抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性影响因素的参数分析

抗滑桩加固是滑坡治理的常用方法。本文采用强度折减有限元法分析了影响抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性的若干因素,计算了边坡抗滑桩在坡顶分级堆载过程中的桩身弯矩、剪力、位移和边坡安全系数,揭示了桩位、桩长等因素对抗滑桩加固边坡稳定状态的影响规律,获得了最优桩位及临界桩长等抗滑桩优化设计要素,为排桩的优化设计提供参考依据。并对抗滑桩在坡顶分级堆载下的桩身受力、变形特性及规律进行了分析。发现桩头水平位移在坡顶分级堆载下以指数函数形式发展,并建立了变形预测数学模型,为桩身变形控制提供了参考依据。     

大位移条件下水平受荷单桩的简明弹塑性计算方法

软土地层中当桩顶水平荷载较大时,采用传统m法计算容易低估桩身弯矩与挠曲变形,有必要针对该问题提出相关计算方法。将地基土体简化为理想弹塑性体,假定桩身某一深度处存在土体的弹塑性变形临界点,临界点以上的土体进入塑性变形状态,而临界点以下的土体仍处于弹性变形状态,分段建立桩身挠曲微分控制方程,得到水平受荷单桩简明弹塑性计算方法。现场单桩实测和参数敏感性分析结果表明：采用简明弹塑性计算方法得到的桩身最大弯矩较传统m法计算精度提高38.1%;桩身最大水平位移计算精度提高22.3%;桩顶边界条件对桩身水平位移与弯矩沿桩身的分布规律影响显著;桩身最大弯矩和水平位移对土体的极限抗力系数及其形状参数较敏感,设计中宜按下限值选取。     

基于模型试验的静压群桩引起的土体变形分析

以往对沉桩挤土效应的研究主要集中于单桩或双桩,对群桩挤土效应分析较少。基于室内模型试验,分析了群桩压入软土后土体的变形情况,得到了沉桩过程中及压桩后土体侧向位移、竖向变形和土层表面隆起变化的规律。认识到单桩侧向挤土位移随着距桩边距离的增加而以近似对数规律衰减,群桩压入后土体水平侧移和地表隆起是不断累积的,存在着已压入桩的遮帘作用,而且桩施工顺序对土体位移起到了关键作用,应该在实际工程中得到重视。     

地面超载条件下土体侧移模式及对邻近桩基影响分析

建立了三维数值模型,进行堆载-弹塑性地基-桩基共同作用有限元数值分析。在地面超载条件下,对自由场土体的侧向位移模式进行了探讨,得出了土体侧向变形规律。在此基础上,对堆载作用下邻近桩基的力学性状进行了分析,包括不同堆载大小、不同堆载距离和不同桩间距等情况下桩基的侧向变形和弯矩的变化规律。分析结果表明：随着堆载的增加,桩基的变形和弯矩都有显著的增长,桩基逐渐弯曲。在同样条件下,增加桩的刚度,桩身弯矩迅速减小,桩身刚度很大时,会发生整体侧移。桩间距和堆载距离对桩身弯矩和变形有重要影响,随着桩间距和堆载距离的增大,桩身的变形和弯矩都将减小。     

隧道开挖引起邻近单桩水平反应分析

隧道开挖会降低邻近桩基承载力,如何更为合理评价桩基水平附加响应是需要解决的问题。基于Pasternak双参数地基模型和三折线弹塑性荷载传递模型,采用两阶段分析法,并考虑侧向土体作用及地基土层的非均质特性,提出了更符合实际的单桩水平反应简化分析方法。通过与Winkler地基梁法及边界元法的对比分析,验证了方法的合理性。结合对单桩水平反应的多种影响因素进行参数分析,通过各因素相应的修正系数来对基准工况中单桩最大水平反应进行修正,得到计算工况中单桩的最大水平位移和最大弯矩。分析结果表明,桩基水平位移计算时可忽略侧向土体作用,而弯矩计算时应予以考虑;桩基计算工况的最大水平位移 最大弯矩 与平均地层损失比 呈现线性关系,而与隧道半径R、隧道轴线深度H、桩距隧道中心线距离x及桩身柔度系数 均呈现非线性关系。     

考虑桩土侧移的被动桩中土拱效应数值分析

被动桩对侧向位移的土层起到遮拦作用的机制主要是土拱效应。采用土工有限元软件Plaxis Tunnel 3D 1.2,对堆载荷载作用下邻近桩基中的土拱效应产生机制和性状进行三维数值分析,指出目前被动桩中土拱效应二维有限元分析存在的问题。考虑桩土侧移与相对位移,再利用土工有限元软件Plaxis2D 8.2详细地研究了侧向土体位移大小、桩身水平位移大小、土体性质以及桩土接触面性质等影响因素对土拱效应性态和桩土荷载分担比的影响。     

