Housing Policy for the Colonial City: The British and Dutch Experience Compared, 1901-19491

A comparison of the British and Dutch experience in the 20th century makes it possible to deepen our understanding of colonial urban housing policy, and hence of the colonial city in general. Both colonial powers expressed new concern about urban living conditions at the time when they began to promote colonial development. In the British case this began in the 1930s, largely in response to local unrest and partly because of international pressure. By the 1950s, British colonial governments used housing programs to placate nationalists and to help prepare colonial societies for self-rule. The Dutch undertook similar initiatives earlier, after 1901, by forming municipal governments, improving services in autonomous native settlements, and by bringing these kampongs under municipal control. Their initiatives were more a response to domestic considerations than to colonial unrest. The Dutch incurred expenditures beyond what Indonesians could afford, but were less active than the British in house-building. Their efforts flagged as nationalist sentiment grew. Neither colonial power responded directly to poor urban conditions. Although the colonial city might have existed, it did not shape colonial urban policy in a predictable way.     

产业特性、区域特征与中国制造业省区集聚

产业地理集聚存在产业差异和区域差异。本文结合产业特性和区域特征揭示产业集聚的形成机制。采用2004 年第一次经济普查数据,本文发现交通密度、政府支出比重、开发区数量以及贸易壁垒强度等区域特征显著影响产业集聚。在产业特性与区域特征交叉分析中发现,市场化促进了农业投入依赖性强、产业联系强、劳动密集型及研发密集型的产业的空间扩散,交通网络的完善有利于产业联系强的、规模经济显著的产业的分散布局,在市场潜力较大的省区规模经济显著的产业更为集聚;地方政府的产业和区域政策促进了产业联系较强的产业集聚,而拉动了利税率高的、国有企业主导的、属于国家重点计划的产业分散布局;各级政府建立的开发区和园区则尤其不利于国家计划重点产业的集聚和规模经济的实现。本文研究表明,贸易理论与新经济地理理论对于中国的制造业集聚具有一定的解释力,而中国的政策制度环境也是产业集聚的重要影响因素。产业集聚需要一定的产业和区域条件,并非所有产业和所有区域内都能够实现高水平的产业集聚。     

Decolonization and the Making of Middle Indonesia

Indonesia contains about 200 provincial cities with populations between 50,000 and one million, yet they have attracted far less scholarly attention than the country's few million-plus cities. Recent democratization and decentralization have brought to light patterns of communal and local mobilization in these cities, centered on elections and other political events, that have not been seen in Indonesia since the 1950s and early 1960s. Provincial cities have talked back to the central state in ways that belie their supposed passivity as expressed in the term "urban involution." This study attempts to build a synthetic and historical explanation for those patterns by examining the social embeddedness of the state in the provincial city. Most of Indonesia's towns and cities, particularly beyond Java, became urban only through the formation of the modern colonial state from the mid- to late 19th century onward. After decolonization began in 1945, the expanding but chronically underfunded bureaucracy became an arena for contestation among the emerging middle classes in these urban centers, which lacked manufacturing. The new provincial classes were politically significant because of their numbers and their mobilizing skills rather than their wealth. They successfully seized the state at the local level. The central state, anxious to establish political stability, appeased them with substantial political transfer rents, particularly during the oil boom years of the early to middle New Order.     

新冠肺炎疫情下健康码政策的空间扩散机制分析

新冠肺炎疫情作为突发公共卫生事件,在全球范围造成了灾难性后果。自2020年2月,中国各地政府出于防控疫情蔓延和促进复工复产的目的,相继出台健康码政策,迄今已成为中国有效防控疫情的重要手段和经验。本文通过对全国295个地级及以上市的健康码政策扩散时间及其影响因素进行事件史分析,探究该项首创于地方政府的应急政策迅速扩散至全国范围的时空过程及其机制。研究发现：① 数字化水平和经济实力优越的城市采取健康码政策的反应速度更快。② 邻近城市政府间的“学习”和“竞争”行为会提高健康码政策扩散速度,而省级政府的垂直指导压力所发挥的作用不显著。③ 政策企业家是加快健康码政策扩散的有力推手。④ 各市疫情状况以及与疫情热点地区的地理距离会对健康码政策扩散产生影响。本文通过分析新冠肺炎疫情背景下健康码政策的扩散动因,为理解公共危机情境下应急政策的制定和扩散机制提供经验总结和政策启示。     

Globalization, grapes and gender: Women's work in traditional and agro-export production in northern Chile

Recent changes in the global political economy have had dramatic effects on the lives of women as they are incorporated into globalization processes, such as the expansion of agribusiness, in often marginal and unstable ways. However, it is vital to consider how these globalization processes are mediated by women in ways that reflect local geo-historical contexts. This paper explores the expansion of the fruit export sector, land tenure, community organization and female employment in agriculture in northern Chile. Agro-export production has marginalized but not destroyed the small-scale farming sector and large-scale export farms co-exist with small-scale domestically-orientated farms. Female labour has been very important in the success of fresh fruit exports and many rural women negotiate both waged work in the fruit export economy and unwaged work on family farms. The paper explores the women's perceptions of agricultural work and how these relate to their identities as unpaid workers on the family farm and as waged workers in the agro-export sector. The paper thus attempts to explore the multiplicity of ways that women experience rapid changes in the agrarian sector and how these changes relate to the maintenance of more 'traditional'practices and identities.     

