Timing and formation of porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization in the Chuquicamata district, northern Chile: new constraints from the Toki cluster

The recently discovered Toki cluster, which includes the Toki, Quetena, Genoveva, Miranda, and Opache porphyry Cu–Mo prospects, is located 15 km south–southwest of the Chuquicamata–Radomiro Tomic mines in northern Chile. These prospects occur in an area of 5?×?6 km and are completely covered with Neogene alluvial deposits. Inferred resources for the cluster are estimated at about 20 Mt of fine copper, with Toki and Quetena contributing ～88 % of these resources. Mineralization in these deposits is associated with tonalite porphyries that intruded andesites and dacites of the Collahuasi Group and intrusions of the Fortuna–Los Picos Granodioritic Complex. Hypogene mineralization in the Toki cluster consists mainly of chalcopyrite–bornite with minor molybdenite with mineralization grading outward to a chalcopyrite–pyrite zone and ultimately to a pyrite halo. Alteration is dominantly of the potassic type with K-feldspar and hydrothermal biotite. Sericitic alteration is relatively restricted to late quartz–pyrite veins (D-type veins). Previous K–Ar geochronology for the cluster yielded ages within a range of 34 to 40 Ma. Four new Re–Os ages for Toki indicate that molybdenite mineralization occurred in a single pulse at ～38 Ma. Re–Os ages for three different molybdenite samples from Quetena are within error of the Toki mineralization ages. These ages are concordant with a new zircon U–Pb age of 38.6?±?0.7 Ma from the tonalite porphyry in Quetena. Two Re–Os ages for Genoveva (38.1?±?0.2 and 38.0?±?0.2 Ma) are also within error of the Toki and Quetena molybdenite ages. Four Re–Os molybdenite ages for Opache range between 36.4 and 37.6 Ma. The Miranda prospect is the youngest with an age of ～36 Ma. Four new Re–Os ages for the Chuquicamata deposit range between 33 and 32 Ma, whereas nine new ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of biotite, muscovite, and K-feldspar range between 32 and 31 Ma. Analyzed molybdenites have Re and Os concentrations that vary between 21–3,099 ppm and 8–1,231 ppb, respectively. The highest Re and Os concentrations are found in the Toki prospect. Three new ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages for the Toki cluster are younger than the Re–Os mineralization ages. The age spectra for these three samples show evidence of excess argon and have similar inverse isochron ages of 35 Ma that probably reflect a late hydrothermal phyllic event. The new geochronological data presented here for the Toki cluster indicate that molybdenite mineralization occurred within a very short period, probably within 2 Ma, and synchronously (at ～38 Ma) in three mineralization centers (Toki, Quetena, and Genoveva). Furthermore, mineralization at the Toki cluster preceded the emplacement of the Chuquicamata deposit (35–31 Ma) and indicates that porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization occurred episodically over a period of several million years in the Chuquicamata district.     

Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of hydrothermal alteration and episyenitization in the Königshain granites, northern Bohemian Massif, Germany

The late-Hercynian granites of Königshain underwent multistage hydrothermal processes. Extensive high-temperature late-magmatic alteration is, for example, indicated by low Zr/Hf and an REE pattern displaying the tetrad effect. Intensive post-magmatic alteration of the granite occurred along brittle structures. At least two main stages of post-magmatic hydrothermal alteration are involved. The first high-temperature stage, which is characterized by albitization and/or quartz leaching (episyenitization), resulted from fluid–rock interaction with late-magmatic fluids that very probably mixed with external low-salinity fluids. Quartz dissolution was triggered by vapour condensation and/or the cooling of these fluids (below 450??°C) along brittle structures. The high porosity resulting from quartz leaching during stage 1 assisted subsequent circulation of low-temperature fluids at stage 2; the latter is characterized by the chloritization and illitization of episyenites. Almost all major and trace elements were enriched or depleted during one of the main alteration stages. However, Zr, Hf, Th, and Ti were immobile during post-magmatic alteration. The significant depletion of LREE and the enrichment of HREE in albitized samples is controlled by the dissolution of monazite and the new formation of HREE-rich polycrase-(Y) or aeschynite-(Y) during post-magmatic stage 1. Negative Ce anomalies of episyenites are associated with illitization and suggest oxidizing conditions during stage 2.     

