Kinematics of the Dadeldhura klippe shear zones (W Nepal): implications for the foreland evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core

Mapping combined with structural analyses in the foreland edge of the metamorphic core of the Himalayas in SW Nepal highlights the existence of two north‐dipping shear zones with opposite sense of shear. Here, the metamorphic core is mainly affected by non‐coaxial top‐to‐the‐south sense of shear at temperatures between 450 °C and 550 °C that switch to a top‐to‐the‐north sense of shear at the top of the metamorphic core. We regionally correlate this upper shear zone with the South Tibetan detachment system. Ar‐dating on white mica indicates that both shear zones operated between 23 Ma and 17 Ma. Restoration of the folded South Tibetan detachment in far western Nepal yields a minimum dip‐slip distance of 190 km, compatible with predictions made by models of extrusion of a weak mid‐crustal channel. Our results support an orogenic model in which channel flow in the hinterland coexisted with thrust wedge mechanics in the foreland.     

桂东南石窝变质核杂岩区金银成矿地质特征、控矿规律及找矿方向

石窝地区金银矿主要为构造蚀变岩型矿床,其成矿作用一方面与该区早期的以基底剥离断层为特征的变质核杂岩有关,矿床主要分布在剥离断层控制范围内的岩石中,形成特定的“矿化层位”效应;另一方面金、银矿的最终成矿定位与燕山期岩浆活动及其伴生的脆性断层有关,容矿构造主要为该地区的燕山期脆性断层或剪切带,最终定位的成矿热液主要来自燕山...     

Exhumation process of the Nago subduction-related metamorphic rocks, Okinawa, Ryukyu island arc

The Kunigami zone in Okinawa is an extension of the Shimanto zone, Japan. The rocks make up the main part of the Nago metamorphic rocks, and such metamorphic rocks are exceptional in the Shimanto zone. The Anne complex, in the older Motobu zone, is also metamorphosed. The reason for why and how this kind of the metamorphism occurred, and especially why and how the metamorphic rocks were exhumed, is yet uncertain and unresolved. To understand the metamorphic and exhumation process in Okinawa, a structural study is undertaken, and its relation to the Eocene ridge subduction is discussed. We believe exhumation was performed by formation of a D2 extrusion wedge, made up of the Nago metamorphic rocks. The base for this wedge is a subduction thrust, and the roof is a detachment fault. Internally, there exists another Kijoka detachment fault, which is a brittle low-angle fault with top to the northwest shear sense, and the D2 major recumbent folds and thrusts show top to the southeast opposite shear sense in the Kunigami zone. This is the first report that finds detachment faults from the typical and ancient accretionary complex. M2 is mostly retrograde related to exhumation, but its medium P/T-type prograde metamorphism, abnormal at subduction zones, represents a high thermal gradient during ridge subduction. As a result, this ridge subduction is responsible for exhumation. At the time of accretion of the Kunigami zone, D1 ductile contraction and constriction exhibited top to the southeast shear sense, but an opposite and extensional shear sense is recognized in the proto-wedge. During D1, the wedge had already been active and begun to exhume. M1 of the Miyagi complex is accretion related and also of medium P/T-type metamorphism, and is a consequence of Cretaceous ridge subduction without any ability to cause much exhumation.     

内蒙古呼和浩特变质核杂岩韧性拆离带40Ar-39Ar定年及其构造含义

晚中生代,内蒙古大青山依次经历晚侏罗世盘羊山逆冲推覆、早白垩世呼和浩特变质核杂岩伸展、早白垩世大青山逆冲推覆断层及早白垩世以来高角度正断层复杂构造演化。其中,呼和浩特变质核杂岩韧性剪切带的冷却时间和抬升机制的制约尚不明确。本文在野外考察和显微构造分析基础上,采用逐步加热40Ar-39Ar定年法对韧性剪切带内不同单矿物的冷却年龄进行了测定。角闪石、白云母、黑云母和钾长石单矿物40Ar-39Ar冷却年龄处于120~116Ma之间。结合已有年龄数据及单矿物封闭温度,构建了韧性剪切带的冷却曲线。结果表明,韧性剪切带在122~115Ma期间存在一个明显的快速冷却过程。这一阶段快速冷却是与变质核杂岩拆离断层相关核部杂岩拆离折返作为大青山逆冲推覆断层上盘抬升的结果。     