Urban agriculture and the sustainability fix in Vancouver and Detroit

Both Vancouver, British Columbia, and Detroit, Michigan, have significant and growing urban agriculture movements. In this article, I follow recent work investigating the connection between urban agriculture and neoliberalization to determine how these local governments have used urban agriculture in narratives of economic development to selectively pursue a sustainability fix. I analyze how different regimes of local governance have influenced the urban agriculture movements, leading to local, hybridized fixes that adapt to different material and discursive contexts in each place. I argue that in both cities, urban agriculture has radical potential as a grassroots response to economic and environmental injustice, but has also been enrolled as a device by the local state in which the primary goal of sustainability planning becomes enhanced economic competitiveness. Pursuing an agenda of food justice requires examining the larger context and effects of municipal involvement with food movements.     

Green Costs,Red Ink: Determinants of Municipal Defensive Expenditures inOntario

Governments at all levels expend resources to defend the environment from the adverse effects of human activity. Currently little is known about the processes and variables associated with these environmentally “defensive” expenditures. This paper attempts to fill this void by addressing the following research question: What factors induce municipal governments to expend scarce resources to defend against the adverse effectsof environmental change? The paper tackles this question with a combination of traditional statistical analysis and new environmental accounting techniques.Specifically, budgetary content analyses and secondary data are combined to develop a multiple regression model. The model uses the 1991 per capita defensive expenditures of 832 municipal governments as the response variable. These data are aggregated into 49 regions to ensure administrative commensurability. Model selection began with a wide array of predictor variablesthought to exert an influence on the defensive expenditures. The final model includes four predictor variables: provincial transfer payments for defensive expenditures per capita, property taxes per capita, median household income, and total pollution output per region. These four variables are significantly and positively associated with 73.5% of the variation in defensive expenditures (adjusted R² = .735, p < .0001). Aninterpretation of the results suggests a need for a more place-sensitive approach to environmental accounting to ensure differences in environmental quality do not confound the analysis.     

珠三角城市区域治理的尺度重构机制研究——基于产业合作项目与交通基础设施项目的比较

珠三角作为中国东南沿海的巨型城市区域,旨在构建跨越经济社会系统的多元协同的综合一体化地区。本文以深汕特别合作区与穗莞深城际铁路两个区域合作项目为例,借鉴“新国家空间”理论,基于区域治理所面临的经济发展困境与行政治理困境,分析区域治理过程中的权力上移和下移,即省市关系调整的弹性应对策略。研究发现：区域产业合作项目中,为克服城市间合作的制度化不足的行政治理困境,省政府进行了包括资源注入、事权下放、去管制和扩大地方自主权的区域治理权力的尺度下移;区域基础设施项目中,为了解决省政府财权不足的行政治理困境,省政府进行了水平权力重组以构建综合博弈体、强制性地方事权上收和以收权导向的行政奖励的区域治理权力的尺度上移。由此,本文认为珠三角区域治理并非单向、机械的尺度建构过程,而是区域项目建设导向下,以修复行政治理困境为目标,灵活多向的尺度重配过程。     

全球化背景下基于宗教地理的西方城市空间研究进展

全球化语境主导的城市研究中,多样和异质的宗教既是文化流动的重要构成,也是表征移民身份和理解其日常行为实践的重要维度。论文回顾了近30 a来宗教地理视角下对于西方城市空间研究的主要成果,从宗教空间和宗教信仰群体的行为实践2个方面梳理宗教嵌入城市空间的主要方式、过程及其对城市空间的影响,总结出了以下4个方面的主要研究内容：① 多种宗教场所在城市中不断涌现,其空间特征发生多样化变迁;② 功能多样的宗教公共服务设施在公共空间中的作用日趋重要;③ 宗教信仰群体的居住社区显现出明显的空间特征;④宗教信仰群体通过具体的行为表征身份和认同。此外,多元文化共存的语境下的宗教更被视为引发空间争议的新来源,成为分析城市社会关系的重要依据。学者们认为在多元文化主义的西方社会,异质宗教的本地嵌入过程使原本“隐匿的”宗教场所逐渐浮现成为城市中“可见的”空间。这种异质宗教在城市中的视觉表征不仅改变了原有的城市空间秩序,也对社会关系提出新的挑战,成为了引发广泛争议的新来源。然而, 国内人文地理学研究目前对上述话题鲜有涉及,期望本文所提供的西方研究进展对社会文化视角下理解中国城市全球化进程及其中的多元文化治理有所启示。     

