地震作用下堆积体边坡的坡面变形与失稳机制

地震作用下堆积体边坡的动力响应特性十分复杂,单一抗震安全系数不足以评价其动力稳定性。通过大型振动台试验,研究了连续多级地震荷载作用下,地震波的类型、卓越频率及峰值加速度对堆积体边坡坡面永久位移的影响,并初步分析其失稳机制。试验结果表明,相同峰值加速度下振动型地震波比冲击型地震波更容易产生坡面永久位移,地震波卓越频率对坡面永久位移也有重要影响;堆积体边坡在峰值加速度apeak=0.2g时开始有大颗粒石砾滚落,对应的坡面永久位移在apeak=0.2g～0.3g之间开始产生并显著增大,另外利用考虑坡面几何形态变化的改进Newmark法对坡顶的永久位移进行了估算。通过坡面永久位移评价堆积体边坡的动力稳定性有一定合理性。     

不同含水状态堆积体边坡地震响应特性大型振动台模型试验

堆积体边坡动力响应特性复杂,影响因素众多。已有的大型动三轴试验结果表明,含水状态对堆积体的动剪切模量比与阻尼比有重要影响。针对含水状态这一因素,开展了2组不同含水率的1:12比尺的大型振动台堆积体边坡模型试验,对比分析了其在连续地震荷载序列作用下的加速度响应特性与坡顶位移发展趋势。试验结果表明：2组边坡模型均表现出第一阶自振频率随着加载序列递减、阻尼比随着加载序列增大的现象,但含水率为6.6%时,边坡第1阶自振频率与阻尼比均大于含水率为0.7%的堆积体边坡。堆积体边坡含水率为6.6%时的输入地震动峰值加速度（PGA）放大系数大于堆积体边坡含水率为0.7%时的工况。2组模型坡顶水平响应加速度的傅里叶频谱特征相似,均表现出输入地震波的特征频率越接近模型第1阶自振频率,坡顶水平加速度放大效应越明显,而且从低频侧接近第1阶自振频率的响应比从高频侧接近的要显著。含水率为6.6%的堆积体边坡在多级地震荷载作用下的坡顶永久位移均大于含水率为0.7%的边坡,堆积体边坡含水率为6.6%,坡顶永久位移对输入地震波的频谱特性更敏感。研究结论有助于增强不同含水状态对堆积体边坡动力响应规律影响的认识。     

并联基础隔震结构的地震随机响应分析

运用随机振动理论,分析了地震作用下并联基础隔震结构层间最大位移的概率统计特性,导出了其均值和均方差的计算公式。选用一个采用并联基础隔震的4层钢筋混凝土框架作为数值算例,通过地震随机响应分析,得出了隔震结构各层层间最大位移的均值及均方差响应,通过增大上部结构自振频率与隔震结构自振频率的比值以及增大隔震层的摩擦屈服剪力都可以降低隔震层最大位移的均值响应。     

扩建城市垃圾填埋场的地震稳定性分析

结合现场剪切波速试验、室内常规及动三轴试验结果,给出了扩建城市垃圾填埋场地震稳定性的有限元分析方法,并分析了扩建垃圾填埋体沿填埋体内部圆弧滑动面、新老填埋体交界面及底部和背部衬垫系统的地震稳定性。当填埋场中渗滤液水头较低时,扩建填埋体最易发生沿新老填埋体交界面的滑动。与总应力法计算结果相比较发现,总应力法只适合分析输入地震动较小的情况,而当输入地震动较大时,由于它不能考虑动孔压上升所导致的MSW软化而使得其计算的扩建填埋体沿圆弧滑动面的安全系数偏保守。另外,采用Newmark法分析了不同输入地震动时不同横、竖向扩建方案的永久位移,分析表明：扩建填埋体沿新老填埋体交界面的地震永久位移的对数近似与屈服加速度同最大水平加速度的比值呈线性关系,并给出了其永久位移的拟合公式。     

基于振动台试验的加速度积分位移方法可靠性研究

土体应变变形是土工测试技术的重要难题之一,加速度积分位移是目前动荷载下原位监测和模型试验中认识土体剪应变响应的一种普遍方法,但缺乏验证与可靠性研究。设计砂质边坡?摇臂?质量块振动台模型试验,实测两地震荷载下多组工况的质量块加速度与位移响应时程,探讨了4种代表性方法求解动态、永久位移的可靠性及偏转影响。结果表明,动态位移求解采用高通滤波是一种可靠途径且受积分方式影响较小,各方法在动态位移工况中积分位移与实测相比,峰值平均误差小于等于25%;双拟法积分位移发生严重偏离,与函数形式和处理过程相关。永久位移求解采用高通滤波导致加速度低频成分缺失而无法得到永久位移;双拟法积分位移与实测相比吻合较好,两地震荷载中误差分别为7%和5%;偏转对动态位移求解可靠性影响较小,但对永久位移影响严重,双拟法呈现发散而失真。试验方法与结论,对认识加速度积分位移求取土体剪应变的可靠性和合理选取数据分析方法具有重要科学价值和指导意义。     