三江北段纳日贡玛黑云母花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

西南三江北段是青海省重要的斑岩型铜钼矿成矿带,纳日贡玛铜钼矿是近年来在三江北段发现的与侵入岩有关的斑岩型铜钼矿。利用锆石U-Pb方法测得纳日贡玛黑云花岗斑岩的形成年龄为41.53Ma ±0.24Ma,属于喜马拉雅早期。纳日贡玛斑岩型铜钼矿的成矿时代主要在40.86~40.80Ma之间。在多期热液叠加、多期成矿作用中,纳日贡玛斑岩型铜钼矿的热液应是纳日贡玛黑云花岗斑岩（41.53Ma ±0.24Ma）和纳日贡玛斜长花岗斑岩（41.00Ma ±0.18Ma）共同提供的。由于该区有较多的中酸性岩体存在,因而确定这些侵入体的形成年龄,对于在该区寻找同时代的斑岩型铜钼矿有重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

茶卡北山锂辉石花岗伟晶岩锂矿化特征及成矿时限

锂是重要的战略金属矿产,锂辉石花岗伟晶岩是锂矿资源的重要来源。近来柴北缘茶卡北山地区新发现锂辉石花岗伟晶岩脉群,本文对区内锂辉石花岗伟晶岩进行了岩相学、矿物学、矿物化学、年代学研究工作,确定了锂辉石花岗伟晶岩的矿化特征及矿化年限。锂辉石花岗伟晶岩存在两期矿物组合：早期由粗粒锂辉石、粗粒钾长石、粗粒白云母、粗粒更(钠)长石、粗粒石英和铌钽铁矿等组成,属熔体结晶阶段产物;晚期由锂绿泥石、富锂云母、蠕虫状锂辉石和细粒他形石英等组成,为岩浆期后热液交代产物。根据两期矿物组合判断存在两期锂矿化,认为早期锂辉石的局部蚀变与晚期锂矿物的形成指示体系内存在锂的活化和再沉淀过程。测得与锂辉石伴生的铌钽铁矿U-Pb年龄为241.0±1.3 Ma,可代表锂辉石花岗伟晶岩熔体结晶年龄,即为早期锂成矿年代,矿床为印支期产物。     

内蒙古贺兰山地区古元古代晚期的花岗岩浆事件及其地质意义: 同位素年代学的证据

位于华北克拉通西缘的贺兰山杂岩主要由孔兹岩系和变形花岗岩(正片麻岩)所组成,前者主要由夕线石榴片麻岩、石榴二长片麻岩、变粒岩和少量的大理岩及麻粒岩所组成,后者主要包括黑云斜长片麻岩、石榴子石花岗岩、斑状花岗岩和片麻状变质闪长岩.本文报道了该区变形花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果.黑云二长片麻岩和石榴子石花岗岩分别形成于2053±58Ma和2047±42Ma,斑状花岗岩和片麻状闪长岩分别在1955Ma和1920Ma侵位.大量的年代学资料表明,在华北克拉通北缘存在一条古元古代晚期的花岗杂岩带,该带中的花岗杂岩主要形成于三个阶段,第一阶段大于2.0Ga,第二阶段主要出现在2.0～1.87Ga期间,第三阶段的花岗杂岩在1.85～1.80Ga期间侵位.年代学研究还表明,古元古代晚期的花岗岩浆作用常常与变质事件紧密相关.     

