砂土中不同管桩桩型承载性能的对比试验研究

通过室内模型试验研究砂土地层中不同成桩工艺管桩基础的竖向承载性能,对比分析随钻跟管桩与传统锤击法管桩、中掘法管桩在受力行为与荷载传递机理上的差异,并探讨管桩填芯对随钻跟管桩承载性能的影响。试验结果表明,在砂土地层中,随钻跟管桩的单桩极限承载力较中掘法管桩提高19%以上,由于文中模型试验锤击法管桩的挤土效应较小,故其承载力最低;桩侧注浆提高侧摩阻力的效果要好于挤土效应,中掘法管桩存在的桩端水泥土扩大头对侧摩阻力的发挥有增强作用;相同桩侧注浆条件下桩芯填芯有助于提高随钻跟管桩的极限承载力和侧摩阻力;3种管桩桩型均为端承摩擦桩,极限状态下中掘法管桩和随钻跟管桩的端阻力比约为29%,随钻跟管桩的端阻力比与现场足尺桩（桩径为1 m,桩长15 m）的高应变动力测试结果较为接近。     

饱和黏土中抗拔桩上限承载力分析及土塞效应

构造了抗拔桩上限分析机构,对饱和黏土中闭口桩与开口管桩抗拔承载力进行了上限计算,通过与弹塑性有限元、下限法及API方法进行对比说明了其合理性,并与实测资料对比验证了此方法的可靠性。研究了长径比、桩壁粗糙程度、土体强度非均匀性和土塞高度对抗拔承载力的影响,拟合出了闭口桩的抗拔净承载力预测公式。主要结果表明：对于闭口桩,归一化的抗拔净承载系数和单桩长径比之间近似呈线性关系。对于开口管桩,开口管桩抗拔净承载力系数与闭口桩抗拔净承载力系数的比值随长径比的增大有增大的趋势;管桩抗拔净承载力系数随着土塞高度的增加而增加,土塞对管桩的抗拔承载力有不可忽略的影响。     

开口管桩高频振动贯入过程的ALE有限元分析

任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)方法吸取了拉格朗日和欧拉法的优点,避免了常规有限元中拉格朗日方法的网格畸变问题,适用于开口管桩高频振动贯入过程的计算分析。采用ALE有限元方法,建立开口管桩高频振动贯入过程的数值模型,对沉桩过程中挤土效应、桩侧阻力和土塞效应的变化规律进行了详细研究。研究结果表明:挤土应力主要沿径向传播,且深层土体受到的挤土应力比浅层土体大;水平挤土位移随管桩贯入深度的增加而增大,而最大水平挤土位移与管桩贯入深度存在累积效应;挤土效应的影响范围约为10倍管径,因此在施工过程中要给以足够重视;桩外侧摩阻力随贯入深度增加呈近似线性增长,桩内侧摩阻力随贯入深度增加而呈非线性增长,增长速率随贯入深度增加而逐渐增大;管内土塞处于不完全闭塞状态,土塞程度由完全非闭塞向部分闭塞过渡。此外,研究了土体模量、桩土界面摩擦系数、振动频率和桩径对土体位移的影响。     

河北唐山曹妃甸地区混凝土管桩承载力试验研究

文章通过在预应力高强混凝土管桩(PHC)桩周各土层界面处埋设应变式钢筋计的静载荷试验,研究软土地基PHC管桩的单桩竖向极限承载力,分析了桩侧阻力、桩端阻力的分布规律。认为:(1)当第一层土为尚未完成自重固结的土层时,其土层范围内桩侧阻力值非常小;(2)桩身轴力自上而下传递,土层提供的桩侧阻力存在深度效应;(3)试桩表现为典型的端承摩擦桩性状,桩端阻力占荷载比重不超过5%,考虑桩顶相对位移对桩端阻力的发挥作用,引入桩顶位移修正系数后,利用规范公式计算结果与试验结果较接近。     

基于光纤传感技术静压桩承载力时效性机理分析

在桩身预埋FBG（fiber bragg gating）光纤传感器,利用静压桩隔时复压试验的优势,观测开口PHC管桩的承载力、桩端阻力以及桩侧摩阻力随休止时间的变化情况。试验表明,桩极限承载力在沉桩结束一定时间范围内随时间大致呈对数型增长,沉桩284 h后提高幅度达140%,时效性系数为0.52;桩端阻力和桩侧摩阻力在休止期内的提高幅度分别为6.28%和475.37%,说明试验场地条件下试桩承载力的提高主要源于桩侧摩阻力。试验结果显示,桩极限承载力及桩侧摩阻力的发展符合3阶段增长模型,时间界点分别为21.5 h和279 h。研究成果可为基桩时效性研究及相关设计提供依据。     

