青海茫崖石棉矿区变质超基性岩的蚀变演化序列：岩石化学及矿物学证据

青海茫崖石棉矿区超基性岩体是由原岩以纯橄岩、辉橄岩和橄辉岩为主体组成的富镁质超基性岩体,经历自变质和后期多期热液的叠加变质蚀变作用,经蛇纹石化后形成蚀变完全的蛇纹岩岩体,其中部分蛇纹岩又进一步发生滑石化及碳酸盐化蚀变为滑石菱镁片岩、菱镁滑石片岩、滑石片岩和菱镁岩等。本文在野外地质调查基础上,在室内通过镜下岩矿综合鉴定、全岩化学成分分析以及电子探针成分分析等手段进行了岩石化学特征、矿物学特征及其蚀变演化过程研究。结果表明,该变质超基性岩体蛇纹岩主要特征组合矿物为蛇纹石(利蛇纹石、叶蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石)、磁铁矿、菱镁矿、滑石、水镁石、铬铁矿,变余矿物有斜方辉石、单斜辉石和铬铁矿,滑石菱镁片岩类主要组成矿物为菱镁矿、滑石、蛇纹石及磁铁矿,局部可见石英脉。该地区变质超基性岩体较完整地记录了橄榄岩水化、滑石化及碳酸盐化作用过程的各个阶段,超基性岩蚀变演化过程主要有两个作用阶段:(Ⅰ)橄榄石、辉石类矿物的蛇纹石化作用及蛇纹石绿泥石化作用;(Ⅱ)富Ca、CO2流体交代蛇纹石、滑石及水镁石的碳酸盐化作用。蛇纹石化等变质蚀变作用促进了Si、Mg及Fe元素化学活动性,使元素发生富集与迁移,对于次生矿物的形成与演化起到了一定的催化作用。多期不同组成流体热液的交代作用过程,清晰地展示了利蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石的演化序列,以及滑石、水镁石、铬铁矿和磁铁矿的形成过程及标形特征。     

阜平杂岩中低品位磁铁矿的形成与深熔作用的关系

在中-高级变质的阜平杂岩中可以形成低品位磁铁矿.除碎屑岩中继承的磁铁矿外,新生变质磁铁矿多呈斑晶,可出现于多种岩石类型,如变基性岩、中性岩、酸性岩和变沉积岩中,表明新生磁铁矿的形成不受层位控制.磁铁矿可由物理重结晶和化学反应2种形式形成,重结晶过程主要为矿物颗粒的加粗,但没有明显的脱水反应.变质化学反应形成的磁铁矿与各单元所经受的后期变质事件改造有关,这类磁铁矿的出现与岩石中TFe的含量没有必然的联系,关键在于变质反应中是否有适量的铁组分的迁移和富集.变质反应过程中,初期黑云母变质转化形成角闪石,即变质反应不全是脱水或吸水过程,表明阜平杂岩主要的变质过程发生在含水体系中.在进一步的变质改造中,黑云母、角闪石可深熔转化形成磁铁矿.在片麻岩的含水熔融过程中,Mg、Ca优先迁移,而Fe(Ti,Al)迁移微弱,造成Fe(Ti,Al)与Mg组分的分离,残留的相对富铁组分形成磁铁矿、钛铁矿.磁铁矿结晶时没有明显的挤压或剪切,张应力可能占主导地位,相应的深熔作用主要发生在构造静应力期或体系略微抬升的过程中.     

新疆磁海铁矿区镁铁质岩及正长岩锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学特征:对成岩、成矿作用的制约

