Inversion of Q value structure beneath the Tibet Plateau

ＩｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｏｆＱｖａｌｕｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｂｅｎｅａｔｈｔｈｅＴｉｂｅｔＰｌａｔｅａｕＪＩＡＮ－ＰＩＮＧＷＵ（吴建平）ａｎｄＲＯＮＧ－－ＳＨＥＮＧＺＥＮＧ（曾融生）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｆｏＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃ...     

Kinematic features of the seismogenic fault of the Tangshan earthquake and the recurrence period of large earthquakes

ＫｉｎｅｍａｔｉｃｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｉｓｍｏｇｅｎｉｃｆａｕｌｔｏｆｔｈｅＴａｎｇｓｈａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｌａｒｇｅｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓＪＩＥＬＩＵ１）（刘洁）ＨＵＩ－ＺＨＥＮＳＯＮ...     

Application of PP cluster method in the earthquake swarm analysis

ＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰＰｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｍｅｔｈｏｄｉｎｔｈｅｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｗａｒｍａｎａｌｙｓｉｓＳｈｉ－ＹｏｎｇＺＨＯＵ；（周仕勇）Ｌｉｎｇ－ＲｅｎＺＨＵ；（朱令人）ａｎｄＣｈｕａｎ－ＬｉｎｇＤＥＮＧ（邓传玲）（Ｓｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃ...     

Lyapunov exponent and dimension of the strange attractor of elastic frictional system

ＬｙａｐｕｎｏｖｅｘｐｏｎｅｎｔａｎｄｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｒａｎｅａｔｔｒａｃｔｏｒｏｆｅｌａｓｔｉｃｆｒｉｃｔｉｏｎａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍＺｈｉ－ＲｅｎＮＩＵ（牛志仁）ａｎｄＤａｎｇ－ＭｉｎＣＨＥＮ（陈党民）（ＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒ...     

The fracture characteristic of the 1989 Datong-Yanggao earthquake sequence

Ｔｈｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｏｆｔｈｅ１９８９Ｄａｔｏｎｇ－ＹａｎｇｇａｏｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅＳｉ－ＣｈａｎｇＺＨＡＮＧ（张四昌），Ｇｕｉ－ＬｉｎｇＤＩＡＯ（刁桂苓）ａｎｄＬｉ－ＭｉｎＹＵ（于利民）（Ｓｅｆｒｍｏ...     

Promoting effects of 1975 Haicheng foreshocks on theoccurrence of the mainshock

Ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆ１９７５ＨａｉｃｈｅｎｇｆｏｒｅｓｈｏｃｋｓｏｎｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｍａｉｎｓｈｏｃｋＸｉｎｇ－ＣａｉＬＩ（李兴才）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｔｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａ...     

Simulation of the active and quiet periods of seismicity

ＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅａｃｔｉｖｅａｎｄｑｕｉｅｔｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｉｔｙＺＨＯＮＧ－ＸＭＮＨＵＡＮＧ（黄忠贤）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｒｕｓｔａｌＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒｅａｕ，Ｂｅｉｊｉ...     

A stochastic model of the Fourier phase of strong ground motion

ＡｓｔｏｃｈａｓｔｉｃｍｏｄｅｌｏｆｔｈｅＦｏｕｒｉｅｒｐｈａｓｅｏｆｓｔｒｏｎ　ｇｒｏｕｎｄｍｏｔｉｏｎＺｈｅｎ－ＰｅｎｇＬＩＡＯ；（廖振鹏）ａｎｄＸｉｎｇＪＩＮ（金星）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓ，ＳｔａｔｅＳ...     

The origin of the crustal conductive layer and the conductivity of supercritical brine（Ⅱ）

Ｔｈｅｏｒｉｇｉｎｏｆｔｈｅｃｒｕｓｔａｌｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｌａｙｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆｓｕｐｅｒｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌｂｒｉｎｅ（Ⅱ）ＣＨＡＮＧ－ＦＡＮＧＸＵ（徐常芳）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏ...     