桂东北苗儿山-越城岭东北部界牌钨-铜矿区成矿岩体锆石U-Pb年龄及华南加里东期成矿分析

界牌W-Cu矿床产于苗儿山-越城岭复式岩体东北部斑状黑云母花岗岩与灰岩接触带的矽卡岩中,是苗儿山-越城岭复式岩体矿集区最大的矽卡岩型W-Cu矿床。矿区出露的主要岩体为斑状黑云母花岗岩及后期浅色花岗岩体,矿区外围则大面积出露斑状黑云母二长花岗岩。矿化产于斑状黑云母花岗岩与灰岩接触带矽卡岩,及斑状黑云母花岗岩中灰岩捕虏体矽卡岩化带中。黑云母花岗岩发育花岗岩型钨矿床成矿早期常见的钠长石化、云英岩化及从岩体至外接触带蚀变矿物组合显示形成温度逐渐降低。这些现象表明斑状黑云母花岗岩与矿床具有紧密成因联系。本文获得矿区斑状黑云母花岗岩、斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和浅色花岗岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为:422±11 Ma,428±7 Ma,410±7 Ma,表明界牌W-矿床及区内主要岩体均形成于加里东期。本文的同位素年龄及前人报道的苗儿山-越城岭矿集区和华南加里东期与花岗岩有关矿床同位素年龄表明苗儿山-越城岭矿集区W-Mo-Cu矿床成矿主要发生在加里东期和印支期,U矿成矿主要发生在燕山期,华南在加里东期发生了分布广泛、成矿元素组合多样的与花岗岩有关的成矿事件,有很好的找矿前景,今后应加强华南加里东期矿床的找矿工作。     

Constraints regarding gold deposition in episyenites: the Permian episyenites associated with the Villalcampo Shear Zone, central western Spain

The Villalcampo Shear Zone (around 307 Ma) shows second-order shear zones (420–390 °C) with gold ore bodies hosted by episyenites, which consist of albite episyenites (albitites) and albite-Kfs episyenites, both types with different contents in sulphides and gold. Mass transfer modelling supports higher fluid/rock ratios in albitites than in albite-Kfs episyenites. The study of worldwide barren and gold-bearing episyenites reveals abundant sulphides in the latter as a distinguishing feature. The electrochemical processes at the surface of sulphide would have enhanced gold precipitation, sulphides working as a gold trap. A complex fluid history occurred in gold ore bodies hosted by episyenites, although in essence, it was similar to quartz-sealed faults hosting late Variscan gold deposits: (a) an early fluid equilibrated with the metamorphic pile with sulphides or with a metamorphic fingerprint, resulted in a sulphide deposition and (b) a shallower fluid reservoir of meteoric origin provided gold deposition. In contrast to earlier claims regarding episyenite fluid flow, a down temperature and probably an upwards fluid flow are proposed for the episyenitization process, also in keeping with the early stages of fluid flow in quartz-sealed faults. Fluid inclusions in albite confirm that the striking coupled quartz leaching albitization processes occurred around 400 °C and 60 MPa, crosscutting the retrograde solubility field of silica and yielding a vuggy rock. Initially, albite, and later quartz and sulphide, filled the vugs from the same or a very similar fluid. Uraninites deposited during the albitization and probably the onset of the sulphide deposition afforded the same age (270 ± 12 Ma) as other Spanish episyenites, confirming a synchronous and a regional-scale process and ruling out a relationship with the granite cooling history (324 ± 11 Ma).     

Mineralization,alteration, structure,and Re–Os age of the Lanjiagou porphyry Mo deposit,North China Craton

