独山子-安集海断裂单基线双分量斜跨断层监测研究

利用与断层走向斜交的、可以同时观测到垂直和水平距离变化的单基线跨断层观测仪器组对北天山地区的独山子—安集海断裂的现今运动特征进行了监测研究。结合独山子—安集海断裂10多年来的观测数据,求取了该断裂在无震蠕滑状态下10a来的运动特征和滑动速率,得到：独山子—安集海断裂的现今运动性质为逆冲左旋运动,断层垂直运动的速率为0．1056mm／a,水平左旋滑动速率为0．0123mm／a,断层以倾向运动为主,反映出该地区地壳变形以近南北向缩短为主。     

2008年于田7.3级地震前西昆仑地形变的GPS初步研究

利用GPS观测资料计算并获取了2008年新疆西昆仑地区于田7.3级地震发生前的现今地壳运动速度场,通过速度场分布研究了区域内主要断层的活动速率.结果表明:震中以南的龙木错断裂呈左旋走滑性质的运动特征,走滑速率为1.2～2.5 mm/a;震中以北的阿尔金左旋走滑断裂滑动速率为5 mm/a;震中北西面的康西瓦断裂的左旋走滑平均速率约为3～7 mm/a.区域应变场分布一定程度上受断裂带分布的影响.7.3级地震就位于断裂活动交汇的部位和最大剪应变率高值区的边缘.     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震调查

据我国地震台网测定 ,2 0 0 1年 1 1月 1 4日在新疆、青海交界的昆仑山布喀达坂峰附近 ,即昆仑山口西发生ＭＳ8 1地震 ,震中位于北纬 3 6 2°,东经 90 9°。这是自 1 951年 1 1月 1 8日西藏当雄 8级大地震以来 ,在我国大陆发生的最大一次地震。震后 ,中国地震局工程地震研究中心同铁道部第一勘察设计院、中国地震局兰州地震研究所迅速组成联合调查组对地震地表破裂带和工程震害进行了调查。野外考察表明 ,昆仑山口西 8 1级地震位于昆仑山南麓近东西向展布的昆仑山断裂上 ,这条地震断层以左旋走滑破裂为主 ,兼有少量的逆冲滑动分量 ,最大左…     

安宁河断裂带晚第四纪运动特征及模式的讨论

安宁河断裂带是中国西南地区一条重要的地震活动断层, 地方志记载公元1536年曾发生过震级大于7级的破坏性地震. 详细的断裂地貌航片解译和野外调查表明, 安宁河断裂带除具有主要的左旋走滑断层活动外,还兼有重要的逆冲运动分量. 根据冲沟和阶地面的位错量及其热释光测年结果估计,该断裂带晚更新世以来平均左旋走滑速率为3~7 mm/a. 根据滑移方向与断层走向的关系,推测跨安宁河断裂带东西向由于逆冲断层运动造成的挤压缩短速率约为1.7~4.0 mm/a; 简单分解鲜水河断裂带上的滑动速率,估计分配在大凉山断裂带上的滑动速率与安宁河断裂带上的大致相当,约为3~7 mm/a. 此外,根据野外调查结果,并结合最近青藏高原构造动力学研究的新认识, 建立了安宁河断裂带的动力学模型,认为安宁河断裂带是一条逆冲走滑断裂带. 其下盘（西盘）主动向南东方向下插,造成了上盘（东盘）向北西方向的上冲运动.      

肃北野马河北侧断裂地貌特征及其晚第四纪活动性

阿尔金活动断裂带东段的滑动速率由西向东逐渐减小,而肃北是阿尔金断裂东段滑动速率的"突变点"之一。在肃北以东分布多条分支断裂,野马河北侧断裂便是其中的一条。野马河北侧断裂长约30km,总体走向NEE,该断裂沿野马河盆地北侧山前洪积扇延伸,沿断裂具有大量的左旋走滑和逆冲等地貌现象,多处冲沟出露有断层剖面。野外调查结果表明该断裂是一条左旋走滑兼逆冲断裂,错断了晚更新世时期形成的洪积扇或冲沟阶地。通过实测得到地貌面左旋、垂直错动数据,并采集样品测试相关地貌面的年龄,估算该断裂晚更新世以来的平均水平滑动速率为(1.27±0.18)mm/a,平均逆冲速率为(0.4±0.07)mm/a,该断裂分解了阿尔金断裂东段的部分运动量     