对新疆磁海铁矿区镁铁-超镁铁质岩与铁成矿关系、正长岩与镁铁质岩关系的解剖,是认识磁海矿区成岩、成矿过程及构造背景的关键。本文利用SIMS锆石U-Pb测年法,获得磁海辉绿岩、辉长辉绿岩、磁南辉长岩、磁海北角闪石英正长岩的206Pb/238U-207Pb/235U谐和年龄分别为275.1±2.2Ma、281.9±3.2Ma、273.0±1.9Ma和273.0±1.8Ma,这与北山乃至北疆地区主要含铜镍-钒钛磁铁矿的镁铁-超镁铁质岩年龄一致。岩石地球化学特征研究显示,从辉石岩到辉长岩,再到辉绿岩,经历了Ti逐渐富集、Mg#和m/f值先增加后降低的过程,角闪石英正长岩具有A型花岗岩特征,与辉长岩、辉绿岩在成因上存在互补关系。综合年代学和地球化学特征,磁南辉石岩、辉长岩、磁海辉绿岩、辉长辉绿岩以及磁海北边的角闪石英正长岩为同源岩浆演化的产物,岩浆演化过程中受地壳混染作用微弱,在岩浆演化的早期,磁铁矿的结晶分离主导着岩浆成分的改变,当岩浆演化到辉长岩阶段,岩浆开始以结晶分异作用为主;磁铁矿的分离结晶时间早于钛铁矿,岩浆型的金属硫化物为磁铁矿和钛铁矿结晶过渡阶段的产物。磁海镁铁-超镁铁质岩石在成岩及成矿作用上可能与在时间和空间上相邻近的塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省有密切关系。     

Petrogenesis of Carbonate-orthopyroxenites (Sagvandites) and related rocks from Troms, Northern Norway

Carbonate-orthopyroxenites from Troms consist of enstatite andmagnesite with variable amounts of olivine, talc, serpentine,chlorite, and phlogopite and include the ore minerals chromite,magnetite, pentlandite, pyrite, and in some cases pyrrhotite,heazlewoodite, millerite, and maucherite. Related rocks compriseolivine-magnesite-, talc-magnesite and olivine-orthopyroxene(saxonite)-assemblages. Allochemical replacement reactions,involving mobile CO₂, H₂O, and SiO₂, are shown to comprise themain petrogenetic mechanism. Saxonite, however, may representa possible source material. Discussion of the model system MgO-SiO₂-CO₂-H₂O for P_flukl =2 and 7 kb, respectively, indicates that best agreement withpetrographic evidence is reached assuming elevated pressuresand both gas-excess and gas-deficiency conditions by means oflocal equilibria. The gas-deficient assemblage enstatite+talc+forsterite+magnesiteis presumed to be stable at pressures above 5 kb. Recalculationof whole-rock analyses to a CO₂-free basis by several alternativemethods suggests that rock evolution could have followed thetrend dunite saxonite orthopyroxenite sagvandite+related rocks.A simple geometric method is used to outline possible schemesof rock evolution, involving gas-deficient phase assemblages.     

Occurrence of the Iron–rich Melt in the Heijianshan Iron Deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Insights into the Origin of Volcanic Rock–hosted Iron Deposits

Long-standing controversy persists over the presence and role of iron–rich melts in the formation of volcanic rock-hosted iron deposits. Conjugate iron–rich and silica–rich melt inclusions observed in thin-sections are considered as direct evidence for the presence of iron-rich melt, yet unequivocal outcrop-scale evidence of iron-rich melts are still lacking in volcanic rock-hosted iron deposits. Submarine volcanic rock-hosted iron deposits, which are mainly distributed in the western and eastern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, are important resources of iron ores in China, but it remains unclear whether iron-rich melts have played a role in the mineralization of such iron ores. In this study, we observed abundant iron-rich agglomerates in the brecciated andesite lava of the Heijianshan submarine volcanic rock–hosted iron deposit, Eastern Tianshan, China. The iron-rich agglomerates occur as irregular and angular masses filling fractures of the host brecciated andesite lava. They show concentric potassic alteration with silicification or epidotization rims, indicative of their formation after the wall rocks. The iron-rich agglomerates have porphyritic and hyalopilitic textures, and locally display chilled margins in the contact zone with the host rocks. These features cannot be explained by hydrothermal replacement of wall rocks(brecciated andesite lava) which is free of vesicle and amygdale, rather they indicate direct crystallization of the iron-rich agglomerates from iron-rich melts. We propose that the iron-rich agglomerates were formed by open-space filling of volatile-rich iron-rich melt in fractures of the brecciated andesite lava. The iron-rich agglomerates are compositionally similar to the wall-rock brecciated andesite lava, but have much larger variation. Based on mineral assemblages, the iron-rich agglomerates are subdivided into five types, i.e., albite-magnetite type, albite-K-feldsparmagnetite type, K-feldspar–magnetite type, epidote-magnetite type and quartz-magnetite type, representing that products formed at different stages during the evolution of a magmatic-hydrothermal system. The albite-magnetite type represents the earliest crystallization product from a residual ironrich melt; the albite-K-feldspar-magnetite and K-feldspar-magnetite types show features of magmatichydrothermal transition, whereas the epidote-magnetite and quartz-magnetite types represent products of hydrothermal alteration. The occurrence of iron-rich agglomerates provides macroscopic evidence for the presence of iron-rich melts in the mineralization of the Heijianshan iron deposit. It also indicates that iron mineralization of submarine volcanic rock-hosted iron deposits is genetically related to hydrothermal fluids derived from iron-rich melts.     