Lanjiagou is a porphyry Mo deposit in terms of its alteration zonation and mineralization associated with granitic intrusions and predominance of quartz vein-hosted molybdenum mineralization. It is the largest Mo deposit in North China Craton (404,000 t). There is an intimate spatial/temporal association between all stages of mineralization and Early Jurassic granitic intrusions at Lanjiagou. Most of the molybdenum was emplaced during the principal hydrothermal (PH) stage (184.6 ± 1.3 – 185.6 ± 1.4 Ma), contemporaneously with intrusion of fine-grained porphyritic granite (188.9 ± 1.2 Ma) into a granite batholith (193 ± 3 Ma). The PH mineralization stage is mainly hosted by a quartz-dominated stockwork associated with phyllic alteration in the fine-grained porphyritic granite. This stage was followed by the late hydrothermal (LH) activity. Thick Mo-rich quartz veins were emplaced during the LH stage and cut the porphyry ore bodies. A ring breccia zone formed during the last hydrothermal stage and apparently cuts both the porphyry and the quartz vein ore bodies. The main hydrothermal vein stages have predominantly concentric and radial vein orientations centred on the ring breccia zone. Most of the concentric veins have shallow dips, whereas the radial veins are subvertical. The LH veins have predominantly NEE and NW orientations in the deposit and are moderately inclined. We surmise that the veining was controlled by the local stress regime generated by the intrusion of a large, deep pluton that we interpreted to be the source of the granites, the breccia zone, and the molybdenum mineralization. Resurgence within the magma chamber reactivated the steep concentric structures in a reverse sense, and accumulation of magmatic and/or fluid pressure resulted in explosive brecciation, producing the ring breccia zone. A predominantly late set of NW-trending, post-ore felsic dikes, associated with the regional structures, are a consequence of far-field stresses exceeding local stresses in the deposit.     

辽宁分水金矿床地质及成因

分水金矿属岩浆期后中温热液(石英脉)型矿床,位于石棚峪超单元北西外接触带上,二者有着密切的空间分布关系.铅同位素特征显示,金矿成矿物质来源于186±13Ma及2800Ma的两个源区.燕山早期阶段,石棚峪超单元黑云母碱长花岗岩中深成侵入活动(186±13Ma)所分异的岩浆期后热液在运移就位过程中萃取了部分围岩(约2800Ma)的成矿物质,稍晚于186±13Ma形成金、铅矿床.     

P–T–t evolution of granulite facies metamorphism and partial melting in the Winding Stair Gap,Central Blue Ridge,North Carolina,USA

The Winding Stair Gap in the Central Blue Ridge province exposes granulite facies schists, gneisses, granofelses and migmatites characterized by the mineral assemblages: garnet–biotite–sillimanite–plagioclase–quartz, garnet–hornblende–biotite–plagioclase–quartz ± orthopyroxene ± clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene–biotite–quartz. Multiple textural populations of biotite, kyanite and sillimanite in pelitic schists support a polymetamorphic history characterized by an early clockwise P–T path in which dehydration melting of muscovite took place in the stability field of kyanite. Continued heating led to dehydration melting of biotite until peak conditions of 850 ± 30 °C, 9 ± 1 kbar were reached. After equilibrating at peak temperatures, the rocks underwent a stage of near isobaric cooling during which hydrous melt ± K‐feldspar were replaced by muscovite, and garnet by sillimanite + biotite + plagioclase. Most monazite crystals from a pelitic schist display patchy zoning for Th, Y and U, with some matrix crystals having as many as five compositional zones. A few monazite inclusions in garnet, as well as Y‐rich cores of some monazite matrix crystals, yield the oldest dates of c. 500 Ma, whereas a few homogeneous matrix monazites that grew in the main foliation plane yield dates of 370–330 Ma. Culling and analysis of individual spot dates for eight monazite grains yields three age populations of 509 ± 14 Ma, 438 ± 5 Ma and 360 ± 5 Ma. These data suggest that peak‐temperature metamorphism and partial melting in the central Blue Ridge occurred during the Salinic or Taconic orogeny. Following near isobaric cooling, a second weaker thermal pulse possibly related to intrusion of nearby igneous bodies resulted in growth of monazite c. 360 Ma, coinciding with the Neoacadian orogeny.     

