怀来地震台体应变异常与特征分析

介绍了怀来台体应变仪器概况,据原始观测资料异常图形,讨论了怀来体应变资料在震前出现的异常特征和映震效果。     

乌什4.5级地震前阿克苏前兆观测资料异常分析

以2016年7月19日新疆乌什M4.5级地震为研究对象,利用阿克苏前兆观测资料,采用形态法分析此次地震前异常特征。分析表明:震前乌什台水管倾斜、伸缩仪、体应变和阿克苏台痕量氢均准同步出现了明显的震前异常,异常主要表现为数据的加速变化、年变畸变、幅值波动变化。     

近年阿合奇地倾斜震前异常特征

利用2008年以来阿合奇地震台数字倾斜观测资料,分析台站周边几次中强地震前异常变化。结果表明:几次5—6级地震前,EW分量趋势异常特征为西倾速率趋势性转折;短期异常特征为震前短期内倾向反向(恢复后发震)或加速;临震异常特征为震前几天出现高频抖动变化或固体潮形态畸变。     

永胜台定点形变与丽江7.0级地震

丽江７．０级地震前，永胜台定点形变出现前所未有的巨大变化，东西向的变化较南北向的变化更显。展示了在源区附近７级大震前定点形变突出变化的一个典型震例。此震例对于今后研究观测点附近大震前的异常特征有重要的参考意义。     

新疆2次中强地震前气枪震源反射波震相走时异常变化初步研究

以新疆2次5级左右地震为震例样本,选取震中附近石河子台、石场台和乌苏台记录的2013年8月以来的气枪震源信号数据,依据反射波震相,采用互相关检测技术等,研究2次5级左右地震前走时变化特征,得到如下研究结果:1根据单双层"3400走时表"速度模型,参考理论Pm P走时选取震相窗是可靠的;22次5级左右地震前3个台站记录的Pm P走时变化均出现4个月和2个月左右不同程度的低值异常过程,相对走时变化幅度约为0.1%~0.26%,距震中较近的石河子台、石场台的异常特征显著于较远的乌苏台;32次5级左右地震前走时异常变化时间和幅度均存在差异,这可能与震级和震中位置有关。     

基于断层虚位错模式讨论2008年汶川MS8.0地震前视电阻率变化

2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前,距震中450km范围内有7个视电阻率台站运行,震前记录到了不同形态和幅值的变化。本文采用断层虚位错模式,在模型中将汶川地震同震滑动位移按大小相等但方向相反的方式进行加载,计算震前产生这些同震位错所需积累的应力应变分布。计算结果表明：在100m深度,震前正应力和剪切应力主要积累区域位于龙门山断裂带两侧约100km范围内,最大应力变化量为0.5MPa;体应变积累区域与应力积累区域基本一致,最大应变值为10^-5,显示这些区域在震前存在较高的挤压应力应变积累,而在这些区域外,应力应变积累程度较低。成都台和江油台位于震前主要的应力应变挤压积累集中区域,视电阻率观测数据均为震前下降-准同震阶跃-震后回升,与震前应力应变积累-震后释放的变化形式一致,这2个台站震前的异常变化与汶川地震关系密切;而甘孜台、武都台、冕宁台、小庙台和天水台位于应力应变积累较弱的区域,其视电阻率变化与汶川地震的关联性较弱。     

汶川8．0级地震前电磁辐射异常变化特征初步研究

汶川8．0级地震前,距离震中只有35km的金河电磁波台记录到了宝贵的电磁扰动信息。本文分析了汶川5．12大地震前后该台的电磁波异常变化特征,表明：①强震前确实有电磁辐射异常存在,震前存在丰富的电磁扰动信息;②电磁扰动前兆异常在时间进程上有明显的阶段性变化特征,这可能是地震孕育不同阶段特征的反映。     

震前蒙城地震台地脉动噪声的特征

对本台数字化地震观测以来记录到的典型地震,运用数字地震信号处理方法,测算每个抽选地震震前一分钟地脉动信号在时间域和频率域的特征数据,通过频谱分析法,获得了震前地脉动噪声频谱的差异性。初步研究了典型地震震前地脉动频谱变化的特征和规律,共归纳了18类震前地脉动噪声类型,按照无震平静分钟值脉动频谱特征类比典型地震震前分钟值频谱的异样变化,发现正常与异常的地脉动噪声特征,最主要的还是受震级强度和地理位置的影响较大。临震前地脉动分钟值频谱特征异常,可用于震前脉动前兆异常变化跟踪,从而利用地脉动频谱的特征参量监测地震孕育过程,为地震中长期及短临预报提供依据。     