The Metamorphism of the Blue River Ultramafic Body, Cassiar, British Columbia, Canada

The Blue River ultramafic body is an ‘Alpine’-typeperidotite tectonically emplaced within spilitic volcanic rocksin northern British Columbia. The intrusive margins were shearedand serpentinized to a lizardite-chrysotile plus brucite assemblageduring emplacement, prior to thermal metamorphism in the aureoleof a younger batholith. Relatively anhydrous peridotite andhydrous serpentinite were both affected by thermal metamorphism.The body has been subdivided into units defined by the mineralassemblages observed in meta-peridotite and meta-serpentiniteabove and below the isograd for the advent of the mineral talc.Isograds were also established for prograde metamorphic olivine,tremolite, and enstatite. The intrusive was subjected to two metamorphic processes, oxidationand dehydration. The nucleation of metamorphic olivine in weaklymetamorphosed serpentinite was erratic, and turbid porphyroblastcores are enriched in Fe and Mn. The dehydration reaction isthought to have been metastable. Above the talc isograd, serpentine, in both peridotite and serpentinite,reacted with original spinel to form ferritchromit and chlorite.The chlorite becomes progressively more aluminous with increasein grade. The oxidation process inhibited dehydration in meta-peridotiteas a stable chlorite was formed. The process also served toreduce the Fe content of the silicate system, as shown by thecomposition of the olivine generated from excess serpentinein high grade meta-serpentinite.     

Distinct metamorphic evolution of alternating silica-saturated and silica-deficient microdomains within garnet in ultrahigh-temperature granulites: An example from Sri Lanka

Here we report the occurrence of garnet porphyroblasts that have overgrown alternating silica-saturated and silica deficient microdomains via different mineral reactions. The samples were collected from ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metapelites in the Highland Complex, Sri Lanka. In some of the metapelites, garnet crystals have cores formed via a dehydration reaction, which had taken place at silica-saturated microdomains and mantle to rim areas formed via a dehydration reaction at silica-deficient microdomains. In contrast, some other garnets in the same rock cores had formed via a dehydration reaction which occurred at silica-deficient microdomains while mantle to rim areas formed via a dehydration reaction at silica-saturated microdomains. Based on the textural observations, we conclude that the studied garnets have grown across different effective bulk compositional microdomains during the prograde evolution. These microdomains could represent heterogeneous compositional layers (paleobedding/laminations) in the precursor sediments or differentiated crenulation cleavages that existed during prograde metamorphism. UHT metamorphism associated with strong ductile deformation, metamorphic differentiation and crystallization of locally produced melt may have obliterated the evidence for such microdomains in the matrix. The lack of significant compositional zoning in garnet probably due to self-diffusion during UHT metamorphism had left mineral inclusions as the sole evidence for earlier microdomains with contrasting chemistry.     