Numerical simulation of the detachment dynamics in North China Basin

ＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｄｅｔａｃｈｍｅｎｔｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｉｎＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａＢａｓｉｎＤｏｎｇ－Ｎｉｎｇ；ＺＨＡＮＧ（张东宁）ａｎｄＲｏｎｇ－ＳｈｅｎｇＺＥＮＧ（曾融生）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ，Ｓ...     

Changes in the long-term hydrological regimes and the impacts of human activities in the main Wei River,China

ABSTRACT

Under the combined influence of climate changes and human activities, the hydrological regime of the Wei River shows remarkable variations which have caused many issues in the Wei River in recent decades, such as a lack of freshwater, water pollution, disastrous flooding and channel sedimentation. Hence, hydrological regime changes and potential human-induced impacts have been drawing increasing attention from local government and hydrologists. This study investigates hydrological regime changes in the natural and measured runoff series at four hydrological stations on the main Wei River and quantifies features of their long-term change by analysing their historical annual and seasonal runoff data using several approaches, i.e., continuous wavelet transform, cross-wavelet, wavelet coherence, trend-free pre-whitening Mann-Kendall test and detrended fluctuation analysis. By contrasting two different analysis results between natural and measured river runoff series, the impacts of human activities on the long-term hydrological regime were investigated via the changes of spatio-temporal distribution in dominant periods, the trends and long-range memory of river runoff. The results show : (a) that periodic properties of the streamflow changes are the result of climate, referring to precipitation changes in particular, while human activities play a minor role; (b) a significant decreasing trend can be observed in the natural streamflow series along the entire main stream of the Wei River and the more serious decrease emerging in measured flow should result from human-induced influences in recent decades; and (c) continuous decreasing streamflow in the Wei River will trigger serious shortages of freshwater in the future, which may challenge the sustainability and safety of water resources development in the river basin, and should be paid great attention before 2020.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor K. Hamed     

Climate changes and their impacts on water resources in semiarid regions: a case study of the Wei River basin,China

Understanding the impacts of climate change and human activity on the hydrological processes in river basins is important for maintaining ecosystem integrity and sustaining local economic development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of climate variability and human activity on mean annual flow in the Wei River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River. The nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and wavelet transform were applied to detect the variations of hydrometeorological variables in the semiarid Wei River basin in the northwestern China. The identifications were based on streamflow records from 1958 to 2008 at four hydrological stations as well as precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data from 21 climate stations. A simple method based on Budyko curve was used to evaluate potential impacts of climate change and human activities on mean annual flow. The results show that annual streamflow decreased because of the reduced precipitation and increased PET at most stations. Both annual and seasonal precipitation and PET demonstrated mixed trends of decreasing and increasing, although significant trends (P < 0.05) were consistently detected in spring and autumn at most stations. Significant periodicities of 0.5 and 1 year (P < 0.05) were examined in all the time series. The spectrum of streamflow at the Huaxian station shows insignificant annual cycle during 1971–1975, 1986–1993 and 1996–2008, which is probably resulted from human activities. Climate variability greatly affected water resources in the Beiluo River, whereas human activities (including soil and water conservation, irrigation, reservoirs construction, etc.) accounted more for the changes of streamflow in the area near the Huaxian station during different periods. The results from this article can be used as a reference for water resources planning and management in the semiarid Wei River basin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of the shortening rate since late Pleistocene in the Aksu area on the southern flank of the Tianshan, China

This research focused on the Aksu area in the central part of the southern Tianshan. Along the 60 km wide Aksu fold-and-thrust belt, active thrusts reach the surface and offset the youngest sediments. Our research was based on the geomorphologic study that examined the advance and retreat of glaciers cut by thrusts in the Tomur area in the north of Aksu. Our fieldwork revealed that two fault scarps were clearest across three different moraines that represent the maximum of advance of glaciers during three glacial periods along the Tailan River in the Tomur area. The measured heights of the fault scarps that cut the moraines, together with the moraines-inferred age, imply a shortening rate of 1.85 mm/a on the Aksu area since late Pleistocene. This rate, similar to that of the Korla area on its east side and of the Kaping area on its west side, but lower than that of the Kashgar area farther west and of the Manas area in the northern margin of the belt, implies that the distribution of shortening across the Tianshan changed markedly along the mountain.     