卫生填埋场复合边坡地震稳定性和永久变形分析

采用非连续变形分析方法,对卫生填埋场复合型边坡的地震稳定性和永久变形进行了详细地计算分析,探讨了边坡倾角、土与土工膜之间的摩擦系数、边坡的长度、覆盖土层的厚度以及地震加速度对边坡的稳定性和永久变形的影响。由边坡的破坏形式,讨论了复合型边坡的破坏机理,指出了文献[1]给出的计算公式的适用条件以及局限性,为卫生填埋场复合型衬垫层的稳定设计提供参考。     

不同运动模式的悬臂式挡墙地震永久位移算法

为了有效确定支挡边坡的悬臂式挡墙的地震永久位移,考虑悬臂墙踵板上方局部填土可能存在的不同滑裂特征,基于拟静力法、塑性极限分析上限定理与Newmark滑块法,针对地震条件下可能发生的墙-坡整体对数螺旋面转动、墙-局部填土体系水平滑动及绕墙趾转动3种运动模式,根据较为严格的力学定义分别推导了墙体地震永久位移计算公式。实例分析表明,前两种运动模式所得的地震永久位移相近,均远大于后一种模式,在工程设计中属于位移控制模式。与既有的经验公式法对比表明,文中方法与其误差在30%以内,且比概率置信水平取0.7的Ambraseys-Menu方法小7%。对于墙-坡系统整体旋转滑动模式,在水平地震影响系数一定的情况下,10个主要参数敏感性正交分析结果表明,其对水平屈服加速度影响的敏感性大小排序为:填土黏聚力、墙高、填土内摩擦角、墙体重度、立臂顶宽、填土重度、趾板长度、竖向地震影响系数、底板厚度和踵板长度。     

汶川地震中锚固岩质边坡的动力响应特征

岩质边坡的地震响应是当前岩土工程界所关注的重要问题之一。以紫坪铺工程进水口边坡为研究对象,以现场监测数据为基础,从时间和空间的角度综合分析了汶川地震前、后支护荷载和边坡位移的变化特征,并讨论了坡体形态、岩体结构以及支护荷载对地震力作用的协同影响。研究结果表明：受地震力作用影响,坡体变形和支护荷载发生突变,主要受主震影响;地震引起的支护荷载变化量在100 kN以内,未超出设计荷载的5%;边坡水平向产生的永久位移在12 mm范围内,岩体变形深度受结构面分布控制;边坡中部变形最大,沿水平方向具有明显的临空面放大效应,而沿高程方向,没有明显垂直放大效应。研究成果可加深对锚固岩体动力响应机制的认识,同时为以位移控制的边坡工程抗震设计提供参考。     

城市垃圾填埋场的地震响应及稳定性分析

对典型构型填埋场的二维地震响应进行了详细计算,目的是考察不同强度地震动作用下填埋场的稳定性,评价影响填埋场稳定性的主要因素,及各因素之间的相对重要性。计算结果显示：（1）覆盖层的稳定性主要依赖于垃圾土的材料属性、填埋场高度、输入地震动的频谱特性、以及场地条件等参数;（2）衬垫层的稳定性取决于输入地震动的加速度峰值、卓越周期和填埋场的基本自振周期。     

地基与密肋复合墙结构相互作用系统频域地震响应试验研究

为研究地震作用下黄土地基与密肋复合墙结构相互作用系统频域地震响应的基本规律,进行了1:15比例结构模型进行振动台试验。输入白噪声、El-Centro波、天津波,测试了结构与地基的动力响应。通过快速傅里叶变化得到频域响应曲线,分析了地基与结构的动力特性以及从7度至9度水平向地震波加载时的动力反应,对比了各加载工况下加速度及位移频域响应曲线,研究了地基、结构频域动力响应的基本规律及其影响因素。结果表明:地震波激励下地基土开裂,自振频率降低,对上部结构的嵌固作用减弱;地基表面与结构顶部加速度响应随烈度的提高而增大,峰值所对应频率的变化显著,地基对加速度的放大效应显著,上部结构对位移的放大效应显著。因此,考虑地基与结构相互作用后,动力放大效应与地基破坏状况及地震动特性密切相关。     