邯邢式铁矿形成机制:来自河北武安斑状二长岩中“含铁熔体-流体”的证据

人们对邯邢式铁矿形成机制一直存在争议。为解决这一科学问题,本文对在河北武安赵庄地区斑状二长岩中发现的“含铁熔体-流体”脉及团斑进行了详细的矿物学及岩石学研究。结果显示:“含铁熔体-流体”矿物组合分带明显,其中核部矿物组合为Di+Amp+Mt+Ap+Pl,边部矿物组合为Prh+Cal。“含铁熔体-流体”中磁铁矿具有明显的环带结构,中心部分TiO₂含量为2.23%,边部磁铁矿TiO₂含量为0.36%0.57%。核部∑REE高过边部两个数量级,在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分配图中呈右倾型曲线,与武安地区侵入岩同源,在未经流体加入时的高温岩浆环境中结晶。边部磁铁矿在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分配图中显示REE轻微亏损,且有明显的Ce负异常,指示了磁铁矿结晶环境有大量富含挥发分的流体加入。在磁铁矿(Ti+V)-(Al+Mn)图解中,“含铁熔体-流体”中的磁铁矿落于斑岩型磁铁矿和Fe-Ti、V型磁铁矿区域,也处于热液型磁铁矿与岩浆型磁铁矿之间。这表明“含铁熔体-流体”并非侵入岩与围岩发生接触交代反应后形成的远端夕卡岩脉,而是源于深部的“含铁熔体-流体”在浅部结晶的产物。以高钛、富集REE为特征的磁铁矿是深部岩浆房铁矿浆结晶的磁铁矿微晶。由于富含挥发分的流体注入岩浆房形成流体超压,磁铁矿微晶与气泡结合沿岩浆通道快速上升。最后在1.552.19 km的深度形成以低Ti、亏损REE为特征的磁铁矿,并结晶形成角闪石等流体晶矿物。     

Geology and geochemistry of the Jianchaling hydrothermal nickel deposit: T–pH–fO2–fS2 conditions and nickel precipitation mechanism

The Jianchaling nickel deposit in the Bikou Terrane (Shaanxi Province, China) occurs along the boundaries between granite porphyry and carbonated ultramafic rocks (carbonated serpentinite, talc–carbonate rocks, and listwaenite). Serpentine– magnetite, serpentine– magnesite– magnetite, and magnesite– talc– quartz– pyrite– violarite– millerite– chalcopyrite assemblage formed in carbonated ultramafic rocks during hydrothermal activities. Ni-bearing sulphides, coexisting with magnesite, postdated magnetite in carbonated ultramafic rocks. Compared with serpentinite, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, and Pb concentrate in talc–carbonate rocks. The fact that the NiO contents of magnetite decrease with progressive carbonation of serpentinite suggests that Ni from magnetite concentrated in fluid and contributed to the formation of the Jianchaling nickel deposit. Sulphides precipitated from fluid with log fO₂ value varying from −34.5 to −31.8 and log fS₂ value varying from −10.3 to −9.2. High pH and HS⁻ activities triggered by transformation of serpentine into magnesite–talc–quartz assemblage promoted precipitation of Ni-bearing sulphides, and finally formed the Jianchaling hydrothermal nickel deposit.     

Heterogeneous bubble nucleation on Fe-Ti oxide crystals in high-silica rhyolitic melts

The nucleation of H₂O bubbles in magmas has been proposed as a trigger for volcanic eruptions. To determine how bubbles nucleate heterogeneously in silicate melts, experiments were carried out in which high-silica rhyolitic melts were hydrated at 740-800°C and 50-175 MPa, decompressed by 20-70 MPa, and held at the lower pressures for ≥10 s before being quenched. The hydration conditions were subliquidus, and all samples contain blocky magnetite + needle-shaped hematite ± plagioclase. Magnetite is abundant at 800°C and high pressures, whereas hematite becomes more abundant at lower temperatures and pressures. Bubbles nucleated in a single event in all samples, with the number density (N_T) of bubbles varying between 2 × 10⁷ and 1 × 10⁹ cm⁻³. At low degrees of supersaturation, one to a few bubbles nucleate on faces of magnetite, but at medium to high degrees of supersaturation, multiple bubbles nucleate on single magnetite grains. On hematite, one to a few bubbles nucleated at the ends of the needle-shaped crystals at medium supersaturations, but formed along their entire lengths at high supersaturations. N_T increases as water diffusivity decreases, indicating that the number of bubbles nucleated is influenced by their growth, which depletes the melt with respect to H₂O and lowers supersaturation. If volcanic eruptions are triggered by bubble formation in magmas stored in shallow-level magma chambers, then the supersaturations needed for heterogeneous nucleation suggest that only small amounts of crystallization are needed, whereas homogeneous nucleation is unlikely to trigger eruptions.     