黑龙江省延寿地震台竖直摆倾斜仪潮汐短临变化特征

选择黑龙江省延寿地震台CZB-1型竖直摆倾斜仪2005年的固体潮观测资料,提取了2005年7月25日黑龙江省林甸M5.1和9月19日内蒙古牙克石M4.7地震前,倾斜固体潮半日波(M2)的潮汐因子γ及相位滞后因子Δφ等参量,综合分析了中强地震前区域倾斜形变潮汐的短临变化特征。认为:1)对潮汐频段参数潮汐因子、相位滞后因子异常信息进行提取,有利于捕捉地震前兆异常。2)潮汐因子的变化特征从时间上给出了震源的短临前兆信息。从图形变化看,这种变化过程可归纳为趋势性背景变化→增大(或减小)→极值→恢复→等待→发震。3)固体潮调和分析方法具有较强的抗干扰能力,图形变化稳定、异常突出明显     

汶川地震前后地磁Z分量的谱质心变化

提取了汶川地震前后成都台、木里台和西昌台地磁观测的Z分量数据,分3个时段对采样率为每秒一个点的观测数据每小时计算一个最大谱质心、平均谱质心和谱质心标准差。不同台站和不同时段谱质心的结果比较表明,三个参数在汶川地震前这一时段,成都台地磁Z分量显示较大的变化幅度,并存在震前逐渐升高的变化趋势,而其它台站和其它时段没有显示如此明显的特征。对比分析表明,成都台地磁Z分量显示出的谱质心变化是一个与汶川地震有关联的特征信息,且这一特征的出现与台站和震中的距离有关。对这一问题的深入研究,对于研究震磁关系、大地震的孕震机理,大地震的预测及大震发生位置的推测具有积极意义。     

THE COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH OF RECENT GRAVITY AND CRUSTAL DEFORMATION IN NORTHEASTERN EDGE OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

In this study, we systematically analyzed the relationship between regional gravity changes, 3D crustal deformation, regional tectonic environment and strong earthquakes based on the relative gravity measurements(2011-2014), GPS data and the background vertical deformation from the leveling measurements conducted from 1970 to 2011. Subsequently, we further characterized the temporal-spatial patterns and discussed the mechanism of regional gravity changes and the crustal deformation. The results can be summarized as follows:1)The regional gravity changes, the GPS-derived horizontal deformation and the vertical deformational obtained from leveling data showed a close spatial relationship:The gravity increased along with the direction of horizontal movement, and the gravity decreased with the crustal uplift and vice versa, which reflects the inherited characteristics of neotectonic activities. 2)The crustal deformation was closely related to the active faults. The contour lines of gravity changes and vertical deformation were generally along with the Qilian-Haiyuan Fault(the strike is NWW), and the crustal horizontal deformation showed left-lateral strike slip motion near the Qilian-Haiyuan Fault. 3)The strong earthquakes usually occur in the active faults where intensive gravity change and vertical and/or horizontal deformation occurred. The extrusion deformation, surface compression rate and gravity changes were obvious near the epicenter of 2016 Menyuan earthquake. The 2013 Minxian-Zhangxian M_S6.6 earthquake occurred in the direction-turning area of intense gravity gradient zone and the transitional area of surface compression and vertical deformation. The first author of this paper has made a medium-term forecast before the Minxian and Menyuan earthquakes, especially the location of the earthquake. Based on the above understandings, we emphasized that:there are still possibilities of strong or huge earthquakes within medium-long term in the areas of crustal deformation anomalies in the study region.     

岩石软化温度及其在地球深部岩石力学性质研究中的意义

从高温高压岩石力学实验的角度阐述了岩石软化的现象,提出岩石软化温度的概念和定义以及测量方法.根据对大量经过高温变形试件的显微结构观察,从岩石中各矿物组分对不同温度下的变形反应和机制出发,认为岩石软化现象的本质是岩石中的各矿物组分在高温下逐步由脆性变形向韧性变形和塑性变形转化过程中在岩石力学性质上的综合反映.提出岩石中矿物变形序次及不同组分矿物在岩石中的结构位置和含量是决定岩石软化温度的主要因素.由此进一步讨论了岩石中矿物的变形序次对地壳内岩石脆-韧性变形转化条件的影响及其在地球深部岩石力学性质和地震孕育理论研究中的重要意义.     