柴达木盆地东部中新生代两期逆冲断层作用的FT定年

柴达木盆地东部都兰一带,由于一系列北东倾的、向南西推覆的逆冲断层作用和温泉断裂的右行走滑作用,将柴达木盆地的变质基底和前中生界沉积基底翘起,从而使得柴达木盆地与共和盆地分隔开来. 逆冲断层中磷灰石裂变径迹（FT）测年结果反映了柴达木盆地基底断层作用的规律性. 从FT测年结果可以看出,FT年龄分为2组,也就是2个活动时期：第1期为108 Ma至61 Ma;第2期为26.6 Ma至17.8 Ma. 第1期反映的断裂活动具有明显的规律性：从柴达木盆地南缘的东昆仑开始,向柴北缘方向,逆冲推覆的断层作用时间逐渐变年轻,从东昆仑的108.0±9.6 Ma（柴达木南缘断裂）变为63.7±4.4 Ma（柴北缘断裂）,之后可能有小的跳动. 第2期,在原有的一些逆冲断层上形成了新的活动,或形成了一些新的逆冲断层,总体上具有无序或跳跃式变动的特点.     

南天山柯坪塔格推覆体前缘断裂活动性质及速率

柯坪塔格推覆体位于天山西南麓,由多排NEE—EW向的褶皱-逆断裂带组成。文中介绍了皮羌—巴楚磷矿以西3排褶皱-逆断裂带前缘断裂的活动性质及速率。新获资料表明,各排褶皱-逆断裂带前缘皆由多条断裂构成,都具典型的逆断层性质。其中最新活动断裂位于褶皱-逆断裂带的最前缘,活动时代为晚更新世—全新世。它们切割冲沟T0、T1、T2、T3阶地堆积,形成不同高度的断层陡坎。根据陡坎剖面测量和年龄样品测试,求得T0面形成以来断裂的垂直位移量、位移速率、地壳缩短量和缩短速率分别是0.9～1.1m、0.53～0.65mm/a、1.93～2.56m和1.14～1.52mm/a;T1面形成以来分别是1.4～1.8m、0.36～0.46mm/a、3.00～3.86m和0.77～0.99mm/a;T2面形成以来分别是2.1～3m、0.31～0.45mm/a、4.50～6.98m和0.67～1.04mm/a;T3面形成以来分别是3.4～4.2m、0.28～0.35mm/a、7.29～9.22m和0.61～0.77mm/a。根据T0面形成以来的缩短量和缩短速率,计算柯坪塔格推覆体约1.7ka以来总的地壳缩短量是9.65～12.80m,缩短速率     

可可西里岩石圈向北俯冲到柴达木地幔的地震学证据

利用中美德INDEPTH IV合作项目2007—2009年间布置于青藏高原中、北部140个宽频地震台站记录到的天然地震数据,经过接收函数成像处理,获得了3条穿过昆仑—阿尼玛卿缝合带清晰的壳幔结构图像.结果显示柴达木南缘莫霍面位于约50 km深度,羌塘地块、可可西里地块、东昆仑造山带莫霍面位于约65 km深度,昆仑—阿尼玛卿缝合带以北约50 km存在莫霍面深度突变.在可可西里和柴达木岩石圈地幔之间观测到北倾界面,这可能是可可西里岩石圈向北俯冲到柴达木地幔之下的证据.可可西里地块地壳内宽缓的负转换震相带是低速带的反映,其向北挤入到东昆仑山下发生挤压增厚,可能是东昆仑山隆升的原因;由于刚性柴达木岩石圈的阻挡,物质向东改向,则可能是该地区向东旋转的构造应力场产生的原因.本文研究结果不支持亚洲岩石圈地幔在东昆仑—柴达木交界处向南俯冲,据此,我们提出了新的东昆仑造山模式.     