Petrophysical properties of the Himalayan granitoids: Implication on composition and source

The paper reports the characterization of density, magnetic susceptibility, magnetic anisotropy, seismic wave velocities, attenuation as well as mineralogy and major element chemistry of the four generation of granitoids from the Indian Himalaya. Based on these petrophysical properties, only the Cretaceous granitoids of the Trans-Himalayan region by virtue of their mantle affinity and domination of magnetite and/or magnetite–ilmenite series qualify to be the I-type granitoid. On the other hand, rest of the 3 suites of granitoids have a crustal affinity and can be categorized as S-type granitoids enriched with ilmenite and/or hemo-ilmenite series. Beside this general classification, some anomalous petrophysical properties can be related to distinctive mineralogy, stages of magmatic crystallization, and intensity of deformation in different class of granitoids. For example; (i) presence of heavy minerals like hornblende and magnetite accounts for the significantly high density and seismic wave velocity of the Cretaceous granitoids; (ii) fractional crystallization of mantle melts leads to hornblende-rich granitoids (rich in magnetite) in the earlier stage where biotite-rich granitoids (low magnetite) crystallize in the later stage, thus explaining bimodal distribution of magnetic susceptibility in Cretaceous granitoids; (iii) in S-type granitoids, high quartz content (45%) account for the lowest density recorded in Saruna Proterozoic granitoids whereas high content of micaceous minerals reduce the seismic wave and are responsible for the lowest S-wave velocity in the Early Palaeozoic Mandi granitoids; (iv) further, the effect of texture is seen as varying attenuation character of P- and S-waves on grain size. In general, the higher the grain size, the greater the attenuation. Once again Cretaceous granitoids negate this well established relation. Incorporation of this anomalous dependence of physical properties on mineralogical, tectonic fracturing, texture will help the translation of geophysical maps to more a realistic region specific crustal tectonic evolution models.     

Genesis of superimposed hypogene and supergene Fe orebodies in BIF at the Madoonga deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia

The Madoonga iron ore body hosted by banded iron formation (BIF) in the Weld Range greenstone belt of Western Australia is a blend of four genetically and compositionally distinct types of high-grade (>55 wt% Fe) iron ore that includes: (1) hypogene magnetite–talc veins, (2) hypogene specular hematite–quartz veins, (3) supergene goethite–hematite, and (4) supergene-modified, goethite–hematite-rich detrital ores. The spatial coincidence of these different ore types is a major factor controlling the overall size of the Madoonga ore body, but results in a compositionally heterogeneous ore deposit. Hypogene magnetite–talc veins that are up to 3 m thick and 50 m long formed within mylonite and shear zones located along the limbs of isoclinal, recumbent F₁ folds. Relative to least-altered BIF, the magnetite–talc veins are enriched in Fe₂O_3(total), P₂O₅, MgO, Sc, Ga, Al₂O₃, Cl, and Zr; and depleted in SiO₂ and MnO₂. Mafic igneous countryrocks located within 10 m of the northern contact of the mineralised BIF display the replacement of primary igneous amphibole and plagioclase, and metamorphic chlorite by hypogene ferroan chlorite, talc, and magnetite. Later-forming, hypogene specular hematite–quartz veins and their associated alteration halos partly replace magnetite–talc veins in BIF and formed during, to shortly after, the F₂-folding and tilting of the Weld Range tectono-stratigraphy. Supergene goethite–hematite ore zones that are up to 150 m wide, 400 m long, and extend to depths of 300 m replace least-altered BIF and existing hypogene alteration zones. The supergene ore zones formed as a result of the circulation of surface oxidised fluids through late NNW- to NNE-trending, subvertical brittle faults. Flat-lying, supergene goethite–hematite-altered, detrital sediments are concentrated in a paleo-topographic depression along the southern side of the main ENE-trending ridge at Madoonga. Iron ore deposits of the Weld Range greenstone belt record remarkably similar deformation histories, overprinting hypogene alteration events, and high-grade Fe ore types to other Fe ore deposits in the wider Yilgarn Craton (e.g. Koolyanobbing and Windarling deposits) despite these Fe camps being presently located more than 400 km apart and in different tectono-stratigraphic domains. Rather than the existence of a synchronous, Yilgarn-wide, Fe mineralisation event affecting BIF throughout the Yilgarn, it is more likely that these geographically isolated Fe ore districts experienced similar tectonic histories, whereby hypogene fluids were sourced from commonly available fluid reservoirs (e.g. metamorphic, magmatic, or both) and channelled along evolving structures during progressive deformation, resulting in several generations of Fe ore.     