随钻跟管桩竖向承载性能原位试验与室内物理模拟试验对比研究

随钻跟管桩(简称DPC桩)是一种钻孔-沉桩-排土同步进行的无泥浆排放的节能环保型大直径(800～1 400 mm)新型非挤土PHC管桩。开展了现场原位试验、理论计算分析及物理模拟试验,对比分析了这种新桩型的承载性能优势、桩侧摩阻力分布特征、荷载传递特性。得到如下结论:(1)原位静载试验中,DPC桩是一种以发挥桩侧摩阻力为主的摩擦端承桩,桩侧摩阻力占比高达67.84%～72.85%,DPC桩的承载性能与注浆效果密切相关,相对于同等条件下的钻孔灌注桩、锤击法管桩,其竖向承载力分别提高了33.42%、23.16%,DPC桩的桩底沉渣厚度较小时,其荷载-位移曲线为缓变形(1号桩),否则为陡降形(2号桩);(2)室内物理模型试验中,各桩型均未嵌岩条件下,DPC桩、钻孔灌注桩、锤击法管桩3种桩型的荷载-位移曲线均为陡降形,DPC桩的承载力相对于钻孔灌注桩提高了18.60%;(3)不同的成桩工艺下桩的摩阻力差距较大,随钻跟管桩的桩侧摩阻力最大,钻孔灌注桩次之,锤击法管桩最小,这与物理试验钻孔灌注桩桩侧模拟泥皮密切相关;所有桩型桩侧摩阻力沿桩身深度分布规律均表现出了两头小中间大的规律;随着荷载增加,桩侧摩阻力逐渐下移,直至桩基破坏;(4)模型试验中随钻跟管桩桩侧摩阻力为6 061.65 N,占其极限承载力(8 147.62 N)的74.40%,模型试验同样得出随钻跟管桩是一种以发挥桩侧摩阻力为主的摩擦端承桩。     

考虑桩底沉渣的随钻跟管桩竖向承载特性模型试验研究

随钻跟管桩施工不能完全清除桩底岩土沉渣,从而影响桩基端承力。为揭示桩底沉渣对随钻跟管桩承载力的影响机制,开展了考虑桩底沉渣影响的随钻跟管桩竖向承载特性模型试验研究。试验结果表明:在密砂地层中,具有桩端水泥土扩大头的随钻跟管桩,其桩顶荷载-沉降曲线为缓降型,而模拟试验的其他管桩均为陡降型;桩底沉渣降低随钻跟管桩的极限承载力在22%以内,且其桩顶荷载主要由桩侧摩阻力承担,承担占比超过90%;与存在一定厚度沉渣的钻孔灌注桩相比,随钻跟管桩的桩底沉渣对降低承载力的影响相对较小;靠近桩端的轴力随着沉渣厚度的增加而减小,沉渣越厚,减少的幅度越明显;桩端水泥土扩大头施工可提高随钻跟管桩约37%的承载力,且桩端阻比均小于15%。现场原位测试(桩长为15.5 m,长径比为15.50)和室内模型试验(桩长为1 m,长径比为15.87)结果均表明:存在桩底沉渣时,随钻跟管桩是以发挥侧摩阻力为主的端承摩擦型桩。研究成果有助于进一步加深对随钻跟管桩承载性状的认识。     

砂土中开口管桩沉桩过程的颗粒流模拟研究

基于颗粒流理论,采用PFC2D程序,模拟再现不同型号开口管桩在沉桩过程中土塞的形成演化规律、土颗粒细观结构变化以及桩周土应力场分布情况,并通过分析土体细观变化模式揭示沉桩过程中宏观力学响应的内在机制。计算结果表明,管桩直径对土塞效应影响很大,外径为30 mm的开口管桩,沉桩过程中土塞增量填充率（IFR）值较小,土塞效应明显,土塞高度小,类似闭口桩;随着管桩直径的增大,土塞效应迅速减小,大直径管桩在砂土中沉桩全部闭塞的可能性很小。细观因素（孔隙率和滑动比例）与土体宏观位移表现之间存在着明显的相互对应关系,并依此将桩周土划分3个区域。桩周土体水平应力、竖向应力和剪应力都在桩底附近形成“应力核”,不同型号管桩桩周土应力场分布相近。     