用陆块旋转解释藏东南渐新世-中新世伸展作用——来自点苍山及邻区变质核杂岩的证据

沿红河断裂带(RRFZ)分布的点苍山变质核杂岩是一个不完整的变质核杂岩,它由两个特征迥异的单元组成,包括被同构造二长花岗岩侵入角闪岩相构造岩组成的下盘和绿片岩相的拆离断层带。下盘岩石包括具有高温构造组合,具有指示左行走滑剪切运动方向的L型糜棱岩或LS型糜棱岩。拆离断层带是一个上盘向E到SE伸展剪切的低温剪切带,由具有剪应变和压应变的典型S-L糜棱岩构成。低温构造岩也包括发育于下盘的几个糜棱岩化似斑状二长花岗岩侵入体。变质核杂岩与西侧覆盖未变质的中生代沉积岩并置,东部受第四纪断层作用影响为沿洱海分布的更新世—全新世沉积盆地。通过对点苍山变质核杂岩的构造研究,结合邻区变质核杂岩的地质年代学及古地磁学分析,我们认为:位于东南亚红河断裂和实皆断裂带之间的扇形区域内出现的变质核杂岩与渐新世—中新世时期区域性伸展作用有关,而伸展作用是由印支地块的差异性旋转产生的,其原因是由于约33Ma开始斜向俯冲的印度板块的顺时针旋转和回退所致。     

赣中变质岩带对该区铀成矿控制作用的研究

本文从变质岩带的含铀性分析入手,研究了赣中变质岩带中铀矿化与变质岩带的含铀性、构造岩浆活动带、变质岩带出露的动力学机制及变质核杂岩构造的关系。研究表明:铀成矿与构造岩浆活动带以及地壳减薄、地幔上隆和在变质核杂岩边缘沿着低角度正断层的地壳伸展构造有着实质的关系。     

医巫闾山变质核杂岩构造特征

经过野外宏观观测、室内显微分析及同位素年龄测定,基本厘定医巫闾山是一个白垩纪时形成的变质核杂岩。变质核杂岩中心为晚燕山期的医巫闾山二长花岗岩体,周围是由代表地壳深部变形特点的太古宇变质岩组成的变质核。变质核北面和东面以拆离断层与盖层下部中新元古界相接触,并为中新元古界组成的韧性流变的中间层所环绕。变质核西面以阜新盆地东南缘边界正断层( 孙家湾- 稍户营子正断层) 与盖层上部以脆性变形为特征的白垩纪碎屑岩相邻。变质核杂岩的变形片理、线理及运动指向说明该变质核杂岩为对称型变质核杂岩。     

The Louzidian Normal Fault near Chifeng,Inner Mongolia: Master Fault of a Quasi-Metamorphic Core Complex

A special metamorphic core complex underlain by a low-angle strike-slip ductile shear zone is present near Chifeng in eastern Inner Mongolia, northern China. The geology of the study area is similar to that of several Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes, but contrasts in significant ways as well. A major ESE-dipping normal fault, the Louzidian Range frontal fault, formed during Late Cretaceous extension. This fault separates a crystalline footwall locally containing mylonitic basement gneisses and granitic rocks (0 to >3 km thick) from a non-metamorphic hanging wall that is distended by normal faults. However, the shear sense of the underlying mylonitic shear zone, a low-angle strike-slip zone, is not compatible with the Louzidian fault. It may be related to a pre-Cretaceous regional sinistral strike-slip event rather than the Late Cretaceous regional crustal extension common throughout eastern China. Pre-existing mylonitic fabric anisotropy appears to have controlled the development of the Louzidian normal fault. Chloritic breccias locally developed along the fault indicate that it cut deeply into the crust of northern China.     