Petrogenesis of the Eppawala carbonatites, Sri Lanka: A cathodoluminescence and electron microprobe study

Field and petrographic investigations, cathodoluminescence (CL) studies as well as microprobe analyses of major rock-forming minerals were conducted to establish the crystallization processes in the Eppawala carbonatites, Sri Lanka. The well preserved magmatic textures and crystal morphologies combined with the chemistry of apatite, calcite and dolomite indicate two major stages of crystal growth, which were accompanied by dynamic crystallization conditions. Initially, nucleation of apatite, ilmenite and possibly olivine was associated with rapid crystal growth during slow cooling of the carbonatite melt at depth. The heat loss through the roof and crystallization processes induced the development of turbulent convective currents, which in turn prevented further nucleation and growth of crystals and led to the dispersion of these earlier formed crystals within the magma chamber. Then, rapid upward movement of magma along structural weaknesses led to (i) the transport of mineral clusters, (ii) deformation of ilmenite, (iii) fracturing of apatite and (iv) the emplacement of the carbonatite melt as dykes. Here, the conditions were favourable for the simultaneous crystallization of magnetite, calcite and dolomite in a non-turbulent environment. Subsequent subsolidus alteration caused the hydrothermal overprint of the documented mineral assemblages, particularly along grain boundaries. The study demonstrates that detailed textural examinations of carbonatites combined with mineral chemical analyses and CL investigations can reveal the crystallization processes within carbonatite melts.     

Metasomatism and ore formation at contacts of dolerite with saliferous rocks in the sedimentary cover of the southern Siberian platform

The data on the mineral composition and crystallization conditions of magnesian skarn and magnetite ore at contacts of dolerite with rock salt and dolomite in ore-bearing volcanic—tectonic structures of the Angara—Ilim type have been integrated and systematized. Optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance, Raman and IR spectroscopy, and methods of mineralogical thermometry were used for studying minerals and inclusions contained therein. The most diverse products of metasomatic reactions are found in the vicinity of a shallow-seated magma chamber that was formed in Lower Cambrian carbonate and saliferous rocks under a screen of terrigenous sequences. Conformable lodes of spinel-forsterite skarn and calciphyre impregnated with magnesian magnetite replaced dolomite near the central magma conduit and apical portions of igneous bodies. At the postmagmatic stage, the following mineral assemblages were formed at contacts of dolerite with dolomite: (1) spinel + fassaite + forsterite + magnetite (T = 820?740°C), (2) phlogopite + titanite + pargasite + magnetite (T = 600–500°C), And (3) clinochlore + serpentine + pyrrhotite (T = 450°C and lower). Rock salt is transformed at the contact into halitite as an analogue of calciphyre. The specific features of sedimentary, contact-metasomatic, and hydrothermal generations of halite have been established. The primary sedimentary halite contains solid inclusions of sylvite, carnallite, anhydrite, polyhalite, quartz, astrakhanite, and antarcticite; nitrogen, methane, and complex hydrocarbons have been detected in gas inclusions; and the liquid inclusions are largely aqueous, with local hydrocarbon films. The contact-metasomatic halite is distinguished by a fine-grained structure and the occurrence of anhydrous salt phases (CaCl₂ · KCl, CaCl₂, nMgCl₂ · mCaCl₂) and high-density gases (CO₂, H₂S, N₂, CH₄, etc.) as inclusions. The low-temperature hydrothermal halite, which occurs in skarnified and unaltered silicate rocks and in ore, is characterized by a low salinity of aqueous inclusions and the absence of solid inclusions. The composition and aggregative state of inclusions in halite and forsterite indicate that salt melt-solution as a product of melting and dissolution of salt was the main agent of high-temperature metasomatism. Its total salinity was not lower than 60%. The composition and microstructure of magnetite systematically change in different mineral assemblages. Magnetite is formed as a result of extraction of iron together with silicon and phosphorus from dolerite. The first generation of magnetite is represented by mixed crystals, products of exsolution in the Fe-Mg-Al-Ti-Mn-O system. The Ti content is higher at the contact of dolerite with rock salt, whereas, at the contact with dolomite, magnetite is enriched in Mg. The second generation of magnetite does not contain structural admixtures. The distribution of boron minerals and complex crystal hydrates shows that connate water of sedimentary rocks could have participated in hydrothermal metasomatic processes.     