随钻跟管桩钻孔卸荷与后注浆效应的试验研究

为了克服管桩施工的挤土效应,研发了钻进成孔、同步沉桩和后注浆的嵌岩非挤土大直径随钻跟管桩。通过足尺寸原位试验,测试了钻孔沉桩和桩侧注浆施工引起的桩周土体变形及压力变化情况,分析了钻孔卸荷和后注浆效应沿水平方向和深度方向的变化规律,揭示了随钻跟管桩施工对桩周土体的扰动。此外,基于圆孔收缩理论提出了随钻跟管桩钻孔卸荷变形预估方法。研究表明,随钻跟管桩的施工扰动主要表现为钻孔卸荷效应和桩侧后注浆效应,钻孔卸荷使孔壁收缩3.5～18.9mm,后续的桩侧注浆使收缩变形恢复了28%～50%,部分消除了钻孔卸荷效应的影响。修正后的圆孔收缩理论,可预估钻孔卸荷引起的桩周土体径向位移及压力变化。与锤击/静压管桩及中掘法管桩的挤土效应相比,随钻跟管桩的钻孔卸荷效应小,在城市建筑和管线密集区域应用更具优势。     

黏性土中静力沉桩过程桩土界面土压力模型试验

为探讨静压桩贯入过程中桩土界面土压力的变化特性,开展了室内饱和黏性土中静压桩沉桩模型试验。采用双壁模型管桩分离内外摩阻力,在桩身安装微型土压力传感器,监测桩-土界面土压力,分析了沉桩过程中压桩力与桩端阻力的变化规律,探讨了静压桩沉桩过程中桩土界面土压力的分布特征,明确了桩土界面土压力在沉桩过程中存在明显的退化效应,揭示了饱和黏性土中静压桩沉桩过程桩土界面土压力的变化机理。试验结果表明：压桩力随贯入深度的增加近似呈线性增长,在贯入后期闭口桩的压桩力明显大于开口桩的压桩力;桩端阻力基本呈现出线性增长,在沉桩过程中桩端阻力占压桩力的比例较大,占比为62.3%;在静压桩贯入初期,桩土界面土压力的增长速度较低,随着静压桩的逐渐贯入,桩土界面土压力呈现出线性增长且增长速率较快;在同一深度处,随着静压桩的逐渐贯入桩土界面土压力出现明显的土压力退化现象,在深度20、30、40、50、60、70 cm处,土压力依次平均退化14.6%、13.8%、13.2%、9.2%、7.2%、6.1%。     

Estimating Pile Set-up Using 24-h Restrike Resistance and Computed Static Capacity for PPC Piles Driven in Soft Lousiana Coastal Deposits

In this paper, the CPT-based predicted ultimate pile resistances (R_p) were compared with the measured pile resistances (R_m) at different elapsed time for the piles driven into saturated soft clays where piles displayed significant set-up effect. The measured pile resistances were based on 115 restrike records collected from 95 production piles, and 74 records of 9 tested piles. The predicted ultimate pile resistances were calculated from the LCPC, the Schmertmann, and the de Ruiter–Beringen methods, respectively. With the significant pile set-up effect taken into account, the relationship between measured resistances and predicted capacities at different times after pile installation were investigated. The ratios of the measured pile resistances to the predicted capacities scattered in a large spectrum. The ratios fluctuated and stayed within a range of 0.6–1.6 for different CPT methods since end of initial driving until more than 2 months after pile installation. Plots of the ratios versus the predicted pile capacities using different CPT methods have revealed that the ratio (R_m/R_p) presented a strong dependence on the predicted capacities. Great research efforts have been devoted to the analyses of the ratios of the 24-h measured resistance to the predicted capacity based on different CPT methods, in an attempt to find a feasible empirical correlation. It is found that a simple linear relationship exists between the quad root of the ratio and the predicted capacity. The developed empirical equations will give pile foundation engineers an insight into the ultimate resistances of driven piles demonstrating significant pile set-up effects. Pile set-up makes pile resistances grow with time, and it might be one of the reasons that cause the frequently reported large discrepancy between calculated static capacity and measured resistance at a certain time after pile installation.     