Field applicability of self-recovering sustainable liner as landfill final cover

Preventing the penetration of rainwater into a landfill site is the main purpose of the final cover in landfill sites. Conventional designs of landfill covers use geotextiles, such as geomembrane and geosynthetic clay liners, and clay liners to lower the permeability of the final cover of landfill sites. However, differential settlement and climatic effects in landfill sites instigate crack development or structural damage inside the final cover. This study therefore investigates the field applicability of a self-recovering sustainable liner (SRSL) as an alternative to the landfill final cover. The SRSL utilizes the precipitation reaction of two chemical materials to form precipitates that fill the pores and thereby lower the overall permeability of the liner. To examine the field applicability of the SRSL system, uniaxial compression tests and laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests were performed under various climatic effects such as wet/dry and freeze/thaw processes. Furthermore, field-scale hydraulic conductivity tests were performed with intentionally induced cracks to demonstrate the self-recovery performance for practical applications. Extensive laboratory and field test results confirmed the capability of the SRSL final cover system to fulfill the strength and hydraulic conductivity requirements, even in harsh field conditions.     

填埋场连续型排水结构中最大饱和深度的计算

确定填埋场中的最大饱和深度是进行渗滤液导排系统设计的关键技术参数。针对倾斜场地上的连续型排水结构,基于流量连续条件、Dupuit假设与扩展Dupuit假设,在稳态渗流下,分别建立了浸润线方程,采用数值方法进行计算。通过变动参数计算与分析表明,当场地坡度小于10％时,可采用Dupuit假设下的计算方法进行计算。对于采用土工排水网的连续型排水结构,土工排水网导水率与场地坡度为控制填埋场最大饱和深度的重要因素;保护层渗透系数与入渗率对于控制排水系统的排水效率具有不可忽视的作用。同时比较了水平场地上的锯齿型与连续型排水结构的排水效率,表明前者优于后者。     

Response of landfill clay liners to extended periods of freezing

This paper presents the results of a physical model study of the performance of landfill clay cover liners subjected to extended freezing periods. Three proposed designs for a prototype cover liner were evaluated with a primary objective being the determination of frost penetration resulting from the sub-freezing temperatures imposed as an upper boundary condition to the model. The ultimate performance of the three liner designs were compared on the basis of frost penetration, leakage through the liner, and frost heave. The observed depth of frost penetration was compared to that predicted using a simplified analytical solution of the thermodynamic problem, in addition to measured field behavior.

The laboratory experiment utilizes a 1.8 m² tank, of ca 2.1 m depth. The tank is loaded with clay to the specifications required for landfill liners. Three different landfill cover liner designs were modeled in the experimental tank. The performance of the three designs, as measured by a variety of observations, were compared. Frost heave was measured for each design and was found to vary between 3.8 and 4.3 cm. The results indicate the depth of frost penetration was similar for all designs tested (29.2–31.7 cm), although the design which included a soil drainage layer had superior leakage performance.     

垃圾填埋场斑脱土衬里可行性评价

首先对斑脱土衬里(粘土-斑脱土、砂-斑脱土) 进行变水头实验, 得粘土-斑脱土的渗透系数为6.0×10-9~3.0×10-8cm/s, 砂-斑脱土的渗透系数为1.0×10-9~3.0×10-9cm/s.从防渗角度分析, 2种斑脱土混合物均适合作垃圾填埋场的底层衬里.然后对斑脱土衬里进行持水与水迁移实验, 评价斑脱土衬里水的迁移特性.以水迁移实验为基础, 模拟斑脱土衬里与地基5种不同含水量的条件, 对斑脱土衬里进行直接剪切实验, 测定斑脱土衬里的剪切强度及斑脱土衬里与地基接触面的剪切强度.再对斑脱土衬里进行三轴固结不排水实验, 测定其总剪切强度与有效剪切强度.实验结果表明: 地下水具有很大的潜力从地基流向斑脱土衬里, 从而大大提高斑脱土衬里的含水量; 随着含水量的增加, 粘土-斑脱土、砂-斑脱土衬里的抗剪强度逐渐减小.根据实验所获得的抗剪强度参数, 选择日本山谷型垃圾填埋场典型剖面, 对山谷型垃圾填埋场进行稳定性评价.结果表明: 对于角度小于20°的缓倾角山谷型垃圾填埋场, 使用粘土-斑脱土、砂-斑脱土作为底层衬里是稳定的.因此, 2种斑脱土混合物适合作山谷型垃圾填埋场的底层衬里.      