用陆块旋转解释藏东南渐新世-中新世伸展作用——来自点苍山及邻区变质核杂岩的证据

沿红河断裂带(RRFZ)分布的点苍山变质核杂岩是一个不完整的变质核杂岩,它由两个特征迥异的单元组成,包括被同构造二长花岗岩侵入角闪岩相构造岩组成的下盘和绿片岩相的拆离断层带。下盘岩石包括具有高温构造组合,具有指示左行走滑剪切运动方向的L型糜棱岩或LS型糜棱岩。拆离断层带是一个上盘向E到SE伸展剪切的低温剪切带,由具有剪应变和压应变的典型S-L糜棱岩构成。低温构造岩也包括发育于下盘的几个糜棱岩化似斑状二长花岗岩侵入体。变质核杂岩与西侧覆盖未变质的中生代沉积岩并置,东部受第四纪断层作用影响为沿洱海分布的更新世-全新世沉积盆地。通过对点苍山变质核杂岩的构造研究,结合邻区变质核杂岩的地质年代学及古地磁学分析,我们认为:位于东南亚红河断裂和实皆断裂带之间的扇形区域内出现的变质核杂岩与渐新世-中新世时期区域性伸展作用有关,而伸展作用是由印支地块的差异性旋转产生的,其原因是由于约33Ma开始斜向俯冲的印度板块的顺时针旋转和回退所致。     

毛洋头火山岩铀（银、钼）矿床的控矿因素及成因

毛尖头铀矿床，是产于早白垩世晚期火山中的火山岩型矿床。基底构造和岩浆活化对矿床的形成起明显的控制作用，研究认为，该矿床成矿热液早期为岩浆水，晚期为大气降水；成矿元素Ｕ，Ａｇ，Ｍｏ有不同来源；其中早期矿化热液中的铀主要来自次火山热液或次火山岩，而晚期成矿热液的铀主要来自基底岩石；     

Timing of Triassic tectonic division and postcollisional extension in the eastern part of the Jiaodong Peninsula

The Jiaodong Peninsula is a key region for researching the interaction between the North and South China Plates. Tectonic relationships between collision, exhumation of ultra-high-pressure (UHP) slabs, strike-slip faulting and gold mineralization, are still ambiguous. The eastern part of the Jiaodong Peninsula (Eastern Jiaodong), which includes Triassic intrusions and is less affected by the Tan-Lu Fault Zone, is a key area to examine exhumation dynamics in detail. Systematic field mapping and zircon U–Pb dating of Triassic intrusions establishes that: (1) The UHP wedge in the eastern part of the Jiaodong Peninsula can be divided into the lateral and frontal ramps of a thrust and nappe system. Dating of samples from Donglinghou (244.7 ± 4.2 Ma) and Qingyutan (233.8 ± 8.1 Ma) areas indicates that the collision happened at or before the Middle Triassic. (2) Postcollisional extension intrusions including the Shidao granitoid (216.2 ± 2.4 Ma), and the Chengshantou granitoid (cut by a dolerite dyke dated at 210.5 ± 1.0 Ma), generally strike NE and occurred in a metamorphic core complex below the Upper Jiashan-Xiangshui detachment (U-JSXS). (3) Regional faults in the Jiaodong Peninsula exploited syncollisional foliations of the UHP wedge, which resulted in faults dipping towards the NW and SE. The reactivation of the Lower Jiashan-Xiangshui shear zone (L-JSXS) and its overprinting upon the Tan-Lu fault system may have caused another major episode of exhumation of the syncollisional wedge, and could have been responsible for an extensional environment that favored gold mineralization.     

