华北地区高温日数的气候特征及变化规律

基于1960～2009年华北地区90个台站逐日最高气温数据,采用趋势分析等方法分析近50 a华北地区高温日数的时空变化特征。结果表明,近50 a华北地区高温日数以海拔高度800 m等值线为界呈现南多北少的分布特点,南部主要呈减少趋势,北部主要呈增加趋势。同时它显现出明显的"多-少-多"年代际变化特征,与1960年代相比,2000年代高温日数在7月稍增加,5和8月有所减少。近50 a华北地区累计高温过程频次呈微弱的减少趋势,南北部高温过程集中的年代和月份也有所不同。     

构建GIS高可信服务计算环境探讨

基于面向服务的分布式空间信息支撑平台,从高可信网络计算环境、高可信空间信息、高可信软件、高可信计算平台4方面探讨构建GIS高可信服务计算环境的方法及其关键技术。为实现GIS空间信息存储的可靠性和发布的安全性,建立了基于角色访问控制权限的空间数据管理模型,并研究空间信息发布的中间件技术,展望构建GIS高可信服务计算环境的发展趋势和突破点。     

氯化钡法在盐湖高锂卤水中高效分离硫酸根的研究

在生产碳酸锂的工艺中,尤其除硫过程中,锂会伴随其它盐类析出,造成锂的大量夹带损失.因此盐湖高锂卤水中硫酸根的脱除对锂的高效富集,提高锂的收率有重大意义.研究以盐湖高锂卤水为原料,通过加入氯化钡,采用化学沉淀法除去卤水中的SO2-4.详细考察了原料配比(SO2-4与Ba2+的摩尔比)、加料方式、加料时间、反应时间、搅拌速...     

高原环境因素与自由基反应

高原环境是一个特殊的生态环境系统,其复杂多变的自然地理条件使移居和新进高原环境的人群或生物出现高原反应或发生“高原(山)病”。大气压低、氧分压低、太阳辐射强所导致的氧化应激反应是高原反应或高原病的主要原因之一。本文从高原气候因素与自由基反应,不同海拔高度对不同民族人群自由基反应的影响,相同海拔高度不同人群的自由基反应,海拔高度与机体抗氧化营养物质变化的关系,不同海拔高度紫外线强度与自由基反应及高原环境地球化学异常与自由基反应等6个方面,论述了高原环境因素与不同人群自由基反应的关系,不仅对探讨环境应激反应所产生的自由基反应与世居高原地区人群起源和进化有重要意义,而且对研究移居人群高原反应和高原病的预防、治疗及经济、国防建设具有现实应用价值。     

1961—2017年华北地区高温日数及高温热浪时空变化特征

利用华北地区85个气象站1961—2017年逐日最高气温资料,统计分析了华北地区高温日数及高温热浪（频次、持续时间、强度）的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 华北地区年高温日数整体呈增加趋势,自20世纪90年代中期之后年均高温日数明显增多;高温多出现在华北地区的南部和西部,华北地区大部分站点的高温日数呈增加趋势。② 就气候平均态而言,高温初日有略提前趋势,高温终日则明显推迟;空间上,绝大多数台站的高温终日呈推迟的趋势,其中京津冀中北部地区尤为明显。③ 累计高温热浪次数、轻度和中度热浪次数均整体增加,并在1990年左右明显由少变多,重度热浪次数增加趋势更为显著;1987年之后,平均每次高温热浪事件的高温有效积温明显增加,表明高温热浪的平均强度增大。④ 不同等级高温热浪总频次的空间分布特征相近,高频次区域均集中在内蒙古西部、山西西南部和河北南部;热浪累计频次的变化趋势在内蒙和山西以增多为主,在京津冀地区以减少为主。除山西南部和河北南部的个别站点以外,绝大多数站点的热浪平均持续天数和平均高温有效积温的变化呈增多增强趋势。总体来看,华北大部分区域自20世纪90年代以来,高温日数及热浪事件明显增强,同时存在明显的空间差异,研究结果将有助于进一步认识华北高温的区域性特征。     

