Everyday Ecologies: Cities,Nature, and leaching Urban Ecology

Abstract

Conventional geographical approaches to the city tend to place the study of urban form and urban space squarely within the political-economic and cultural branches of geography. Geographic pedagogy has tended to assume, therefore, that nature is absent from the city or exists only as a backdrop or stage on which urban economic and cultural activities take place. In contrast, there has been a recent groundswell of interest—originating in places as diverse as environmental activism, environmental history, landscape architecture, and environmental education—in reinterpreting the city as a space intimately connected with nature. This article examines the possibilities for integrating this rethinking of the relationship between city and nature into undergraduate education. Specifically, it outlines the rationale, objectives, and design of a course on urban ecology and examines the benefits and challenges of doing urban ecology as part of geographic education.     

Ponga, Glass and Concrete

In accepting that Aotearoa is no-longer a rural nation there are exciting possibilities for the study of urban socio-cultural geography - the effects of urbanisation on the lives ofNewZealanders. Contemporary social geographical theories have combined with postmodernism, poststructuralism, postcolonialism and feminism toproducea ‘new cultural geography’. We argue that this new cultural geography couldprovide important theoretical avenues for the development of an ‘indigenous’ New Zealand urban socio-cultural geography.     

The scientific legacy of V. B. Sochava,and future prospects of cultural geography

This paper is concerned with the main statements of V.B. Sochava’s theoretical legacy which are currently central to the advancement of modern cultural geography. Among them are the geographical science studies: metageography and geographical tectology, structural-dynamical approach to culture and landscape, and the concept of the geosystem and its invariant. The study brings out the importance of systems approach to culture and landscapes as well as the significance of the theory of geosystems, a catalyst for the emergence of new cultural-geographical knowledge. The problem of geographical tectology as stated by V.B. Sochava is implemented by adjusting the methods and knowledge of related disciplines for the particular purposes of geographical investigation. An outline is given of the specific character of methodological development of cultural geography in circumstances where the postmodernism world outlook platform is dominant as well as of the “drift” of the interests of the scientific community from the material aspect of man–environment interaction to the postmodern “dematerialization” of social geography. These processes which are progressing more intensely in Western science have influence on national geocultural research. Furthermore, the key characteristics of postmodernization, i.e. recognition of the equivalence and uniqueness of cultural-geographical phenomena, the equality of research standpoints, and refusal from the search for a “metanarrative” unfairly push to the methodological periphery the issues related to evolution, hierarchy, and interobjective connections of culture and landscape. The dominant emphasis on the nonmaterial aspects of cultural-geographical phenomena and processes does not imply that their systems side has lost value. V.B. Sochava’s theoretical developments provide a meaningful potential source for a further advancement of cultural geography. Moreover, even the international science has recently shown an enhancement in the tendency toward the “restoration of materialism” in cultural geography. This paper is built upon an integral approach to demonstrate an avenue for a harmonious combination of the “material” and “nonmaterial” sides of the discipline.     

Economy,culture and environment: perspectives on the Australian food industry

Intersections between economy, culture and environment pose exciting future challenges for human geography. Part of Griffith Taylor's pioneering role as a geographer was to investigate relationships between these three aspects of human life, although his agenda was that of environmental determinism. This paper considers these intersections as they relate to contemporary geographical studies of restructuring, in particular the emergence of a genuinely global economic system since about 1980. Recent developments in cultural geography argue that geographical analysis of restructuring has been dominated by an economic determinism which has buried other stories which could be told about industrial change. The paper sketches lines of possible dialogue between economic geography and cultural studies, illustrating the argument with examples from restructuring in the Australian food industry. In opening such a dialogue, economic geography would be better placed to return to interactions between economy, culture and environment. In his day, Taylor was not afraid to upset the conventional wisdom about these relationships and this may be one of his most enduring legacies.     

Conceptualizing Anthropogenic Change in Fluvial Systems: Drainage Development on the Upper Embarras River,Illinois

While the geomorphic structure of many landscapes is materially molded, shaped and transformed by human practices, it is at the same time experienced and perceived through the mediation of cultural discourse and representation. The objective of this article is twofold: (1) to establish a conceptual framework for integrated analysis of human and geomorphic dimensions of landscape change; and (2) to illustrate the use of this framework in the assessment of a physical system severely affected by human agency. This perspective offers one way in which human agency can be synthesized and integrated into aspects of physical geography— specifically fluvial geomorphology— from both a conceptual and a pragmatic point of view. The upper Embarras River in east central Illinois, used as a case study, has been and continues to be physically affected by the cultural practice of agricultural drainage over the past century and a half.     