全球定位系统数据所显示的华北平原现今形变

华北平原是一个地震危险性很高的地区,但先前的全球定位系统测量显示,华北平原现今几乎没有地壳形变。利用中国东部三个块体的最新全球定位系统数据,发现华北平原的地震间形变发生在一个近东西向、宽约1 100km的左旋剪切带内。地震间的左旋剪切形变为6.0±1.3mm/a,其造成的现今形变最终被沿北—北东向断层、右旋走滑的地震破裂和块体的逆时针旋转所调节。我们认为刚性华南块体相对于刚性阿穆里安块体向东的快速运动,产生了一对左旋剪切力偶,扭曲了非刚性的华北平原,形成了现今的地壳形变。     

利用GPS数据反演阿尔金断裂现今滑动速率

利用2009—2013年的GPS水平速度场,使用三维线性球面弹性块体模型,综合前人研究成果建立了阿尔金断裂及其邻区的三维块体几何模型,反演得到阿尔金断裂不同断层段和其邻区主要活动断裂的现今滑动速率。结果表明:阿尔金断裂柴达木盆地以南段左旋走滑速率为(7.8±0.2)mm/a,该段向北至肃北左旋走滑速率为(7.5±0.1)mm/a,肃北—昌马段左旋走滑速率为5.3~5.5mm/a,昌马以北段的左旋走滑速率仅有(1.0±0.4)mm/a。阿尔金断裂左旋走滑速率总体表现出从南向北减小的趋势,衰减主要集中在祁连山地区,并转换为这一地区明显的地壳挤压作用。     

Cenozoic tectonic and sedimentary evolution of southern Qaidam Basin,NE Tibetan Plateau and its implication for the rejuvenation of Eastern Kunlun Mountains

The Eastern Kunlun Mountains play an important role in the growth and eastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonic and sedimentary study of the Cenozoic Qaidam Basin, especially the southern part, provides key evidence for understanding their evolution. Here we present evidence including isopach maps, seismic sections and sedimentary analysis of single well to illustrate the sedimentary development of the basin and the structural features of its southern margin. The Qaidam Basin extended across Qiman Tagh-Eastern Kunlun Mountains in the early Cenozoic and withdrew northward at ca. 35.5 Ma, and then buckled as an EW striking elliptical depression since ca. 14.9 Ma, with the main depocenter migrating eastward. Our results support the view that the Kumukol and Hoh Xil basins joined the Qaidam Basin in the early Cenozoic time and we propose the Eastern Kunlun Mountains uplifted in the mid-Miocene.     

THE TECTONIC ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF AWANCANG FAULT IN THE LATE QUATERNARY,THE SUB-STRAND OF THE EASTERN KUNLUN FAULT

It is well known that the slip rate of Kunlun Fault descends at the east segment, but little known about the Awancang Fault and its role in strain partitioning with Kunlun Fault. Whether the sub-strand(Awancang Fault) can rupture simultaneously with Kunlun Fault remains unknown. Based on field investigations, aerial-photo morphological analysis, topographic surveys and ¹⁴C dating of alluvial surfaces, we used displaced terrace risers to estimate geological slip rates along the Awancang Fault, which lies on the western margin of the Ruoergai Basin and the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau, the results indicate that the slip rate is 3mm/a in the middle Holocene, similar to the reduced value of the Kunlun Fault. The fault consists of two segments with strike N50° W, located at distance about 16km, and converged to single stand to the SE direction. Our results demonstrate that the Awancang fault zone is predominantly left-lateral with a small amount of northeast-verging thrust component. The slip rates decrease sharply about 4mm/a from west to east between the intersection zone of the Awancang Fault and Kunlun Fault. Together with our previous trenching results on the Kunlun Fault, the comparison with slip rates at the Kunlun fault zone suggests that the Awancang fault zone has an important role in strain partitioning for east extension of Kunlun Fault in eastern Tibet. At the same time, the 15km long surface rupture zone of the southeast segment was found at the Awancang Fault. By dating the latest faulted geomorphologic surface, the last event may be since the 1766±54 Cal a BP. Through analysis of the trench, there are four paleoearthquake events identified recurring in situ on the Awancang Fault and the latest event is since (850±30)a BP. The slip rate of the Awancang Fault is almost equivalent to the descending value of the eastern part of the east Kunlun Fault, which can well explain the slip rate decreasing of the eastern part of the east Kunlun Fault(the Maqin-Maqu segment)and the characteristics of the structure dynamics of the eastern edge of the Tibet Plateau. The falling slip rate gradient of the eastern Kunlun Fault corresponds to the geometric characteristic. It is the Awancang Fault, the strand of the East Kunlun Fault that accommodates the strain distribution of the eastward extension of the east Kunlun Fault. This study is helpful to seismic hazard assessment and understanding the deformation mechanism in eastern Tibet.     

