization of this dataset. The best method for standardization was found to be one based on multivariate (trivariate) linear regression, using log Al and log C as the independent variables (reference elements representing terrigenous and organic fractions, respectively), and the log of the element of interest as the dependent variable. Residuals (deviations) from the best-fit linear surface were then plotted versus depth in the cores to accomplish the standardization. The results indicate that, with the possible exception of Mn at two sites, there is little evidence of anthropogenic input of trace elements to the lake, and most trace-element concentrations in the lake can be considered as valuable baseline information. A significant finding is that different and erroneous conclusions might have been reached if other standardization methods, not based on trivariate regression, had been employed. Received: 28 August 1997 · Accepted: 24 November 1997     

Trace element variations in olivine phenocrysts from Ugandan potassic rocks as clues to the chemical characteristics of parental magmas

Olivine phenocrysts in ugandite and leucite basanite from the western branch of the East African Rift have been analysed for up to 34 trace elements by Laser-ICP-MS with detection limits as low as 1 ppb. A combination of point analyses with varying ablation crater diameters and line scans allow the identification of subtle zonations from core to rim, as well as characterization of the chemical effects of contamination along cracks. Trace element concentrations are remarkably uniform between large and small phenocrysts; fractionated leucite basanites (Mg# 59) have higher D _Ca and D _Al, and less fractionated LREE/HREE than MgO-rich ugandites (Mg# 75–80). Minor zonation is seen in elements with cation charges from 5+ to 2+ (P, Ti, Zr, Cr, Al, Sc, V, Cu, Mn, Ni) and show correlation between Ti and Al, but not P. Early phenocryst cores with high Li or Ni, low Mn, or enrichments in many trace elements can be identified, whereas xenocrysts have exceptionally low Na, Cr, Ti, V and Co. Partition coefficients for Ni are 31–35, less than in lamproites, with which they demonstrate an approximately linear correlation with K₂O content, K₂O/Al₂O₃ and K₂O/Na₂O of the melt, but none with SiO₂ content or Mg#. D-values for Cr, Mn and Co overlap with those of basalts, whereas those for Sc (0.011–0.018), Zn (0.44–0.49) and Ga (0.006–0.007) are lower. D _V of various potassic rocks (0.015 in the Ugandan rocks) confirms the dependence on fO₂ calibrated by the Fe³⁺/(Fe³⁺+Fe²⁺) of spinels; the Ugandan potassic rocks crystallized at fO₂ = FMQ to FMQ + 1. The ugandite olivines have some trace element characteristics reminiscent of those in metasomatized Kaapvaal peridotites, but not ocean islands. Line scan analyses are contaminated in Al, Ca, Cu, Ga, Sr, Zr, Nb, La and Ce, elements that are also concentrated in microcracks between subgrains, indicating smearing out during polishing, and demonstrating that large spot analyses produce the best results.     

X射线荧光光谱法同时测定土壤样品中的36种组分的探讨

采用粉末压片法制样,使用新型X射线荧光光谱仪,对土壤样品中的C、N、S、Cl、Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Fe、As、Ba、Br、Ce、Co、Cr、Cu、Ga、Hf、La、Mn、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Rb、Sc、Sr、Th、Ti、U、V、Y、Zn、Zr等36种组分的直接同时测试进行了探讨测试。研究了测试中各种分析条件及存在问题。结果表明,方法的检出限、精密度和准确度大多数满足多目标地球化学调查样品分析质量的要求,标准物质的测定值与其标准值相吻合,适合土壤样品中多组分的同时直接测定。     

Element contents in mountain birch leaves,bark and wood under different anthropogenic and geogenic conditions

Forty samples each of leaves, bark and wood of mountain birch (Betula pubescens EHRH.) were collected along a 120 km long south–north transect running through Norway’s largest city, Oslo. Concentrations of 26 chemical elements (Ag, As, Au, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sr, Ti and Zn) as well as loss on ignition for the three sample materials are reported. By far the highest concentrations of most elements appear in the leaves. Prominent exceptions are Au and Pb, both of which are enriched in wood, indicating the importance of root-uptake, and As which is enriched in bark. Bedrock lithology, ore occurrences, soil pH and urban contamination all have a visible influence on the element concentrations in mountain birch leaves, bark and wood. It is often impossible to differentiate between all the factors that can influence element concentrations in the three sample materials. Mountain birch bark shows the strongest anthropogenic impact of the city of Oslo for dust-related elements (Fe, La, Ti) and Sb. Even in mountain birch bark the influence of the city on element concentrations is no longer discernible from the background variation at a distance of less than 20 km from Oslo centre. Compared to terrestrial moss, mountain birch appears to be of little value as a biomonitor for urban contamination.     

桂西南柳桥地区上二叠统大隆组层状硅质岩成因和沉积环境

对桂西南上二叠统大隆组层状硅质岩地球化学的研究发现:陆源主量元素Al、Ti等含量较高,并呈很好的相关性（R>0.90）;热液来源的主量元素Mn和Fe等含量偏低,并具有较小的负相关关系（R=－0.30）;陆源元素(Al、Ti、Hf、Zr、Th等)与总稀土元素含量具有较高正相关性（R为0.70～0.83）;Al Fe Mn三角图解指示研究区的硅质岩为非热液成因。这些说明陆源物质是硅质岩形成的重要物源,结合硅质岩中含有大量的硅质生物（放射虫和海绵骨针等）的事实,我们认为研究区硅质岩是在生物作用为主,并有大量物源物质和少量热液物质（可能与大断裂导致的玄武岩喷发有关）和火山物质混入的条件下形成的。Ce/Ce*、(La/Yb)Shale、(La/Ce)Shale和∑REE与细粒沉积物沉积环境的关系以及(La/Ce)Shale—Al2O3/(Al2O3 +Fe2O3)图解等说明研究区硅质岩沉积环境为大陆边缘的中下部。Th/U和Ceanom指示了硅质岩形成于氧化环境。 