陕西省勉略宁矿集区铜厂铜-铁矿床地质特征及其成因探讨

铜厂铜-铁矿床是勉略宁矿集区具有代表性的矿床之一,主要由上部的铜厂铜矿床和下部的杨家坝铁矿床(铜厂铁矿床)组成。根据磁铁矿和硫化物的相对含量,铜厂铜-铁矿床的矿石可分为磁铁矿矿石、含硫化物磁铁矿矿石和硫化物矿石三类。系统的岩相学和矿相学研究表明,其矿石矿物主要为磁铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿;矿石结构包括自形-半自形-他形粒状结构、交代残余结构和包含结构,矿石构造包括块状、浸染状、脉状和条带状构造。铜厂铜-铁矿床的围岩蚀变种类较多,且具有一定的分带性,上部铜矿体围岩蚀变以硅化、碳酸盐化和黑云母化为主,以石英、方解石和黑云母为主的蚀变矿物组合显示钾化特征;下部铁矿体围岩蚀变有钠长石化、蛇纹石化、滑石化、透闪石化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化等,以钠长石、蛇纹石、滑石、透闪石、方解石、白云石、菱铁矿、绿泥石、黑云母和磷灰石等为主的蚀变矿物组合显示钠化特征。铜厂铜-铁矿床中磁铁矿的TiO₂含量小于1.72%,Al₂O₃含量小于1.81%,均显示热液磁铁矿的特征,结合铜矿石脉穿插铜厂闪长岩及二者突变接触的地质特征,说明铜厂铜-铁矿床的形成与热液活动密切相关。同时,铜厂铜-铁矿床形成于早古生代加里东期,勉略宁矿集区在该时期处于大陆裂谷的扩张环境中,与铁氧化物-铜-金(Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold,简称IOCG)矿床的形成环境类似。通过与典型IOCG矿床地质特征、矿化蚀变特征、矿物组合特征、矿物地球化学特征及大地构造背景的系统对比,初步提出铜厂铜-铁矿床应属于IOCG矿床。     

安徽省绩溪黑云母二长花岗岩中高铁铁橄榄石大斑晶的研究

高铁铁橄榄石大斑晶产在安徽省绩溪县黑云母二长花岗岩中。岩石呈细粒花岗结构,矿物成分为条纹长石、更长石、石英和黑云母。大斑晶最大粒径可达5cm,其中含有微小的磁铁矿自形晶,呈浸染状或断续脉状。在表生条件下,高铁铁橄榄石局部氧化成褐铁矿。大斑晶的外形、颜色和光泽等酷似黑钨矿。 大斑晶形成于上地幔高温高压条件下,先从花岗岩浆中结晶出铁橄榄石的高压变晶,岩浆沿深断裂向上部运移过程中,随着氧分压的增加而氧化成高铁铁橄榄石。     

The Lac Des Iles Palladium Deposit,Ontario, Canada part I. The effect of variable alteration on the Offset Zone