中国交通运输投资及其经济溢出效应时空演化——1997-2013年省级面板的实证

交通运输投资是区域规划和政策制定的重要内容,但交通运输投资对促进经济增长的时空效应仍存在较大争议。在总结交通成本、交通投资与经济增长关系的基础上,建立1997-2013年省级尺度的交通运输投资、劳动力和经济总量的面板模型,综合评估交通投资对经济增长的多尺度时空间效应。研究发现：① 全国层面上看,交通投资对经济增长具有显著的引导效应,其弹性系数为11.4%,但在不同地区这一弹性系数存在显著差异。总体上,在城市化水平和社会基础较好的东部和东北地区,交通运输投资对社会经济增长的作用更加明显。② 在时间尺度上,随着中国城市化水平的不断扩大,交通投资对经济增长的作用也逐渐增强。③ 在考虑交通投资和经济总量时间滞后性之后,在全国层面上,当期交通投资和前期交通运输投资对经济的增长作用程度大致相同,但相对中西部地区而言,东部地区当期交通投资对经济增长作用更加显著。考虑到交通运输投资的这种时空差异,应根据不同地区不同发展阶段的特点,采取谨慎地投资策略以强化对经济增长的引导作用。     

主体功能优化开发县域的功能区划探索——以浙江省上虞市为例

选择典型县域,探索主体功能背景下的县域功能区划,为"十二五"期间我国主体功能区规划的深入实施提供借鉴,也为目前学术界有关地域功能区划的研究提供案例。本文选择空间差异显著的浙江省上虞市,探讨主体功能优化开发背景下县域功能区划的一般原则、区划思路和指标体系。基于土地开发适宜性评价,以及主要自然、人文要素空间分异的分析,按照国家主体功能区规划的部署,估测了上虞市在现状技术水平下土地开发强度的合理值,提出了2级4类的功能区划方案。     

中国精准扶贫的省域差异及影响因素

基于地理学视角,运用省域尺度的相关资料和数据,从扶贫标准、扶贫方式、扶贫主体等方面,探寻中国精准扶贫存在的省域差异,并分析了区域自然环境条件、省域资源禀赋、经济社会条件等因素对精准扶贫的影响。在扶贫标准上,经济发展水平较高的省份扶贫标准较高,经济发展水平较低的省份扶贫标准较低;在扶贫对象识别上,各省在结合自身精准扶贫实践的基础上实施了具有地域特色的扶贫识别方法;扶贫方式方面,各省不同程度实施了产业扶贫、金融扶贫等;扶贫主体上,中央政府财政转移支付和省内各级政府对行政区域的扶贫为中国各省域精准扶贫的主要形式。     

Putting discourse in its place: planning, sustainability and the urban capacity study

This article argues that policy discourses need to be set within the heterogeneous resources that governments routinely use to govern across the state/non-state divide. It employs the governmentality perspective to show how a discursive coalition in the planning for housing sector uses such resources to embed a new rationality of 'planning for sustainability' in a host of differing local arenas. The article extends the governmentality approach by proposing that this 'embedding' process is geographically uneven as the discourse becomes enmeshed in differing economic and environmental circumstances. The analysis thus reveals a geography of governmentality by showing how local actions intrude upon the functioning of governmental networks.     

‘Like touching with your roots’: migrants’ children visiting the ancestral homeland

Many migrants and their descendants make journeys to their homelands, and these visits form an important part of their ethnic identities, kinship relations and transnational connections. While such journeys have attracted increased attention recently, there has been relatively little exploration of the experiences that migrants’ children have when visiting their parents’ homeland, especially in an exile context when there has been little contact with the homeland for an extended period. This paper examines why the children and grandchildren of Estonian migrants to Australia journey to Estonia, and the experiences they have there. Motivations for visiting are complex and varied, and typically interweaved with parents’ stories, ethnic identities, kinship and curiosity. While visiting was a positive but emotional experience for some, it involved awkward encounters for others. This paper explores how these journeys led to respondents reconceptualising their senses of identity, belonging and home, and how many came to align their identities to both Estonia and Australia simultaneously.     