张宣幔枝构造的成矿作用研究

地幔热柱具有多级演化特征。河淮亚热柱顶部地幔物质以薄板状斜插至燕山造山带之下，燕山造山带轴部东西向尚义－赤城韧性剪切带与太行山构造岩浆带轴部北北东向乌龙沟－上黄旗韧性剪切带交汇叠加，使深部中下地壳应变软化岩石及深部幔源物质减压释荷产生深熔岩浆并上侵，从而加速了造山带的上隆速度，并可形成地幔热柱的第三级构造单元——幔枝构造。其中隆升较快的地段发育成为典型的变质核杂岩构造。幔枝构造控制着构造变形－岩浆活动－蚀变变质－成矿作用统一体系，并形成与幔枝构造密切相关的内带为金（铜钼）、外带为银（铅锌）多金属的成矿系列。论述了不同构造部位的成矿特征及其相关性、统一性。据此提出了在有利构造部位（参照已有矿点分布）扩大找矿和向深部扩大找矿的认识。     

祁漫塔格中段花岗岩型铀矿化特征及其找矿前景

祁漫塔格中段目前已发现了黑山铀矿点和小狼牙山南、西大沟脑、西沟等4处铀矿化点,矿化赋存在海西-印支期花岗岩与古元古界金水口群的接触带附近,受接触带附近的断裂构造控制明显,与赤铁矿化、硅化和绿泥石化蚀变关系密切。黑山铀矿点矿石的电子探针分析结果表明,矿石中含有沥青铀矿和硅钙铀矿、钒钙铀矿、硅钾铀矿等。区内经历了加里东、海西、印支和燕山期多次构造-岩浆活动,断裂构造发育;金水口群变质岩和印支-燕山期二长花岗岩铀含量可达(5~12)×10-6,是成矿良好的铀源条件。因此,笔者认为该区具有较好的找矿前景。     

A Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous metamorphic core complex,Strandja Massif,NW Turkey

In the eastern part of the Strandja Massif constituting the east end of the Rhodope Massif, the amphibolite facies basement rocks intruded by Permian metagranites are juxtaposed against the greenschist facies cover metasediments of Triassic-Middle Jurassic protolith age. The distinct metamorphic break between the basement and cover rocks requires a missing metamorphic section. The boundary between the two groups of rocks is a ductile to brittle extensional shear zone with kinematic indicators exhibiting a top to the E/NE shear sense. Footwall rocks are cut by weakly metamorphosed and foliated granite bodies which are clearly distinguished from the Permian metagranites by their degree of deformation, cross-cutting relations and syn-tectonic/kinematic character. Also, hangingwall rocks were intruded by unmetamorphosed and weakly foliated leucogranites. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data indicate that the ductile deformation from 156.5 to 143.2 Ma (Middle Oxfordian-Earliest Berriasian) developed during the syn-tectonic plutonism in the footwall. Deformation, and gradual/slower cooling-exhumation survived until to 123 Ma (Barremian). The mylonitic and brittle deformation in the detachment zone developed during Oxfordian-Earliest Berriasian time (155.7–142.6 Ma) and Early Valanginian-Aptian time (136–118.7 Ma), respectively. Our new field mapping and first ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages demonstrate the existence of an extensional core complex of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous age not previously described in the Rhodope/Strandja massifs.     

内蒙武川—固阳—大佘太韧性剪切带与金矿

内蒙中部武川—固阳—大余太东西向韧性剪切带内发育明显的糜核岩显微组构。据剪切带内糜棱岩形成温压条件(t=300～400℃,P=0.25～0.5GPa),表明它是绿片岩相变质—变形环境。剪切应变值γ=5.77～3.47。变形是以简单剪切为主,兼有压扁作用。剪切带南侧是早元古宙强烈线性构造活动带,北侧是晚太古宙花岗岩—绿岩带。剪切带形成在早元古宇,早期表现为自北向南的推覆韧性剪切作用。岩金矿(化)床沿着剪切带分布。尤其在后期脆性破裂叠加及中酸性岩浆岩所在部位,金矿进一步富集,说明本区岩金矿的形成是多阶段成矿作用的结果。     