粤东仙水沥Sn-W矿床地质特征及成岩成矿年代学研究

近年来,粤东沿海地区新识别出一期早白垩世锡多金属成矿事件,但关于区内矿床类型仍然存在争议,包括与高分异花岗岩有关和动力变质热液成因.仙水沥Sn-W矿位于粤东沿海莲花山动力变质带,前人研究认为该矿床类型为动力变质热液成因.本文在详细介绍了仙水沥矿床地质特征的基础上,开展了锡石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,并对空间上与...     

Thermochronology and the three-dimensional cooling pattern of a granitic pluton: an example from the Toki granite,Central Japan

The three-dimensional spatial variations in the cooling pattern of the Toki granitic body, a zoned pluton in Central Japan, have been evaluated quantitatively by thermochronology using cooling age determination based on the different closure temperatures for target mineral species. The Toki granite has hornblende K–Ar ages of about 74.3 ± 3.7 Ma (N = 2; closure temperature of 510 ± 25°C), biotite K–Ar ages of 78.5 ± 3.9 to 59.7 ± 1.5 Ma (N = 33; 300 ± 50°C), and zircon fission-track ages of 75.6 ± 3.3 to 52.8 ± 2.6 Ma (N = 44; 240 ± 50°C). The spatial variation in the biotite K–Ar age is similar to that in the zircon fission-track age in samples collected from 11 boreholes and seven outcrop sites in the Toki granite, indicating that cooling was effectively from the roof and also from the northwest margin. This cooling pattern shows a strong correlation with the Alumina Saturation Index (ASI) distribution of the body. Larger ASI values correspond to earlier and more rapid cooling after emplacement and smaller value to slower cooling. Toki granite was effectively cooled from the peraluminous regions where assimilation of country sedimentary rock was most extensive.     

粤西大金山钨锡多金属矿床地质特征及成岩成矿年代学研究

粤西大金山钨锡多金属矿是一个近年新发现的与花岗岩有关的石英脉型钨锡多金属矿,目前估算的资源量已达中型,并具有大型矿床的找矿潜力。矿体形态简单,主要以石英脉的形式产出,由石英脉、云英岩脉和多金属硫化物石英脉等组成。钨锡多金属矿化的主要类型为细脉状和网脉状,围岩蚀变主要有硅化、云英岩化和绿泥石化等。本文在详细介绍矿床地质特征的基础上,对矿床进行了成岩成矿年代学研究。采用LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年技术,得到了花岗岩的成岩年龄:中细粒黑云母花岗岩形成于82.89±0.35Ma~85.6±0.52Ma,似斑状黑云母花岗岩形成于75.01±0.16Ma~84.17±0.34Ma。通过对与中细粒黑云母花岗岩有关的5件石英脉型辉钼矿进行Re-Os同位素分析,获得其模式年龄为80.07±1.19Ma~84.93±1.42Ma。以上年代学测试结果说明大金山钨锡多金属矿成岩成矿时代为晚白垩世,成岩成矿作用基本同时。本文认为大金山钨锡多金属矿成岩成矿作用发生在华南晚中生代岩石圈拉张-伸展的构造背景下,是华南晚中生代大规模成岩成矿作用的产物。     

U–Pb geochronology and petrology of the late Paleozoic Gil Marquez pluton: magmatism in the Variscan suture zone,southern Iberia,during continental collision and the amalgamation of Pangea