Environmental assessment from the sedimentary record of high-latitude fiords

The sedimentary record of fiords at high latitude where global change may be occurring earliest and will be greatest has the potential for assessment of environmental change at both low resolution (the scale of millennia) and high resolution (decadal to less than daily). Unlike the lacustrine record which has been used very successfully in these studies, the sedimentary processes and thus the sedimentary deposits of fiords differ (1) in the role of salt water in inhibiting mixing and promoting flocculation, and through the role of sea-ice, (2) in the exchange of mass and energy with the much larger ocean beyond, and (3) in the role of benthic biota in the sedimentary environment. The work reviewed in this paper shows that fiord sediments are being used to assess sedimentary and oceanic processes, as well as glacial, periglacial and geomorphic history, and that they are important proxies for long-term climate and hydrology. Recommendations for advancing this work include long-term monitoring of conditions in fiords and their drainage basins so that the transfer relations can be more solidly constructed from the proxy of fiord sediment. Integration of results from fiords in opposite polar latitudes, and among proxies especially from lacustrine and ice-core records will produce valuable insights. Assessment of the range of conditions in fiords from the most polar to temperate regions is important to building models of their processes and understanding of the paleoenvironmental signals that can be interpreted from each type.     

我国高技术产业的问题和主要对策

本文在阐述了高技术产业的划分和基本特点基础上 ;重点分析了我国高技术产业发展中存在的主要问题 ;最后提出发展我国高技术产业的五项对策 :1追求高技术产业的范围效益 ,2通过税收等金融政策引导高技术产业调整 ,3发展高技术产业的三螺旋模式 ,4投资多元化 ,5完善风险投资机制。     

“一带一路”沿线国家投资悖论的形成机理研究

投资与贸易合作是“一带一路”倡议实施的重点。投资者往往会选择低风险且具有高收益潜力的国家或地区进行高投资,然而中国企业对“一带一路”沿线国家的投资却存在高风险与高投资并存的投资悖论现象。本文遴选2013—2018年“一带一路”沿线吸纳中国对外直接投资金额较高且存在较高投资风险的国家,解析这些国家的时空特点,探究投资悖论的形成机理。研究发现：（1）从空间视角看,投资悖论国家大多数为中国的周边邻国。从“一带一路”的空间走向看,海上丝绸之路沿线国家分布较多;从分布密度看,东南亚地区是投资悖论国家分布的集中区。（2）从时间视角看,高风险高投资在时间上具有延续性,6年间有13个国家出现两次以上的投资悖论现象。按投资悖论出现的频次,将“一带一路”沿线国家分为高频国家、中频国家和低频国家。（3）从形成机理看,地缘区位、能源资源、地缘政治、地缘经济和人文社会这五个因素分别从不同的方面作用于投资悖论的产生。     

Projected changes in population exposure to extreme heat in China under a RCP8.5 scenario

Overall population exposure is measured by multiplying the annual average number of extremely hot days by the number of people exposed to the resultant heat. Extreme heat is also subdivided into high temperature (HT) and extremely high temperature (EHT) in cases where daily maximum temperature exceeds 35°C and 40°C, respectively. Chinese population exposure to HT and EHT over four periods in the future (i.e., 2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2060–2081 and 2081–2100) were projected at the grid cell level in this study using daily maximum temperature based on an ensemble mean of 21 global climate models under the RCP8.5 scenario and with a population projection based on the A2r socio-economic scenario. The relative importance of population and climate as drivers of population exposure was evaluated at different spatial scales including national and meteorological geographical divisions. Results show that, compared with population exposure seen during 1981–2010, the base period, exposure to HT in China is likely to increase by 1.3, 2.0, 3.6, and 5.9 times, respectively, over the four periods, while concomitant exposure to EHT is likely to increase by 2.0, 8.3, 24.2, and 82.7 times, respectively. Data show that population exposure to HT is likely to increase significantly in Jianghuai region, Southwest China and Jianghan region, in particular in North China, Huanghuai region, South China and Jiangnan region. Population exposure to EHT is also likely to increase significantly in Southwest China and Jianghan region, especially in North China, Huanghuai, Jiangnan, and Jianghuai regions. Results reveal that climate is the most important factor driving the level of population exposure in Huanghuai, Jianghuai, Jianghan, and Jiangnan regions, as well as in South and Southwest China, followed by the interactive effect between population and climate. Data show that the climatic factor is also most significant at the national level, followed by the interactive effect between population and climate. The rate of contribution of climate to national-level projected changes in exposure is likely to decrease gradually from ca. 70% to ca. 60%, while the rate of contribution of concurrent changes in both population and climate is likely to increase gradually from ca. 20% to ca. 40% over the four future periods in this analysis.     