计算机网络信息空间(Cyberspace)的人文地理学研究进展与展望

探讨由于计算机网络技术迅猛发展而带来的网络虚拟信息空间的地理研究、尤其是人文地理学研究这一崭新问题的研究意义，对国内外研究现状进行较广的综述，并提出近期研究的目标、研究的基本内容、研究方法、近期研究的重点问题。     

Born of geographical environment,coloring for regional context: Concept and progress of geo-architecture

In today’s world, where re-examination has been given to cultural globalization, the relationship between architectures and specific regions is one of many specific issues. At this time, the study of architecture from the perspective of geography has significant meaning for treasuring regional characteristics and protecting the essence of ethnic culture. The study of geo-architecture includes two aspects: the influence of geographical environment upon architecture and reflexively, architectural responses to geographical environment. In “Geo-Architecture and Landscape in China’s Geographic and Historic Context Series” (4 volumes), published by Springer Nature in 2016, the contents of “geo-architecture” has been interpreted from various angles as form, function, semantics and symbol. This book is the first to be entitled “Geo-Architecture”, which studies the relationship between geography and architecture from the perspective of geographical environment and historical context in China. The book’s research reveals the influences of different geographical scales, such as zone (macro), region (middle) and site (micro) scales, on architecture; it discusses dynamic and systematic thought, including such research elements as “Object-Subject-Time”, and it reflects views on pattern and process of cultural landscape. Research on geo-architecture aims to help construct the security pattern of the cultural landscape for the new requirements of a new era, which is used to optimize spacial structure, stimulate heritage conservation and renewal, respect the geographical environment, pay attention to historical culture and sustain emotional memory.     

Fatal Couplings of Power and Difference: Notes on Racism and Geography

To study the complexities of race and geography, research and analysis should center on the fatally dynamic coupling of power and difference signified by racism. The author considers briefly the theoretical and methodological implications of key frameworks geographers used during the past century to account for racialized power differentials. To illustrate the political, economic, and cultural capacities that historical materialist geographical inquiry ought to consider, the author outlines the background for a new project—a case study of the U.S. during a period of unusually intense state‐building in the mid‐twentieth century. The article concludes that the political geography of race consists of space, place, and location as shaped simultaneously by gender, class, and scale.     

地方性与传承：宜兴紫砂文化的地理品牌与变迁

全球化背景下,随着人文地理学对空间的认识不断加深,本土标志性地方品牌的地理学研究显得十分必要。以中国宜兴为案例研究地,从地理品牌的构建来考察宜兴地区特有的紫砂文化生产活动,揭示地理因素在赋予地方品牌深层意义的机制中发挥的作用。通过紫砂文化地理核心的变迁分析,探析地理品牌动态化的传承中如何增加历史文化价值,揭示地方性特点...     

科学地理学的理论基础及其研究内容与学科性质

在科学与技术是不同的知识形态,科学史研究的地理思潮转向,地理学向“软”的一面转向并关注社会,科学史研究的地理思潮倾向于关注“社会→地理→科学”关系的历史解释,地理学家在科学史的地理解释思想上的贡献等理论基础上,拙文主要阐述科学地理学这一新学科在建构“科学—地理—社会”关系体系上的独特性:①建构关注过去的、现在的及未来的“社会→地理→科学”关系;②践行“以任务带动学科”和“任务学科并重”的地理学发展方略,主要建构“科学→地理→社会”关系;③聚焦于科学活动因素的区域性,注重区域相关性分析方法论。基于这种独特性和地理学方法论精髓,科学地理学研究的内容体系包括:①科学研究及其组织与传播的时空结构;②科学研究及其组织与传播的时空结构与地理环境、经济、技术、社会、文化等结构要素的时空结构及其相互关系;③科学研究及其组织与传播对自然景观、社会景观、文化景观等的影响;④科学研究及其组织与传播对“人地关系地域系统”演进的影响。科学地理学的理论基础、建构“科学—地理—社会”关系的独特性和研究内容决定了科学地理学的交叉性、综合性和区域性,这与地理学特征是一致的,促进着现代地理学微观上的“深”化发展和宏观上的“综合”发展。     

空间的文化解读与转型期中国的和谐发展

20世纪80年代以来,西方社会文化地理学的研究逐步由文化的空间研究转向空间的文化研究,以文化的视角解读空间成为新文化地理学的重要研究特色,并由此赋予了文化地理学以新的广阔研究空间。本文在解析新文化地理学“解读空间”特色的基础上,着重探索了解读空间对于中国社会文化地理学发展的借鉴意义,强调应该结合转型期中国的特殊语境进行文化空间的解读,以适应中国在工业化、城市化、国际化、现代化和生态化背景下谋求经济社会和谐发展的特殊要求。     

Festivals as a subject for geographical research

Festivals are an increasingly common phenomenon. They strongly influence geographical space, and so are studied in depth by geographers. The author shows that festivals are a subject for research in different geographical sub-disciplines. The author also defines the research paradigm of the geography of festivals as a part of human geography. He also establishes the main aspects of festival research in geography: cultural, social, economic and time–space analysis, political, historical, general and theoretical. Finally, he suggests future directions in geographical research on festivals.     