Spatial quality： analysis of China＇s eco-environmental 1990-2010

Over the past two decades in China, stress on the environment has increased continuously. This paper will assess the change in environmental quality over time, and its spatial variation using data from the statistical yearbooks of 31 provincial administrative regions in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. These books provide a general assessment of the environment at the provincial level, and the three major economic regions from western to eastern China. By using the geographic information system （GIS） and SPSS, we analyzed the changing trend of China＇s eco-environment and calculated the changing trajectory in the gravity center of the eco-environmental quality. We conclude the following. （1） From 1990 to 2010, the rate of deterioration of the environment went down. We argue that the cause of this trend was neither the result as ＂the deterioration trend was under control＂ noticed by the government departments concerned, nor ＂the deterioration rate of the environment was increasingly intensified＂ suggested by many researchers. （2） Since 1990, the general environment has been worsening in China, but it was improved in some regions; however, the ecological deficit is still expanding and will last for a long time. （3） From western to eastern China, the deterioration rate of environmental quality was slowed down. The reasons include a good natural environment, a developed regional economy, and technology and finance in eastern China. （4） After extensive economic development in China, there are imbalances of population, economy, society, and the environment in the 31 provincial regions. The governments at all levels should play an important role in research and protecting the environment. In addition, it is imperative to implement positive measures such as controlling population, improving the environment, and promoting smart development to balance the socio-ecological system.     

冀豫鄂三省农用地分等成果一致性检验

农用地省级分等成果是国家级成果汇总的基础,省级成果是否具有一致性,省际是否平衡协调是国家级汇总研究的重点内容。以冀豫鄂三省为例,标准样地为样本数据,分析标准粮产量与农用地等别关系,剖析农用地省级分等成果的内部一致性以及省际差异程度。检验结果表明:各省农用地分等结果与标准粮产量间具有相同的变化趋势,但相关程度与变化关系不具有整体一致性。     

The state and its agencies in coastal resources management: The political ecology of fisheries management in Pattani, southern Thailand

Various stakeholders contribute to the current state of resource management in the inshore fisheries of Pattani, southern Thailand. Taking the state, empowered by national legislation, as the main agent of enforcement, this paper uses an actor-oriented approach derived from political ecology to evaluate how key agents in state agencies at provincial and district levels translate Thai political and legal systems at the local level; more specifically, how cross-scalar institutional linkages and translations affect coastal resources management and the access of village-based, small-scale fishermen to coastal resources. The paper shows that trans-scalar interpretations have created a space of contestation and negotiation in resource governance at the local level that reveals intrastate tensions. Based on extensive fieldwork, the paper demonstrates that access to environmental resources at the local level is highly influenced or regulated by the unequal power relations between different actors at various levels.     

Institutions, the governance of quality and on-farm value retention for Indonesian specialty coffee

Fluctuating global commodity prices affect the livelihoods of millions of tropical farmers worldwide. In recent years, systemic oversupply of many tropical agricultural products, grown in countries such as Indonesia, has meant that agricultural incomes have continuously fallen below subsistence levels. Within an increasingly open global trade regime, along with the limited ability of governments to protect domestic farm prices, quality-informed product differentiation appears to offer an escape route from the trap of low commodity prices. However, ownership and governance of quality constructions are fundamental to determining who benefits from such differentiation. This paper examines the use of geographical identities as a specific tool for value-adding in agricultural produce, presenting the case of specialty coffee production in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The potential for producer-driven geographical indications compete with corporate-driven quality constructions, where the latter are able to appropriate place-related quality associations by using trademarks, vertical integration and tightly coordinated supply chain controls. An emergent politic of quality governance and ownership in global commodity chains reveals the highly restricted institutional terrain within which growers of specialty coffee might attempt to retain a higher share of the economic rent associated with quality production.     

中国工业中小企业省区分布及其影响因素

20 世纪90 年代乡镇企业改革以来,中国中小企业空间格局发生了显著变化。现有地理学文献主要关注中小企业空间集聚、集群研究以及八九十年代的中小企业空间分布问题,对于近20 年来宏观层面中小企业空间分布的研究比较薄弱,实证研究尤为缺乏。基于文献回顾,运用GIS 空间分析、测算变差系数CV等方法,分析1997-2010 年中国工业中小企业省区分布的时空格局变化;在此基础上,选取20 个影响因素并建立计量模型,运用SPSS及Eviews软件,系统测算导致中国工业中小企业省区分布变化的影响因素,并根据研究结果提出相关政策建议。研究表明：① 1997-2010 年间,中国工业中小企业的省区分布更加集中、空间差异不断扩大;② 中国工业中小企业省区分布格局是多因素综合作用的结果,其中地区经济实力、金融环境、市场环境及技术创新是首要因素,信息化、劳动力、铁路密度及农业资源是次要因素。     

近期我国省域经济增长的基本态势分析

本文对1991年～1996年间，我国省域经济增长的区域差异性进行了分析。重点是：揭示国家宏观发展政策对省域经济发展格局的作用效果，总结省域经济发展水平变化及对国家经济总量增长贡献程度分异的规律，以及划分省域经济增长类型、并探讨主要类型形成的内在机制。