未来情景下中国高温的人口暴露度变化及影响因素研究

基于RCP 8.5气候情景下21个高分辨率全球气候模式的日最高气温数据和A2r社会经济发展情景下的人口数据,以高温日数和人口数量的乘积构建高温的人口暴露度指标,采用多个气候模式集合平均的方法从网格单元尺度分析未来不同时段中国高温和强危害性高温的人口暴露度变化,并从全国和气象地理分区两种空间尺度研究人口暴露度变化的影响因素。研究表明：未来情景下,中国高温的人口暴露度明显增加,2021-2040年、2041-2060年、2061-2080年和2081-2100年相比基准时段1981-2010年分别增加了1.3、2.0、3.6和5.9倍,强危害性高温的人口暴露度增加更为显著,相比基准时段分别增加了2.0、8.3、24.2和82.7倍。高温的人口暴露度在华北、黄淮、华南、江南、江淮、西南和江汉地区增加较为明显,其中华北、黄淮、华南和江南最为显著;强危害性高温的人口暴露度在华北、黄淮、江南、江淮、西南和江汉等区域增加较为明显,其中华北、黄淮、江南和江淮最为显著;未来情景下人口暴露度的变化主要受气候因子的影响,其次受人口和气候因子的共同影响,单独人口因子的影响很小。全国尺度上,气候因子对未来不同时段人口暴露度变化的影响逐渐减弱,贡献率由70.0%左右逐渐减至60.0%左右。人口和气候因子的共同作用逐渐增强,贡献率由20.0%左右逐渐增至40.0%左右。     

欧洲高速铁路的发展历史与经济效应

本文回顾了欧洲高速铁路的发展历史,包括国家层面上的高铁网络如何发展和解决各种问题;在此基础上,介绍了高速铁路概念的变化,其目标在于为航空和短距离通勤提供补充性的服务;最后,介绍了高铁网络扩张过程中所面临的经济和评估问题,以及与欧盟的综合交通网络规划的关系。     

Expansion of the northern hemisphere subtropical high pressure belt: trends and linkages to precipitation and drought

A critical issue in research concerning long-term climate change is the relationship between circulation features and global temperature variations. We establish that the annual areal size of the northern hemisphere subtropical high pressure belt (SHPB), as defined by seven 500-hPa height isohypses, shares over 70% of the variability with global annual near-surface air temperature since 1948. The area enclosed by the 5850-m isohypse of the 500-hPa surface in the northern hemisphere has more than doubled since the 1950s, with greatest increases over northern Africa, the Middle East and India. A long-term historical run of a coupled global climate model shows rapidly increasing SHPB annual sizes, since the mid-1970s. Since the SHPB’s descending air produces increased aridity, SHPB expansion may transition humid regions to more arid lands. To examine this aspect, first, variations in recorded precipitation using a gridded database for the region experiencing expansion of the SHPB show a decrease in precipitation (though significant only at the 88% confidence level) over the last 60?years. Second, variations in a 0.5° spatial resolution monthly drought index, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, are highly correlated (+0.78) with annual variations in the area enclosed by the 500-hPa height isohypses. These results support those of previous investigations that suggest further northward expansion of the northern hemisphere subtropical dry zones with continued global climate change.     