强震区软弱土层差异厚度下单桩动力响应振动台试验

为探明不同类型地震波作用下软弱土层差异厚度对单桩动力响应特性的影响,采用振动台试验,开展了不同软弱土层厚度变化下桩基础的加速度、水平位移、弯矩动力响应变化特性及桩基损伤分析。试验结果表明：地震波作用下,桩周土体的约束作用受软弱土层厚度的影响显著。桩身加速度在软弱土层中的放大效果最为显著,桩顶加速度放大系数与软弱土层厚度呈正相关;桩顶水平位移在软弱土层厚度最大时达到最大;桩身弯矩最大值出现在软弱土层中,随其厚度增大而增大。不同土层厚度下,桩身弯矩最大值均小于抗弯能力设计值,桩基完整性较好。桩基础抗震设计计算时,应重点加强桩基础在软弱土层中的抗震能力,并选择多种地震波进行抗震验算。     

滑坡防治独立微型桩性状的大型物理模型试验研究

通过进行独立微型桩与滑坡相互作用的大型物理模型试验,采用土压力盒、位移计和应变片等测试手段,研究滑坡作用下独立微型桩的受力情况、变形破坏模式及弯矩分布规律等。试验结果表明:独立微型桩的破坏部位位于滑面附近,破坏模式为弯曲与剪切相结合的破坏;滑面上下各15倍桩径的范围内桩土相互作用较明显,此范围外的桩身与周围土体基本共同变形;独立微型桩发生破坏时的桩顶位移量约为1/4倍桩径,且破坏后的微型桩依然有抗滑能力,主要由桩身配筋的拉力提供;独立微型桩的桩身弯矩分布形式不同于普通抗滑桩,弯矩主要分布在滑面附近,且受荷段承受反弯矩。     

基于能量法的轴横向荷载作用下单桩受力变形分析

轴向和横向荷载作用下单桩的受力变形分析是桩基研究的重点内容之一。单桩在水平荷载作用下会产生一定的水平位移与弯矩,而此时作用轴向荷载会使得桩体出现一定的压曲与附加弯矩,以致轴横向荷载作用下的单桩受力变形与单独作用水平荷载或轴向荷载的单桩存在较大的区别。故本文基于能量法,首先分别建立轴横向荷载作用下单桩的受力变形能量方程以及桩周土体能量方程,然后考虑桩土变形协调与一定的桩土相互作用,基于最小势能原理得到单桩变形控制微分方程,并采用幂级数法进行求解,最终得到轴横向荷载作用下单桩受力变形分析的幂级数解答。通过编程计算,将本文方法计算结果与试验结果、数值分析结果、规范法计算结果进行对比分析,验证了本文方法的合理性和可行性。在此基础上,基于本文解答进行了影响参数分析,结果表明:桩体长径比、桩土弹性模量比、桩周土模量深度变化系数均对轴横向受荷单桩的桩身水平位移与最大弯矩值有一定的影响,其中桩周土模量深度变化系数以不小于0.6为宜。     

抗滑桩护壁外壁形态对土拱效应影响的数值模拟

为揭示抗滑桩护壁外壁形态对土拱效应的影响规律,引入抗滑桩护壁外壁形态系数h,采用平面应变有限元方法,在不同抗滑桩外壁形态参数h下,研究了桩周及桩后土体位移、应力等因素的变化规律。研究结果表明:土拱效应的发挥程度,桩周土体的应力和变形与桩体外壁的形态有关。在h为4 cm、8 cm时,桩周土体的应力、位移变化量最大,增强了土拱的抗滑效用;当h大于8 cm时,桩周土体的应力、位移变化量随着h的增加逐级递减;当h接近极值时,桩周土体中的应力、位移变化不大,此时抗滑桩护壁外壁形态对土拱效用起不到积极作用。      

Analysis of laterally loaded pile groups in multilayered elastic soil

The paper presents a semi-analytical method of calculating the response of a pile group. The approach is based on tying the displacement at any point of the soil mass around a pile or group of piles to the displacements experienced by the piles themselves. This is done by multiplying the pile displacements by decay functions. Application of the principle of minimum potential energy and calculus of variations to the resulting displacement field formulation leads to the differential equations for the soil and piles. Solution of these differential equations using finite differences and the method of eigenvectors leads to the desired displacement field in the soil and deflection profiles of the piles. The method produces displacement fields that are very close to those produced by the finite element method at a fraction of the cost. To illustrate the ease of application of the method, it is then used to prepare pile group efficiency charts for some typical soil modulus profiles.     