Late orogenic crustal extension in the northern Menderes massif (western Turkey): evidence for metamorphic core complex formation

The Simav metamorphic core complex of the northern Menderes massif, western Turkey, consists of a plutonic (Tertiary) and metamorphic (Precambrian) core (footwall) separated from an allochthonous cover sequence (hanging wall) by a low-angle, ductile-to-brittle, extensional fault zone (i.e. detachment fault). The core rocks below the detachment fault are converted into mylonites with a thickness of a few hundred metres. Two main deformation events have affected the core rocks. The first deformational event (D₁) was developed within the Precambrian metamorphic rocks. The second event (D₂), associated with the Tertiary crustal extension, includes two distinct stages. Stage one is the formation of a variably developed ductile (mylonitic) deformation (D_2d) in metamorphic and granitic core rocks under greenschist facies conditions. The majority of the mylonites in the study area have foliations that strike NNW to NNE and dip SW to SE. Stretched quartz and feldspar grains define the mineral lineation trending SW-NE direction and plunging gently to SW. The kinematic indicators indicate a top-to-NE sense of shear. Stage two formation of brittle deformation (D_2b) that affected all core and cover rocks. D_2b involves the development of cataclasites and high-angle normal faults. An overall top towards the north sense of shear for the ductile (mylonitic) fabrics in the core rocks is consistent with the N-S regional extension in western Turkey.     

桃村拆离断层及其与金矿成矿作用的探讨

本文运用伸展构造理论,通过野外实地观察结合遥感影像判读和室内综合研究,提出了桃村断裂为一条拆离断层。并进一步剖析了与其伴生的变质核杂岩的构造特点;分析了拆离断层和变质核杂岩的影像特点;探索了它与该区成矿作用的关系。这对认识我国东部普遍存在的先压后张断层的成因和演化,了解我国东部与铀矿及其它矿产有关的区域拉张构造背景的关系,开拓新的找矿思路是有启迪的。     

张八岭隆起早白垩世变质核杂岩的厘定——对郯庐断裂带的制约及其与成矿作用关系

张八岭隆起广泛分布的平缓韧性剪切带与郯庐断裂带平移作用形成的陡立韧性剪切带明显不同。通过对平缓韧性剪切带的几何学、运动学分析,结合早白垩世盆地特征、中国东部变质核杂岩伸展拆离断层和同构造岩浆岩同位素定年结果,厘定出张八岭隆起早白垩世变质核杂岩。该变质核杂岩上盘由南华纪-奥陶纪沉积地层和早白垩世盆地组成,下盘为新元古代浅变质碎屑沉积岩、变海相火山岩（基底）以及早白垩世侵入岩,上下盘之间被一条主伸展拆离断层所分隔。变质核杂岩长轴为NE-SW向,指示构造反映上盘向SE剪切滑动,与中国东部变质核杂岩的伸展方向完全一致。通过本次变质核杂岩的厘定,结合野外地质事实,笔者认为管店-马厂断裂是郯庐断裂带的次级断裂,是对郯庐断裂带早白垩世末第三次左行平移的响应。在综合研究的基础上,建立了区域构造-岩浆-成矿关系模型,揭示了张八岭隆起早白垩世经历了早期伸展（变质核杂岩阶段）-挤压走滑（管店-马厂断裂形成阶段）-晚期伸展（闪长质脉岩侵位阶段）3个构造阶段,多期构造、岩浆的叠加作用下,形成了本区的金多金属矿产。     

衡山变质核杂岩体西缘剥离断层及其对铀成矿的控制作用

衡山变质核杂岩体是由元古界深变质岩和燕山期复式花岗岩体组成，其西缘的界版剥离断层是区域深断裂的一部分，在断裂下盘山现糜棱岩－混合岩带具韧性变形特征，沿断裂已发现一些有意义的铀矿化，根据剥离断层控矿模式，提出在断裂上盘王冲－谢马冲地段寻找陡倾正断层与离断层交切处的隐伏铀矿的设想。