经济地理学发展审视与新构思

分析了现今国际经济地理学发展中基于少数发达国家的经济发展、基于少数国家地理背景、基于经济学原理的偏颇,提出基于中国特殊的地理环境、特殊的人口、资源、环境关系、特殊的政府与社会关系、特殊文化、特殊的学科背景建立中国特色的经济地理学。中国特色的经济地理学应侧重经济社会发展、侧重人地和谐,侧重政府的特殊作用、侧重国内区域间关系与全球的影响、侧重与自然地理的关系,在研究中注重自然科学方法与社会科学方法的兼顾。中国持续高速增长的经济地理研究、中等收入陷阱的国家与地区跨越、政府特殊作用下的区域发展、城镇化、信息化、工业化与农业现代化关系、人地和谐与区域发展、农村聚落格局的演变趋势等,均可作为重要的研究问题。     

变化背景下的当代中国自然地理学——2017全国自然地理学大会述评

面对变化中的全球环境以及变化中的学科热点,以“变化背景下自然地理学新发展与新挑战”为主题的第一届全国自然地理学大会于2017年11月20-22日在南京召开。聚焦地理学与可持续发展、自然地理要素与过程集成、空间数据挖掘与系统决策等当代自然地理学研究的前沿内容,通过学科前沿理论的凝练,引导自然地理过程研究的继续深化;依托理论与方法创新;在典型流域、区域实现了自然地理过程的初步集成,切实服务于人地耦合视角下的可持续社会决策。深化自然地理学分支学科的过程研究、推进综合自然地理学的发展、提升陆地表层系统观测和模拟水平,将有助于进一步巩固自然地理学在地理科学学科体系中的基础学科地位,为满足国家重大战略需求和全球可持续发展作出重要的学科贡献。     

Cultural Globalization,Global English,and Geography Journals

In this paper we review the debate on cultural globalization and examine the rise of English as a form of global communication. The implications of these trends for the geographical community are discussed in an analysis of the use of English in geography journals. We note the increasing number of journals published in English, measure the proportion of contributions from non‐English‐speaking countries in English language journals, and note the language practice of selected journals. We conclude that there has been a trend towards linguistic homogenization and raise the question: what are the implications of a geographical discourse dominated by just one language?     

疍民研究进展及文化地理学研究的新视角

按照地理学的发展阶段,传统地理学的疍民研究以空间描述为主,近代地理学阶段的疍民研究着重描述文化的空间占用,而到现代地理学阶段则涉及疍民与地理环境的关系问题。对疍民的研究方法主要以田野调查、历史文献法等传统方法为主,专门地理学视角的研究成果很少。从研究趋势看,文化地理学视角的疍民研究应该从文化地理过程、文化保全、文化地理模型构建等方面展开。     

中国政治地理学研究进展——基于国家科学基金资助的分析

国家科学基金(国家自然科学基金和国家社会科学基金的统称)研究立项课题旨在探究重大现实问题以及学科前沿发展,在很大程度上反映了相关学科研究的进展和整体水平。通过分析近20年来中国国家自然科学基金和社会科学基金对政治地理相关议题的资助,以及受资助人在该时期对相关议题的科研情况,得出以下结论：①2011年以来,国内政治地理学逐渐被认可和关注,并呈现出以北京、广州、昆明和上海研究机构为辐射中心的地理特征;②国内政治地理研究重点为边境与边界、环境政治、领土(主权和安全)、行政区划和管治、尺度和空间、社会和文化政治等六大议题;③国内政治地理研究日渐与国际接轨,但行政区划和管治等是独特的研究。整体而言,随着国家科学基金对政治地理研究支持力度的加大,期望能瞄准国际研究前沿和国内需求,建构符合中国国情的政治地理学学科体系。     

论现代地理学对象、内容、结构和基本方法

本文从地理学对象及其性质的讨论出发,详细阐述了地理学内容、结构和它的基本方法。     

历史地理视角下海上丝绸之路在岭南的区域效应

海上丝绸之路作为一种跨地域的地理现象,涉及到物资、商品、技术、文化、移民等要素的时空流动以及在岭南的区域影响。基于历史文献资料分析,以历史地理视角,探讨海上丝绸之路在岭南所产生的区域效应。研究表明,海上丝绸之路使岭南及其江河、海陆交互处的地域具有明显的地理边缘效应,对外贸易及其伴生的诸要素的溢出、汇融和交流,带来岭南区域地理空间结构、功能的变化,以及在土地利用、经济地理、聚落地理和社会文化地理等方面的区域效应。结合当下“一带一路”国家战略的提出,以史为鉴,对指导“21世纪海上丝绸之路”在岭南的实践具有一定的现实意义。     

对近代先驱地理学家徐霞客研究的回顾与展望

本文回顾了400年来对徐霞客及其游记研究的五个阶段：近代启蒙地理学探索；对散失游记重新搜集整理；用近代的理论与方法进行研究；放到资本主义经济萌芽背景上进行研究；近年来全面综合的研究。评价了各阶段主要研究者的重要贡献。展望了今后开拓的新领域，再现当时的地理环境，找出其中演化趋势；并阐述了发掘徐霞客精神的重要意义。