The recently discovered Offset Zone of the Mine Block Intrusion of the Lac des Iles Complex hosts palladium mineralization with unusually high Pd/Pt and Pd/Ir ratios in rocks that range from relatively unaltered norite to amphibolites and chlorite–actinolite–talc schist. Quantitative assessment of the effect of progressive alteration using mineral modes was done using total silicate H₂O as a monitor of reaction progress (ξ = moles H₂O added to form alteration minerals per 100 g of rock). Major mineral modal variations define three reaction regions: (1) ξ?=?0.00–0.03, characterized by epidote/clinozoisite formation and some amphibole; (2) ξ?=?0.03–0.23, characterized by formation of chlorite, amphibole, quartz muscovite/sericite, and calcite after plagioclase?+?pyroxene; and (3) ξ?=?0.23–0.28, characterized by the formation of talc after earlier formed amphibole. Epidote occurs as an incongruent product from the destruction of plagioclase that is itself lost as the reaction proceeds. Pyroxene is altered at about twice the rate of plagioclase, resulting in pyroxene-rich protoliths to be more altered than those relatively enriched in plagioclase. Major elements variations largely reflect variations in the plagioclase/pyroxene ratio of the protolith, but compositional trends suggest a loss of Na with reaction progress. The base metal sulfides chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and pentlandite show decreasing abundance with reaction progress, forming pyrite (± magnetite) as an intermediate reaction product that also is lost as the reaction proceeds. Millerite is overall low but increases slightly. A more limited data set on the platinum-group minerals suggests that platinum-group element (PGE)-arsenides increase whereas PGE-sulfides and PGE-Bi-tellurides decrease with reaction progress. Assuming ore element concentrations in the protolith were constant and similar to relatively fresh norites, Pd increases modestly, by 5 %, whereas Pt decreases by about 65 % in the most altered rocks. Similarly, Cu, Au, and S decrease by 60, 82, and 94 %, respectively, in the most altered rocks. The antithetical behavior of Pd and the fact that Pd enrichment is not seen in altered dikes suggest that the Pd originally was enriched in the more melanocratic protoliths that are most extensively altered and that Pd also was lost in part. These results are consistent with the mineralization having been a high-temperature event that predated the amphibolite/greenschist alteration.     

Mineralogical and isotopic properties of inorganic nanocrystalline magnetites

Inorganic magnetite nanocrystals were synthesized in an aqueous medium at 25°C, atmospheric pressure, ionic strength of 0.1 M, oxygen fugacity close to 0, and under controlled chemical affinity, which was maintained constant during an experiment and varied between different experiments. The total concentration of iron in the initial solutions, with Fe(III)/Fe(II) ratios of 2, was varied in order to measure the role of this parameter on the reaction rate, particle morphology, and oxygen isotopic composition. The reaction rates were followed by a pHstat apparatus. The nature and morphology of particles were studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Fractionation factors of oxygen isotopes were determined by mass spectrometry after oxygen extraction from the solid on BrF₅ lines. At low total iron concentrations, goethite and poorly crystalline iron oxides were observed coexisting with magnetite. At higher concentrations, euhedral single crystals of pure magnetite with an average characteristic size of 10 nm were formed, based on a first-order rate law with respect to total iron concentration. These results confirm that, under high supersaturation conditions, low-temperature inorganic processes can lead to the formation of well-crystallized nanometric magnetite crystals with narrow size distribution. The observed oxygen isotope fractionation factor between magnetite crystals and water was of 0-1‰, similar to the fractionation factor associated with bacterially produced magnetite. We suggest that the solution chemistry used in this study for inorganic precipitation is relevant to better understanding of magnetite precipitation in bacterial magnetosomes, which might thus be characterized by high saturation states and pH.     

安徽省绩溪黑云母二长花岗岩中高铁铁橄榄石大斑晶的研究

高铁铁橄揽石大斑晶产在安徽省绩溪县黑云母二长花岗岩中.岩石呈细粒花岗结 构，矿物成分为条纹长石、更长石、石英和黑云母。大斑晶最大粒径可达5em，其中含有微小的 磁铁矿自形晶，呈浸染状或断续脉状.在表生条件下，高铁铁橄榄石局部氧化成褐铁矿.大斑晶 的外形、颜色和光泽等酷似黑钨矿. 大斑晶形成于上地慢高温高压条件下，先从花岗岩浆中结晶出铁橄榄石的高压变晶，岩浆沿 深断裂向上部运移过程中，随着氧分压的增加而氧化成高铁铁橄榄石.     

新疆哈密黄山铜镍硫化物矿床地质特征

黄山铜镍硫化物矿床产于黄山镁铁—超镁铁杂岩体中.岩体分异良好,由七个岩相带组成,主要矿体产于辉橄岩相底部,呈盆状;主要金属矿物有镍黄铁矿、黄铜矿、紫硫镍矿及磁黄铁矿;矿石大都为浸染状贫矿石.文中着重讨论成矿物质来源、成矿元素丰度.成矿物化条件及成矿过程和成矿模式.