The origin of plutonic complexes that stitch suture zones developed during collision is not well understood. In southern Iberia, the Pulo du Lobo suture zone (PDLZ) is intruded by the syn- to postcollisional Gil Marquez pluton (GMP), thought to be part of the Sierra Norte Batholith. U–Pb (LA-ICPMS, zircon) data on various phases of the GMP yield from oldest to youngest: (1) a 354.4 ± 7.6 Ma unfoliated gabbro; (2) a 345.6 ± 2.5 Ma foliated intermediate phase; (3) a 346.5 ± 5.4 Ma unfoliated porphyritic granite; (4) a 335.1 ± 2.8 Ma unfoliated biotite granite. This sequence is consistent with cross-cutting relationships observed in the field. The range in ages is consistent with interpretations that the GMP is part of the composite (ca. 350–308 Ma) SNB. Inherited ages preserved in the GMP intermediate and felsic phases indicate that its magmas traversed through South Portuguese Zone and PDLZ crust during emplacement. The ca. 345 Ma emplacement of the late kinematic foliated intermediate phase constrains the age of late-stage strike slip deformation within the PDLZ, and the lack of a foliation in the older gabbro indicates that is was not proximal to a shear zone neither at the time of emplacement, nor during its subsequent history. The unfoliated porphyritic granite and unfoliated biotite granite cut the foliation of the intermediate phase indicating emplacement during the waning stages of collision, while the ca. 335 Ma biotite granite intrudes the Santa Ira Flysch, thereby providing a tight constraint for the latest stage of deformation in the PDLZ.     

Paleofluids circulation associated with the Gerês late-orogenic granitic massif,northern Portugal

The Hercynian late-orogenic granites from the Gerês massif, northern Portugal, underwent intense hydrothermal activity along tectonic structures striking N-S and NE-SW. The first hydrothermal stage is characterized by the albitization of feldspars (primary K-feldspar and plagioclase) followed by the dissolution of magmatic quartz, the chloritization of biotite, and the muscovitization of magmatic biotite and feldspars and occasionally of authigenic albite. Whole-rock geochemistry shows a decrease of SiO₂, K₂O and Rb and an increase of Na₂O, Al₂O₃ and Sr amounts during the albitization. The second hydrothermal stage is characterized by a mineral assemblage consisting of secondary quartz, albite, chlorite, hematite, apatite, muscovite, epidote, sphene and carbonates, which infilled the cavities produced by the early quartz leaching.Mass balance calculations demonstrate a noticeable element mobilization during the granite alteration. The average ∑REE of the Gerês granite is nearly constant at 154 ppm, but ranges from 91 to 163 ppm in the altered rocks. A relative LREE depletion and a slight HREE enrichment associated with a negative Eu anomaly characterize the feldspathization process of Gerês granite. The average ∑REE of the Carris granite is at 159 ppm but in the altered epidote + chlorite + hematite assemblage it reaches about 201 ppm with a slight HREE increase.Two different fluids were involved in the hydrothermal alteration. A first aqueous fluid (Lw₁), with a low to intermediate salinity (<10 wt.% eq. NaCl) circulated along the main structures (N-S, NE-SW and NW-SE), characterized by entrapment temperature lower than 350 °C and maximum pressure of 115 MPa followed by a later colder and more saline fluid (Lw₂) under a temperature of 220 °C and a pressure of about 27 MPa.Oxygen isotope data obtained on magmatic quartz indicate δ¹⁸O_quartz of + 9.3 and + 11.0‰, pointing to an interaction of magmatic fluids with others of meteoric origin. For the secondary quartz, δ¹⁸O_water of +0.5 and +0.7‰ were calculated for a temperature of 250 °C, suggesting a meteoric fluid with a possible seawater signature.The K-Ar data of K-feldspar from the altered rocks confirm an age of 273.6 ± 11.7 Ma, attributed to the first alteration process. Younger K-Ar ages between 155.8 ± 6.7 Ma and 124 ± 5.3 Ma were also obtained in the feldspathized rocks, confirming the late hydrothermal activity.Albitization and quartz dissolution of granitic rocks from the Gerês massif occurred at depths shallower than 5 km, induced by the circulation of fluids along brittle structures, during the orogenic uplift and extensional tectonics which affected the Iberian Massif in the Early Permian. A second major event is attributed to late hydrothermal circulations of aqueous brines until a depth of about 3 km, presumably derived from interaction with sub-surface evaporites throughout Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. These late hydrothermal events probably reflect the rifting episodes and the rising of geothermal gradient, associated with the opening of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Biscay, respectively.     