刚性荷载下现浇X形桩复合地基极限承载力特性研究

现浇X形桩是通过等截面周边扩大原理,将圆形截面的正拱变为反拱而成的。作为一种新型的异型截面桩,目前对其极限承载力的计算仍采用规范中建议的经验公式。结合南京桥北污水处理厂地基处理工程的现场静载荷试验,应用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立刚性荷载下现浇X形混凝土桩复合地基的模型,模拟不同桩身模量、桩周土模量、桩长、褥垫层厚度和模量等参数下现浇X形混凝土桩复合地基的荷载-沉降关系,从而得出复合地基的极限承载力。结果表明,现浇X形桩单桩复合地基极限承载力比等截面面积的圆形桩单桩复合地基增大20%以上,X形桩4桩梅花形复合地基极限承载力比等截面面积的圆形桩大12.35%。极限承载力随桩身模量、褥垫层模量、桩周土体模量或者桩长的增大而增大,而且在众多影响因素中桩周土体模量对复合地基极限承载力的影响最为明显。     

Incorporating set-up into LRFD method for drilled shafts

The increase of pile resistance with time is referred to as ‘set-up’. This behaviour of driven piles has been widely discussed in many studies by researchers. Meanwhile, there has been little, if any, information regarding this aspect for drilled shafts. Performing a bearing capacity test for a shaft over time, however, requires higher costs and more complicated rigs compared to a driven pile. A database including results from five Osterberg cell-tested drilled shafts conducted at two different stages is considered, from which the set-up effect is statistically analysed. The reliability-based analysis technique using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is used to develop separate resistance factors to account for different degrees of uncertainties associated with the predicted reference resistance and the predicted set-up resistance in the framework of the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method. By incorporating set-up into design, shaft length or number of shafts can be reduced and economical design of drilled shafts can be achieved.     

Growth-rate-dependent prediction of pile set-up and its application in driven pile foundation construction

In this paper research was presented on the development of a growth-rate-dependent model for pile set-up prediction using the restrike and static/statnamic load testing data collected from different projects. The data included: a) restrike records from ninety-five production piles and restrike and load test results of nine instrumented piles driven in soft clays from the relocation project of Highway No. 1 in Louisiana (LA-1); and b) restrike and static load testing data of five fully instrumented square PPC piles driven at four different bridge sites in various soil layers from sands to clays in Florida. Research effort was focused on the prediction of the ultimate shaft resistances with pile set-up formulated using the pile resistance growth rate-dependent model. The timeframe of interest was studied for a practical set-up magnitude such as 90% of the ultimate shaft resistance (Q₉₀). As an application of the rate-dependent model, it was found that piles at the LA-1 relocation project, in general, reached about 95% of the ultimate shaft resistances at the time of 2 weeks after pile installation. The strategy of incorporation of pile set-up in adjusting pile driving criteria or/and design during pile construction, such as the experience-based plan of a two-week waiting period adopted by Louisiana DOTD, was investigated and justified.     

珊瑚砂地基中膨胀混凝土桩竖向受压承载性能研究

为研究珊瑚砂地基下膨胀混凝土桩竖向承载特性,开展了室内单桩竖向静载模型试验,分析了膨胀混凝土桩的单桩荷载-位移曲线以及轴力、桩侧摩阻力等沿桩长分布特性,与PLAXIS 3D软件数值模拟结果进行对比并探究了线膨胀率对承载特性的影响。结果表明：珊瑚砂中膨胀混凝土桩的荷载位移曲线呈现缓变型,在加载过程中,荷载主要由桩侧摩阻力承担,轴力随着深度的增加而减小,桩侧摩阻力随深度先增加后逐渐减小,随荷载的增加逐渐发挥作用。随着膨胀剂用量的增加,桩身线膨胀量逐渐增加,桩-土相互作用更加明显。添加25% HCSA型膨胀剂可提高近20%的极限承载力和56%的极限侧阻力,提高桩体线膨胀率可以有效提高桩的极限承载力和侧摩阻力。该研究可为珊瑚砂桩基工程设计提供参考。     

An Experimental Study on Bearing Capacity of Steel Open Ended Pipe Pile with Exterior Wings Under Compression Load