2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(M_S8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征

震后野外考察表明 ,2 0 0 1年 11月 14日昆仑山库赛湖地震 (MS8 1)发生在青藏高原北部东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段上 ,发震断层具有高速率左旋滑动的基本特征 ,晚更新世晚期以来的平均滑动速率达 (14 8± 2 4 )mm/a ;地震地表破裂带沿库赛湖段西起布喀达板峰东缘 (91°0 8′E) ,向东经库赛湖北缘、青藏公路 2 894里程碑、玉珠峰南麓 ,东止于青藏公路东 70km附近 (94°4 8′E) ,地震地表破裂带沿N70°～ 90°W走向线状展布 ,全长约 35 0km ,由一系列走向N4 5°～ 5 0°E拉开状张裂缝、走向N6 0°～ 75°E张剪切裂缝、走向N80°W剪切裂缝以及隆起鼓包或开裂陷坑等斜列状组合而成 ,显示出纯剪切走滑的破裂特征 ,最大左旋水平位移 6m ;宏观震中位于昆仑山口西 80～ 90km附近的库赛湖东北角山麓地带 ,地震地表破裂带宽度 30 0m ,在库赛湖北岸至山麓地带的地震地表破裂带和由地震动或重力效应引起的次生破裂带总宽度可达 2km。库赛湖地震地表破裂的左旋走滑特征表明 ,青藏高原物质确实存在着向东的滑移或流动 ,东昆仑断裂带东部与库赛湖段斜列的东大     

帕米尔东北侧地壳结构研究

1998年在帕米尔东北侧伽师及其周边地区完成了两条深地震宽角反射/折射剖面. 结果表明,西昆仑、塔里木和天山在地壳速度结构、构造特征上显示出较大差异. 塔里木块体具有稳定地块的地壳结构特征,地壳平均速度较高(6.5km/s). 向南进入西昆仑,地壳明显增厚,厚度可达0km左右,且地壳平均速度偏低(6.0-6.2km/s),偏低的地壳平均速度主要来源于相对低速度的下地壳结构,反映了西昆仑褶皱系下地壳介质的特征. 向北进入天山后,地壳同样明显增厚,但增厚的程度低于西昆仑下,约为50-55km. 天山地壳同样具有明显低的平均速度(6.2km/s),显示了天山地壳相对"软"的特征,但天山地壳偏低的平均速度来源于广泛分布于中地壳的低速度层和速度偏低的下地壳. 在印度块体向北强烈推挤的作用下,该区地壳遭受强烈的不均匀变形,塔里木块体向南插入西昆仑下,向北插入天山下,形成了该区强烈地震频繁发生的深部构造环境.     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震主要异常及预报过程反思

在综合分析昆仑山口西8．1级地震前震（前）兆异常及时空演化特征的基本上，总结并分析了本次巨震的预报过程及存在的问题。     

2001年昆仑山口西M_S 8.1地震前背景形变场的模拟研究

文中以东昆仑断裂带周围分布的27个GPS站点的地壳运动速率矢量为约束,利用半无限弹性空间三维断裂位错模型,反演了东昆仑断裂、柴达木盆地北缘断裂、玛尼-玉树断裂和玛尔盖茶卡断裂带在2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震之前的运动速率,并认为这些断裂带以反演出的运动速率错动所形成的形变场可以作为震前的背景地壳形变场。基于这一具有构造意义的背景速度场资料,计算了区域地壳应变率场和地震矩累积率场。结果表明,昆仑山口西地震前,东昆仑断裂的东西大滩段和玛尼-玉树断裂西段为该区域2个最显著的地震矩累积率高值区,其中东昆仑断裂的东西大滩段高值区为后来的昆仑山口西MS8.1地震的发震段     

Geodetic constraints on active tectonics of the Western Mediterranean: Implications for the kinematics and dynamics of the Nubia-Eurasia plate boundary zone