The metamorphosed molybdenum vein-type deposit of the Alpeinerscharte,Tyrol (Austria) and its relation to Variscan granitoids

 The molybdenite deposit of the Alpeinerscharte (Austria) is situated in Variscan greenschist- to amphibolite-facies metamorphosed granodiorites and granites of the western Tauern Window. These granitoids represent strongly fractionated calc-alkaline I-type magmas with minor S-type components and reveal post-orogenic affinities. Molybdenum contents (average 4.3 ppm) are slightly above the general background of average granites. Molybdenite mineralization is restricted to narrow quartz veins and quartz vein selvages which are presently composed of biotite and (almandine-grossular) garnet. These selvages show geochemical features typical of intermediate argillic alteration in a hydrothermal system postdating granite intrusion: instability of plagioclase causes removal of Na, Ba, Sr, Pb and Eu, while K and Ca remain nearly constant. Rare earth elements (apart from Eu) and metals are extremely enriched. Application of Fe-Mg exchange (garnet-biotite) and oxygen isotope (quartz-garnet, quartz-plagioclase) geothermometers to vein selvage mineral assemblages reveals temperatures of the late-Alpine (35–55 Ma) metamorphic overprint (∼540 ^°C, 7–10 kbar). Leucocratic rocks composed of mainly orthoclase and plagioclase are occasionally spatially related to molybdenite-bearing veins; they are interpreted as episyenites formed by hydrothermal alteration of the host granite. This episyenitic alteration is characterized by a mass loss of ca. 30%, relative enrichment of plagioclase components, extreme depletion of Si, and minor depletion of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mo. Received: 5 December 1993/Accepted: 24 October 1995     

The relationship of mantle-derived fluids to gold metallogenesis in the Jiaodong Peninsula: Evidence from D–O–C–S isotope systematics

The largest gold district in China is the Jiaodong Peninsula, where three types of gold deposits are recognized: quartz vein, fracture-altered and breccia types. The first two developed along a group of NE-trending faults and are hosted by granitic intrusions, dated at 160 to 150 Ma (biotite granite) and 130 to 126 Ma (granodiorite), and by metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian crystalline basement. The breccia-type gold system is mainly located around the northern margin of the Jiaolai Cretaceous basin, where mineralisation is controlled by both detachment fractures and NE-trending faults. This study is based on stable isotope determinations from ten gold deposits, including Linglong, Jiaojia, Sanshandao, Cangshang, Wang'ershan, Dayigezhuang, Denggezhuang, Pengjiakuang, Fayunkuang and Dazhuangzi, as well as the Linglong Jurassic biotite granite, Guojialing Cretaceous granodiorite and Archean gneiss. The stable isotope systematics reflect the style of the three types of gold deposits, but also show that they belong to the same metallogenic system, in which the hydrothermal fluids were derived from a mantle fluid reservoir and mixed with crustal fluids. The ore-forming age is later than both the Jurassic biotite granite and Cretaceous granodiotite, but overlaps with the 121 to 114 Ma ages of lamprophyre and diabase dykes. The hydrothermal fluids that were responsible for both gold mineralisation and the retrograde alteration of the diabase and lamprophyre dykes are similar, and represent a CO₂ and potassium-rich system. This fluid system is interpreted to be the consequence of Cretaceous lithospheric thinning, asthenospheric upwelling and mantle degassing in Eastern China.     

Ar–Ar Ages of Hydrothermal Muscovite and Igneous Biotite at the Guposhan–Huashan District,Northeast Guangxi,South China: Implications for Mesozoic W–Sn Mineralization