The present study investigates the increasing in ultimate pile capacity and studied the soil plugging phenomenon and the incremental filing ratio for a modified type of open-ended pipe pile. The modification performed by adding steel plates as wings with special dimensions and fixed on the exterior face of the pipe pile wall at a location near the pile tip with specified dimensions. Five wings have used for each new model of pipe pile. These wings distributed in equal spacing along with the circumstances of the exterior wall of the open-ended pipe piles. The efficiency of the proposed type studied by modelling and manufacturing twelve piles (40 mm diameter, L/D = 15 and L/D = 20). Complete setup manufactured for installing and loading the piles in a constant rate of penetration. The model piles installed in poorly graded loose dry sand. The obtained results show that the proposed type has a higher ultimate bearing capacity. The percentage of increase reaches more than 50%. The development of the load capacity is due to the three effects. The first is increases of the exterior shaft friction, and the second effect creates a new end-bearing capacity under the constrained soil between the exterior wings. And the third effect is developing the end-bearing capacity under the soil plug inside open-ended pipe pile due to the first and the second effects.

     

Estimation of bearing capacity of open-ended model piles in sand

The plugging of pipe piles is an important phenomenon, which is not adequately accounted for in the current design recommendations. An open-ended pipe pile is said to be plugged when the soil inside the pile moves down with the pile, resulting in the pile becoming effectively closed-ended. Plugging is believed to result in an increase in the horizontal stresses between the pile and the surrounding soil, which results in an increase in skin friction. A total number of 60 model pile tests are carried out to investigate the behavior of plugs on the pile load capacity and the effects of plug removal. Different parameters are considered, such as pile diameter–to–length ratio, types of installation in sands of different densities, and removal of the plug in three stages (50, 75, and 100 %) with respect to the length of plug. The changes in the soil plug length and incremental filling ratio (IFR) with the penetration depth during pile driving show that the open-ended piles are partially plugged from the outset of the pile driving. The pile reached a fully plugged state for pressed piles in loose and medium sand and partially plugged (IFR = 10 %) in dense sand. For driven piles, the IFR is about 30 % in loose sand, 20 % in medium sand, and 30 % in dense sand. The pile load capacity increases with increases in the length of the plug length ratio (PLR). The rate of increase in the value of the pile load capacity with PLR is greater in dense sand than in medium and loose sand. Based on test results, new empirical relation for the estimation of the load carrying capacity of open-ended piles based on the IFR is proposed.     

软土地层高承台桥梁群桩基础横向承载特性研究

高承台群桩基础是高速铁路桥梁基础的一种常用形式,受到风、地震等荷载作用影响,常常需要承受较大的横向荷载。采用室内物理模型试验和三维有限元程序ABAQUS对软土地层中单桩、群桩的横向承载特性进行了研究,软土采用修正剑桥黏土本构模型,试验结果与有限元计算结果吻合较好。群桩研究方案包括了桩数的变化以及桩间距的变化。结果表明,群桩基础的基桩平均横向承载力（总承载力/桩数）较单桩基础显著增加,且水平荷载方向桩间距越大,其横向承载力越大;群桩基础基桩受力存在三维空间效应,不同位置基桩受力大小排序为角桩最大,其次为边桩,最小为中间桩,弯矩极值差异可达20%,群桩基础桩周土影响范围距外围基桩边缘净距离约为16D (D为桩径)。桩与桩相互影响效应对群桩水平承载不利,承台约束效应对水平承载有利。探讨了考虑上述两种效应的群桩效应系数计算方法,通过计算验证了该方法在软土地区高承台群桩基础横向承载力计算中的适用性。     

考虑参数和模型不确定性的基桩正常使用极限状态可靠度分析

考虑承载力计算模型和荷载不确定性,利用可靠度分析方法和概率统计理论,推导出承载能力极限状态（ULS）和正常使用极限状态（SLS）下可靠度指标的计算公式,给出了两种极限状态下可靠度指标间的线性关系式,研究了桩顶容许沉降 随机性对正常使用极限状态可靠度分析结果的影响。研究结果表明,土体类别和桩型对正常使用极限状态模型因子影响很小;正常使用极限状态下基桩可靠度指标随承载力计算模型和荷载不确定性的增大而减小,但减小幅度逐渐降低,且可靠度指标总变化量不大,工程应用中可忽略承载力计算模型和荷载不确定性在可靠度分析中的影响; 随机性对正常使用极限状态可靠性分析结果的影响很大,随 的增加,正常使用极限状态模型因子和可靠度指标逐渐增大,而模型因子变异性逐渐减小,但桩本身性质并没有任何改变,只是所允许的沉降条件不同。研究结果可为规范修订和工程应用提供参考。