我国地形变观测预报地震的现状及对地震预测问题的思考

本文展示了我国地形变观测的状况,讨论了以地形变观测预报地震的基本思路及应用情况,探讨了地震预测面临的困难及地形变观测须解决的技术问题。最后,作者认为,地震预报目前或今后很长一段时间都将是以观测为主的试验性科学,物理统计分析方法是研究地震孕育动力学过程或进行预测的最具有潜力的途径之一。     

安徽霍山地区断层活动习性研究的新进展

通过霍山地区地震地质调查和研究,发现晚第四纪以来该地区丰富的构造变形现象：盆地边缘断裂构成断层三角面;隆起区发育一系列的北东向断裂,含断层泥;盆地内中更新统中发现多期变形遗迹,共同显示晚第四纪以来构造变形的继承性和统一性.文中结合各观测点变形物质的微观、超微观变形分析和断错物质系统测龄结果分析,对研究区构造新活动期次、断层滑移特性、古地震事件等进行了有意义的探讨.结果表明,该区断裂在晚第四纪曾有过多期粘滑活动.最后结合地震层析成像等深部探测成果对研究区地震的深部介质条件进行了讨论.     

基于时序模式斜率反正切定量分析地形变数据

主要介绍时序模式基本算法与原理,通过对地形变数据进行反正切矢量化,求出整时值(每小时记录一个数据)的反正切值。其后推算出每个月的反正切值,对其每个月的相似误差进行拟合与分析,得出偏离1.2倍中误差的月份。通过对大姚2次6级以上的地震对应性分析得出,震前1~5个月有明显的异常现象,以此说明该方法在地形变数据处理中具有很好的实用性。     

On the physical model of earthquake precursor fields and the mechanism of precursors’ time-space distribution (III) — anomalies of seismicity and crustal deformation and their mechanisms when a strong earthquake is in preparation

By studying the seismicity pattern before 37 earthquakes withM?6.0 in North China and the pattern of crustal deformation in the Capital Area from 1954 to 1992, some abnormal characteristics of these patterns before strong earthquakes have been extracted. A comparison has been made between the anomalies of these two kinds of patterns. From the results we can know the following. (1) Before a strong earthquake, the seismicity will strengthen and the crustal deformation rate will increase. (2) Several years before a strong earthquake, there will be seismic gaps and deformation gaps around the epicenter of the quake. (3) The dynamic parameters of patterns all show a decrease in information dimension. This means that the crustal deformation has become more and more localized with time and it gives an important indication showing that a strong earthquake is in preparation. At the end of the paper, the physical mechanisms of the abnormal patterns of seismicity and crustal deformation have been explained in a unified way in terms of the earthquake-generating model of a inhomogeneous strongbody in inhomogeneous media.     

藉由InSAR资料分析汶川地震:震前及震后地表变形(英文)

Capability of mapping surface deformation offered by satellite radar interferometry has been successfully demonstrated and applied since early 90s, from short to long terms measuring and tracing of deformation patterns up to centimeter scale, both qualitatively and quantitatively.     

震源应力场、形变场和倾斜场

本文从水平构造应力作用观点出发,研究了各类震源的应力场、形变场和倾斜场,推导了由垂直形变资料估计地震矩和震级公式.结果与实际观测资料比较符合.最后对强震发生的地震地质条件和弹性回跳理论的正确性和普遍性问题进行了讨论.      

Analysis of GPS Measurements in Eastern Canada Using Principal Component Analysis

Continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS) position time series from eastern North America constrain the pattern and magnitude of regional crustal deformation. Initial analysis delineates consistent uplift patterns, as expected from glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) predictions, but the associated horizontal deformation is not definitive, in part due to the short time periods for a significant number of the available stations. We employ an eigenpattern decomposition in order to define a unique, finite set of deformation patterns for this continuous GPS data. Similar in nature to the empirical orthogonal functions historically employed in the analysis of atmospheric and oceanographic phenomena, the method derives the eigenvalues and eigenstates from the diagonalization of the correlation matrix using a Karhunen–Loeve expansion (KLE). The KLE technique is used to identify the important modes in both time and space for the CGPS data, modes that potentially include signals such as horizontal and vertical GIA, tectonic strain, and seasonal effects. Here we filter both the vertical and horizontal velocity patterns on different spatiotemporal scales in order to study the potential geophysical sources, after the removal of correlated and random noise. The method is successful in disaggregating the linear vertical signal from more variable and less spatially correlated signals. The vertical and horizontal results are compared to the predictions of the ICE-3G GIA loading model with a number of plausible mantle viscosity profiles. The horizontal velocity analysis allows for qualitative differentiation between several potential GIA models and suggests that, with longer time series, this technique can be employed to remove correlated noise and improve estimates of crustal strain patterns and their sources.