The Guposhan–Huashan district is an important W–Sn–Sb–Zn–(Cu) metallogenic area in South China. It is located in the middle‐west segment of the Nanling Range. Granitoids in the Guposhan–Huashan district possess certain properties of A‐type or I‐type granites. The W–Sn–Sb–Zn mineralization in the district is closely associated with magma emplacement. Two igneous biotite and seven hydrothermal muscovite samples from skarn, veins and greisenization ores were analyzed by Ar–Ar methods. Two igneous biotite samples from fine‐grained quartz monzodiorite and fine‐grained biotite granite show plateau ages of 168.7 ± 1.9 Ma and 165.0 ± 1.1 Ma, respectively. Seven hydrothermal muscovite samples from ores yield plateau ages as two groups: 165 Ma to 160 Ma and 104 Ma to 100 Ma. These data suggest that the emplacement of fine‐grained granitoids in this district is coeval with the main phase magma emplacement, different from previous studies. The W–Sn–Sb–Zn mineralization took place in two stages, i.e. the Middle–Late Jurassic and early Cretaceous. W–Sn mineralization in the Guposhan–Huashan district is closely related to the magmatism, which was strongly influenced by underplating of asthenospheric mantle along trans‐lithospheric deep faults and related fractures.     

滇西腾冲麻栗坝钼-铜-铅-锌矿床锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

麻栗坝钼铜铅锌矿床位于三江特提斯成矿带的西南端,赋矿岩体为黑云母二长花岗岩,属于腾冲花岗岩带古永复式岩体小龙河序列.黑云母二长花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为78.6±1.2 Ma,属于燕山晚期,相当于晚白垩世;矿体中辉钼矿的Re-Os等时线年龄为78.5±3.7 Ma,略晚于成岩时间,为本区首次获得的精确成矿年龄.其中,辉钼矿的Re、Os同位素特征表明成矿物质主要来源于地壳.麻栗坝钼铜铅锌矿床成矿年龄、成矿岩体年龄接近,约为78 Ma,与小龙河岩体年龄(79～65 Ma)在误差范围内一致,表明矿床的热液演化活动时间较短,矿化和成岩均发生在岩浆活动的早期阶段.它们同为燕山晚期,是在新特提斯洋渐次东向俯冲过程中地壳加厚重熔引发的岩浆活动与热液作用的产物.     

北淮阳新开岭地区花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄和氧同位素组成

对大别造山带北麓的北淮阳新开岭地区岩浆岩进行了锆石阴极发光显微结构观察和SHRIMP法锆石微区UPb定年.在锆石阴极发光图像中, 一个花岗岩样品中的大部分锆石颗粒具有明显的初始岩浆振荡环带, 为典型的岩浆锆石, 少有蚀变的颗粒和/或区域; 而另一个花岗岩样品中的锆石虽然同样具有振荡环带, 但是大部分颗粒中心的初始岩浆环带被扰动, 指示这些锆石为岩浆锆石, 受到了较强的后期热液蚀变的改造.对锆石具有初始岩浆环带和溶蚀结构的区域分别进行SHRIMP法UPb微区定年结果表明, 这些岩浆岩的形成年龄为(820±4) Ma, 热液蚀变作用发生的时间为(780±4) Ma.新开岭地区新元古代花岗质岩石的形成和后期超固相热液蚀变作用分别对应于超大陆裂解之前的约830~795Ma岩浆活动和裂解过程中约780~745Ma的岩浆作用.单矿物激光氟化氧同位素分析结果表明, 这些岩浆岩具有非常低的δ18O值, 其中锆石为1.90‰~5.78‰, 石英为-2.88‰~-7.67‰, 斜长石为-4.01‰~-11.40‰.锆石和其他矿物之间表现出强烈的氧同位素不平衡, 而其他矿物之间则达到了氧同位素的再平衡.结合不同δ18O值锆石的内部结构特征, 认为该地区的热液蚀变作用为超固相条件下的高温热液蚀变.这一过程不但改变了石英等矿物的氧同位素组成, 同时也不同程度地改变了锆石的氧同位素组成, 所以这些样品中低δ18O值锆石可能是超固相条件下热液蚀变的结果.石英中具有异常低的δ18O值表明蚀变流体来源应为寒冷气候大气降水.所以, 新开岭地区亏损18O蚀变岩石的形成与裂谷岩浆作用和雪球地球事件相耦合的高温大气降水热液蚀变有关.