OLR揭示的北太平洋副热带高压的气候学特征

本文利用NOAA卫星观测的射出长波辐射(OLR)资料,分析了北太平洋副热带高压的气候学特征,揭示并解释了北太平洋副高的位置和强度显着东西向振荡的年循环现象,探讨了用卫星资料研究副高的新途径。     

2006年云南省盛夏高温干旱成因分析

对2006年云南盛夏严重的高温干旱及其成因进行分析。结果表明：西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强,位置偏西、偏北,不利于将孟加拉湾等地的暖湿气流带到云南、四川等地,使这些地区7-8月降水明显偏少;亚欧地区经向环流偏弱,纬向环流偏强,中高纬地区大气环流以纬向环流占优势,不利于冷空气向南方地区输送;阿拉伯湾、孟加拉湾、南海及云南、四川等地的OLR值偏高,对流活动受到抑制,不利于水汽的输送及降雨的产生;850 hPa温度场上,云南多处于高温暖区内,7-8月无明显冷空气影响云南等都是形成高温干旱的重要原因。     

我国高原健康环境评估

我国有大量的居民居住在广袤的山地和高原地区,海拔上升带来的氧气含量降低、紫外辐射增强等高原自然环境导致的各种不利因素,对他们的衣食住行造成了巨大的影响。针对高海拔地区自然环境特点,包括低压低氧、低气温、低湿度、高辐射等自然环境条件,全面而深入地分析了高原环境对人体健康可能造成的各种不良影响,并介绍了高原肺水肿、脑水肿等急性高原病和高原衰退症等慢性高原病的发病特征。进一步地,在众多学者的大量研究基础上,对海拔高度增加引致的氧气含量和紫外辐射强度等自然指标变化规律进行了总结,分析了各指标变化对人体生理的影响,进而得出了在不同海拔高度人体生理的表现。依据有关数据,还总结了我国各种急性、慢性高原病在县级区域水平上发生的区域分布规律,对我国高原病与高原反应发生的地区进行了划分,并指出了各种疾病发病的海拔临界值。这对于改善高原居民的生理健康水平、指导平原地区前往高海拔地区人们对高原病的防护有重要意义。     

陕西歧山全新世黄土高分辨率气候记录

根据对陕西歧山县五里铺村全新世黄土剖面的野外考察和粒度、磁化率室内分析,揭示了该地区全新世气候变化规律。认为在全新世大暖期当中的6 000 5 000 aB.P.曾经出现过风成黄土的堆积,代表了一个相对干旱期。因而,可知全新世大暖期气候是不稳定的。这就导致全新世出现两个成壤期。不论在温湿阶段还是在冷干阶段,气候都具有短尺度、小幅度的频繁波动变化。     

新型无机高分子絮凝剂在制革废水中的应用研究

本文介绍了一种新型无机高分子絮凝剂－硅钙复合型聚合氯化铝铁（ＳＣＰＡＦＳ）在制革废水处理中的应用．在本实验条件下（絮凝剂用量０．３５～０．４０ｇ／Ｌ，混凝时间１５—２０分钟，ｐＨ值为６．０—９．０）该产品对废水的浊度去除率为９５．５％，ＳＳ去除率为９５％，ＣＯＤ去除率为９０％，对Ｃｒ（３＋）的去除率为８５％左右．各项性能都优于同样条伴下ＰＡＣ２倍以上．同时该絮凝剂还可用于生活饮水，生产用水及其它污水的处理，效果明显。     

The application of very high resolution satellite image in urban vegetation cover investigation： a case study of Xiamen City

With the technological improvements of satellite sensors, we will acquire more information about the earth so that we have reached a new application epoch of observation on earth environmental change and cartography. But with the enhancement of spatial resolution, some questions have arisen in the application of using traditional image processing and classification methods. Aiming for such questions, we studied the application of IKONOS very high resolution image (1 m) in Xiamen City on Urban Vegetation Cover Investigation and discussed the difference between the very high resolution image and traditional low spatial resolution image at classification,information abstraction etc. It is an advantageous test for the large-scale application of very high resolution data in the future.