指数函数剪切模量土层的地震随机反应

基于改进的一维剪切梁模型[1],对剪切模量为其深度的某一指数函数的成层非均质土层,推导了确定自振频率、振型函数、参与系数及稳态动力响应的封闭型解析表达式。首次证明了这种土层振型函数的正交性,利用随机振动理论,并基于基岩输入地震加速度的功率谱密度函数：白噪声谱和过滤白噪声谱,研究了该土层对地震的随机动力响应问题。计算表明：(1)在基岩输入地震加速度的功率谱为白噪声谱的情况下,土层的最大期望反应,均有别于过滤白噪声谱时的相应值。(2)平稳输入与输出过高地估计了土层的随机响应。     

垃圾填埋场封盖及衬里多界面力学特性的研究进展

为了人类社会的可持续发展,对产量惊人的生活垃圾进行合理地处置成为世界各国亟待解决的问题之。垃圾填埋法是符合处置经济性和技术可行性的理想方案。垃圾填埋场投八运营后,如何防止被填埋垃圾及其次生有害物质进八周围环境,是垃圾填埋场设计环节必须考虑的关键问题之。在城市垃圾填埋场底部衬里系统及封盖系统中设置水力屏障,能有效防止填埋场中所产生的废液、废气向周围环境中迁移。水力屏障通常由土工合成材料与膨润土防水垫或压实粘土组成,形成个多界面的复合衬里或复合封盖体系。这种多界面力学特性以及潜在薄弱面对垃圾填埋场的稳定性具有控制作用,因此成为业界的研究重点。本文依据填埋场封盖和衬里土工合成材料多界面力学特性的最新研究,对所取得的研究成果进行分析和讨论。     

渗透系数的变异性对压实黏土衬垫性能的影响

压实黏土衬垫是填埋场等环境岩土工程中常用的屏障材料,其厚度和渗透系数是主要的设计参数。考虑渗透系数的变异性,用衬垫底部污染物相对浓度和通量等指标分析了设计参数对衬垫有效性的影响。研究表明,渗透系数的变异性对衬垫性能有很大的影响：当衬垫厚度较小或渗透系数均值较大时,衬垫底部出现高浓度（接近于1）的概率很大,这个浓度区间可能比相对浓度的均值高很多,对周围环境污染有较大的威胁。从非反应性溶质的运移来看,我国规范中对衬垫厚度和渗透系数的规定是合理的。相对于污染物的通量,厚度和渗透系数对衬垫底部相对浓度的影响更为显著,相对浓度更适合作为评价衬垫性能的指标。     

An analytical solution for one-dimensional contaminant diffusion through multi-layered system and its applications

An analytical solution for one-dimensional contaminant diffusion through multi-layered media is derived regarding the change of the concentration of contaminants at the top boundary with time. The model accounts for the arbitrary initial conditions and the conditions of zero concentration and zero mass flux on the bottom boundary. The average degree of diffusion of the layered system is introduced on the basis of the solution. The results obtained by the presented analytical solutions agree well with those obtained by the numerical methods presented in the literature papers. The application of the analytical solution to the problem of landfill liner design is illustrated by considering a composite liner consisting of geomembrane and compacted clay liner. The results show that the 100-year mass flux of benzene at the bottom of the composite liner is 45 times higher than that of acetone for the same composite liner. The half-life of the contaminant has a great influence on the solute flux of benzene diffused into the underlying aquifer. Results also indicates that an additional 2.9–5.0 m of the conventional (untreated) compacted clay liner under the geomembrane is required to achieve the same level of protection as provided by 0.60 m of the Hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)-treated compacted clay liners in conjunction with the geomembrane. Applications of the solution are also presented in the context of a contaminated two-layered media to demonstrate that different boundary and initial conditions can greatly affect the decontamination rate of the problem. The method is relatively simple to apply and can be used for performing equivalency analysis of landfill liners, preliminary design of groundwater remediation system, evaluating experimental results, and verifying more complex numerical models.     

Analysis of flow behavior in a landfill with cover soil of low hydraulic conductivity

 This paper presents the results of field tests of hydrologic parameters in a landfill and the results of numerical simulation to find the efficiency of the pumping method to reduce leachate levels in the landfill. The field hydraulic conductivity and storativity of waste and buried cover soils in the landfill are measured by pumping and slug tests. The hydrologic condition inside the landfill is first calibrated using the drawdown-time curve obtained from the pumping test, and the flow behavior of leachate during pumping in the landfill, when various layers of waste and buried cover soil exist, is analyzed through three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow. The results of the field investigation show that the buried cover soil of low hydraulic conductivity forms an impermeable layer preventing the downward flow of leachate and upward flow of landfill gas. The hydraulic conductivities of the pumping test and slug tests were quite close on the same order of magnitude. It was also possible to match the drawdown-time data of the field tests with those of the model using input data close to the hydrologic property obtained from the field tests. The numerical flow analysis showed that pumping was possible up to 120 tons/day for a single well without a drain, while the pumping rate could be increased to 300 tons/day for the same well with the drain. From the vertical section of the flow vector with a horizontal drain, the barrier role of buried cover soil is identified, which was proposed by examining the water contents of the disposed cover soil and waste in the field. Received: 15 May 1998 · Accepted: 4 January 1999