We present GPS observations in Morocco and adjacent areas of Spain from 15 continuous (CGPS) and 31 survey-mode (SGPS) sites extending from the stable part of the Nubian plate to central Spain. We determine a robust velocity field for the W Mediterranean that we use to constrain models for the Iberia-Nubia plate boundary. South of the High Atlas Mountain system, GPS motions are consistent with Nubia plate motions from prior geodetic studies. We constrain shortening in the Atlas system to <1.5 mm/yr, 95% confidence level. North of the Atlas Mountains, the GPS velocities indicate Nubia motion with respect to Eurasia, but also a component of motion normal to the direction of Nubia-Eurasia motion, consisting of southward translation of the Rif Mountains in N Morocco at rates exceeding 5 mm/yr. This southward motion appears to be directly related to Miocene opening of the Alboran Sea. The Betic Mountain system north of the Alboran Sea is characterized by WNW motion with respect to Eurasia at ～1–2 mm/yr, paralleling Nubia-Eurasia relative motion. In addition, sites located in the Betics north of the southerly moving Rif Mountains also indicate a component of southerly motion with respect to Eurasia. We interpret this as indicating that deformation associated with Nubia-Eurasia plate motion extends into the southern Betics, but also that the Betic system may be affected by the same processes that are causing southward motion of the Rif Mountains south of the Alboran Sea. Kinematic modeling indicates that plate boundary geometries that include a boundary through the Straits of Gibraltar are most compatible with the component of motion in the direction of relative plate motion, but that two additional blocks (Alboran-Rif block, Betic Mountain block), independent of both Nubia and Eurasia are needed to account for the motions of the Rif and Betic Mountains normal to the direction of relative plate motion. We speculate that the southward motions of the Alboran-Rif and Betic blocks may be related to mantle flow, possibly induced by southward rollback of the subducted Nubian plate beneath the Alboran Sea and Rif Mountains.     

Arc–arc collision in the Izu collision zone, central Japan, deduced from the Ashigara Basin and adjacent Tanzawa Mountains

The Pleistocene Ashigara Basin and adjacent Tanzawa Mountains, Izu collision zone, central Japan, are examined to better understand the development of an arc–arc orogeny, where the Izu–Bonin – Mariana (IBM) arc collides with the Honshu Arc. Three tectonic phases were identified based on the geohistory of the Ashigara Basin and the denudation history of the Tanzawa Mountains. In phase I, the IBM arc collided with the Honshu Arc along the Kannawa Fault. The Ashigara Basin formed as a trench basin, filled mainly by thin-bedded turbidites derived from the Tanzawa Mountains together with pyroclastics. The Ashigara Basin subsided at a rate of 1.7 mm/year, and the denudation rate of the Tanzawa Mountains was 1.1 mm/year. The onset of Ashigara Basin Formation is likely to be older than 2.2 Ma, interpreted as the onset of collision along the Kannawa Fault. Significant tectonic disruption due to the arc–arc collision took place in phase II, ranging from 1.1 to 0.7 Ma in age. The Ashigara Basin subsided abruptly (4.6 mm/year) and the accumulation rate increased to approximately 10 times that of phase I. Simultaneously, the Tanzawa Mountains were abruptly uplifted. A tremendous volume of coarse-grained detritus was provided from the Tanzawa Mountains and deposited in the Ashigara Basin as a slope-type fan delta. In phase III, 0.7–0.5 Ma, the entire Ashigara Basin was uplifted at a rate of 3.6 mm/year. This uplift was most likely caused by isostatic rebound resulting from stacking of IBM arc crust along the Kannawa Fault which is not active as the decollement fault by this time. The evolution of the Ashigara Basin and adjacent Tanzawa Mountains shows a series of the development of the arc–arc collision; from the subduction of the IBM arc beneath the Honshu Arc to the accretion of IBM arc crust onto Honshu. Arc–arc collision is not the collision between the hard crusts (massif) like a continent–continent collision, but crustal stacking of the subducting IBM arc beneath the Honshu Arc intercalated with very thick trench fill deposits.     

昆仑山地震前长波辐射异常特征分析

应用NOAA、AVHRR资料反演的地气长波辐射值OLR对2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震进行了追踪研究。结果表明：2001年10月起OLR出现明显的异常带，随时间的变化，异常区域不断向未来的震源聚拢，并且在未来地震震中区持续存在小的OLR高值闭合区，10月开始OLR出现突出的反常升势。