横向载荷作用下刚性桩变位规律研究

目前对横向受载刚性桩的研究主要集中在其承载力方面,对变化规律研究很少。为此提出了利用刚性桩上两点位移求桩上任意一点位移、桩回转中心位置及转角的方法。通过对粉质黏土中的刚性桩进行模型试验与数值计算发现,回转中心位置随位移和载荷的增大,先是急剧下降,然后变缓,最后基本趋于稳定,而且桩埋置参数与土力学参数对回转中心位置的变化规律影响很小;而桩的转角随位移增大近似线性变化。比较发现,由试验和数值计算得到的回转中心极限位置与由极限地基反力法得到的结果相差不大     

Earth pressure evolution of the double-row long-short stabilizing pile system

Double-row stabilizing piles provide larger stabilizing force and lateral stiffness than the single ones. However, the loading shared by the front and rear pile is not the same with each other because of the shadow effects. A double-row long-short stabilizing pile system is verified in this paper. Physical model tests are used to investigate the influence of short rear pile on the earth pressures evolution in the stabilized soil. Numerical models are established and calibrated with the applied displacement–force curve and monitored earth pressure in the physical model test. The influence of the short rear stabilizing pile on the soil–pile interaction is further investigated based on the numerical model. The soil–pile relative displacement, total stabilizing force and bearing proportion of front and rear stabilizing pile are used to evaluate the soil–pile interaction. It is concluded that the total stabilizing force and bearing proportion of front and rear stabilizing pile are not significantly influence by the short rear stabilizing pile when the double-row piles are arranged in a line. When the double-row piles are arranged in a zigzag form, the total resistance provided by the double-row stabilizing piles decreases as the short rear piles are being used.     

Analysis of laterally loaded piles with rectangular cross sections embedded in layered soil

An analysis is developed to determine the response of laterally loaded rectangular piles in layered elastic media. The differential equations governing the displacements of the pile–soil system are derived using variational principles. Closed‐form solutions of pile deflection, the slope of the deflected curve, the bending moment and the shear force profiles can be obtained by this method for the entire pile length. The input parameters needed for the analysis are the pile geometry and the elastic constants of the soil and pile. The new analysis allows insights into the lateral load response of square, rectangular and circular piles and how they compare. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平循环荷载下桩基变形特性的离心模型试验研究

波浪、船舶等长期水平循环荷载作用下,桩基将不可避免地产生附加应力和变形。针对饱和黏土地层,开展离心模型试验研究了船舶系泊水平荷载作用下单桩和群桩的变形特性。发现水平循环加-卸载诱发了桩周土体的塑性变形,进而导致桩身产生了不可恢复的水平位移和弯曲变形。随着循环荷载的增加,单桩和群桩的桩顶最大水平位移和残余水平位移均同时增加,但残余水平位移明显小于最大水平位移。单桩的桩顶残余水平位移与最大位移比值介于0.17～0.22;群桩的桩顶残余水平位移与最大水平位移比值介于0.30～0.84。水平循环加-卸载作用下,桩身残余弯曲应变明显小于最大弯曲应变。单桩的残余弯曲应变与最大弯曲应变比值介于0.13～0.50;群桩的桩身残余弯曲应变与最大弯曲应变比值介于0.23～0.82。群桩前桩的残余和最大弯曲应变明显大于后桩,前桩与后桩的最大弯曲应变、残余应变比值分别高达3.2和3.1。因此,前桩要采取合理的加固和保护措施,以确保桩基长期服役的安全性。     

Soil resistances for laterally loaded rigid piles in multi-layered elastic soil

ABSTRACT

Short stubby piles like monopiles and large diameter drilled shafts undergo rigid body translation and rotation when subjected to a lateral force and/or a moment at the head. A method of analysis for these piles embedded in multi-layered elastic soil is developed using the variational principles of mechanics. Using this analysis, the soil resistance against pile movement can be rigorously related to the soil elastic constants, and the pile head displacement and rotation can be quickly calculated. The equilibrium equations for pile and soil displacements are obtained using the principle of virtual work and solved using an iterative algorithm. Pile responses obtained from the analysis match well with those obtained from three-dimensional finite element analyses in which the same inputs of loads, geometry, and material properties are given. Based on the new analysis, fitted equations for soil resistance parameters are developed, which can be used to directly calculate the pile head displacement and rotation without the use of the iterative algorithm. Numerical examples are provided that demonstrate how the method can be used to analyse practical problems.     

The P-y Response of Laterally Loaded Flexible Piles in Residual Soil

This paper describes the main features related to lateral displacements with depth after successive lateral loading–unloading cycles applied to the top of reinforced-concrete flexible bored piles embedded in naturally bonded residual soil. The bored piles under study have a cylindrical shape, with 0.40-m in diameter and 8.0-m in length. Both bored piles types (P1 and P2) include an embedded steel pipe section in their center as longitudinal steel reinforcements: pile type P1 has another 16 steel rods as steel reinforcement to concrete while pile type P2 has no further steel reinforcement. Pile type P1 has three times as much stiffness (EI) and four and a half times the plastic moment (M_y) than pile type P2. A similar load–displacement performance was observed at initial loads as for small displacements of both piles. At this initial loading stage, the response of the reinforced concrete piles is a function of the soil characteristics and of a linear elastic pile deformation. During this stage, piles can even be understood as probes for evaluating soil reactions. For larger horizontal displacements, after the concrete section starts undergoing large deformations, approaching the ultimate bending moment, pile behavior and consequently the load–displacement relation starts to diverge for both piles. For pile P1 the values of relevant lateral displacements are extended to about 2.5-m in depth, while for pile P2 lateral displacements are mostly constrained to about 2.0-m in depth. Measurements of horizontal displacements of pile P1 against depth recorded with a slope indicator show that, after unloading, lateral loads at distinct stages (small and near failure loads), exhibits a much higher elastic phase of the system response. An analytical fitting model of soil reaction is proposed based on the measured displacements from slope indicator. The integration of a continuous model proposed for the soil reaction agrees fairly well with the measured displacements up to moments close to plastic limit. Results of load–displacement show that the stiffer pile (P1) was able to mobilize twice as much lateral load compared to pile P2 for a service limit displacement of about 20 mm. The paper shows results that enable the isolation of the structural variable through real scale pile load tests, thus granting understanding of its importance and enabling its quantitative visualization in examples of piles embedded in residual soil sites.

     

深厚软土中抗滑桩的修正悬臂桩计算方法

大面积堆填或开挖时深厚软土地层内部常产生较大滑移,这为该类地层中考虑桩土作用的抗滑桩分析带来较大困难。考虑深厚软土的滑移性状,针对既有悬臂桩法计算存在的问题进行修正,滑动面上部桩身受荷段的桩身荷载采用等腰三角形分布且极值点为极限侧土压力,设滑动面下部桩身锚固段上侧桩周软土为理想弹塑性以考虑软土大位移条件,下侧为弹性状态,并通过位移叠加原理对传统方法求解产生滑动面不连续的缺陷进行修正。通过现场桩侧堆载试验验证,修正悬臂桩法的弯矩和位移计算结果较好,桩顶位移误差小于3%,桩身最大弯矩误差小于10%。所提方法有助于深厚软土地层抗滑桩的设计和计算。     

A multidirectional semi‐analytical method for analysis of laterally loaded pile groups in multi‐layered elastic strata

A semi‐analytical method for calculating the response of single piles and pile groups subjected to lateral loading is developed in this paper. Displacements anywhere in the soil domain are tied to the displacements of the piles through decay functions. The principle of virtual work and the calculus of variations are used to derive the governing differential equations that describe the response of the piles and soil. The eigenvalue method and the finite difference technique are used to solve the system of coupled differential equations for the piles and soil, respectively. The proposed method takes into account the soil surface displacement along and perpendicular to the loading direction and produces displacement fields that are very close to those produced by the finite element method but at lower computational effort. Compared with the previous method that considered only the soil displacement along the loading direction, accounting for the multi‐directional soil displacement field produces responses for the piles and soil that are closer to those approximated by the finite element method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulations of landslide-stabilizing piles: a remediation project in Söke,Turkey

A catastrophic landslide following a rainy season occurred in the backyard of a school building in Söke, Turkey. The landslide caused property damage and adversely affected the present forest cover. Immediately after the landslide, double-row stabilizing piles were designed and constructed based on the findings of two-dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) analyses to take an urgent precaution. To remedy the problem, pile displacements were monitored using inclinometers, and it was observed that the measured displacements were greater than the values calculated in the design stage. Accordingly, two different three-dimensional (3D) numerical FE models were used in tandem with the inclinometer data to determine the load transfer mechanism. In the first model, numerical analyses were made to predict the pile displacements, and while the model predicted successfully the displacement of the piles constructed in the middle with reasonable accuracy, it failed for the corner piles. In the second model, the soil load transfer between piles was determined considering the sliding mass geometry, the soil arching mechanism and the group interaction between adjacent piles. The results of the second model revealed that the middle piles with large displacements transferred their loads to the corner piles with smaller displacements. The generated soil loads, perpendicular to the sliding direction, restricted pile deformations and piles with less displacement were subjected to greater loads due to the bowl-shaped landslide. A good agreement between the computed pile displacements and inclinometer data indicates that the existing soil pressure theories should be improved considering the position of the pile in the sliding mass, the depth and deformation modulus of stationary soil, the relative movement between the soil and piles and the relative movement of adjacent piles.