Long－ and intermediate－termseismic poten－tial of Fen－Wei seismic belt：active fault data application

Ｌｏｎｇ┐ａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａｔｅ┐ｔｅｒｍｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｐｏｔｅｎ┐ｔｉａｌｏｆＦｅｎ┐Ｗｅｉｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｂｅｌｔ：ａｃｔｉｖｅｆａｕｌｔｄａｔａａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎＪＩＮＧＬＩＵ（刘静）ａｎｄＬＩＡＮＧ－ＭＯＵＷＡＮＧ（汪良谋）Ｉｎｓ...     

Ecological and environmental instream flow requirements for the Wei River—the largest tributary of the Yellow River

Instream flows are essential determinants of channel morphology, riparian and aquatic flora and fauna, water quality estuarine inflow and stream load transport. The ecological and environmental instream flow requirements (EEIFR) should be estimated to make the exploitation and utilization of water resources in a highly efficient and sustainable way and maintain the river ecosystem good health. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Wei River is the ‘Mother River’ of Guanzhong region in Shaanxi province. It plays a great role in the development of West China and the health of the ecosystem of the Yellow River. The objective of this study is to estimate the EEIFR for improving the Wei River's ecological and environmental condition and develop the river healthily. Concerning the main ecological and environmental functions of the Wei River in Shaanxi Province, the EEIFR for each section of the Wei River including minimum instream flow requirements (IFR) for aquicolous biotopes maintenance, IFR for channel seepage, channel evaporation, stream self‐purification and sediment transportation were estimated in this paper. The methods to estimate the instream flow requirements for stream self‐purification and instream flow requirements for sediment transportation were proposed. The temporal scale of typical years include the year with the probability 25% of occurrence (high‐flow year), the year with the probability 50% (normal‐flow year) and the year with the probability 75% (low‐flow year). The results show that the EEIFR for the Wei River mainly include instream flow requirements for self‐purification and sediment transportation in each typical year. From high‐flow year to low‐flow year, the annual EEIFR for each reach decrease, except those for the reach from Linjiacun to Weijiabao, and from Linjiacun at the upper reaches to Huaxian at the lower reaches, and the annual reach EEIFR decrease in a sequence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

腾冲火山区的地震层析成像及其构造意义

利用滇西南临时台网和固定台站的地震数据反演了腾冲及邻近地区的P波速度结构,着重分析了腾冲火山区和龙陵7级地震震源区的地壳结构特点.研究结果表明,腾冲火山区下方10～20 km深度范围存在明显的低速区,其横向尺度大约在20～30 km之间;推测这一低速区代表了仍处于活动状态的壳内岩浆源,热流通道有可能通过腾冲断裂延伸至地...     

THE RETROGRESSIVE EROSION RATE AT HUKOU WATERFALL,YELLOW RIVER AND THE RELATION TO THE HANCHENG FAULT

On the basis of consulting historical records about the positions of Hukou waterfall at different times,we conduct a field geological survey along the Yellow River and ultimately determine the specific locations of the Hukou waterfall in the different periods.Based on this,the retrogressive erosion rates in different periods are calculated as about 1.66m/year during the Xia Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty period,about 1.01m/year in the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty,about 0.97m/year in the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty,about 1.28m/year in the Ming Dynasty to the Republican period,and 0.6m/year from the Republican period to the present.Considering the complex geological conditions along the Yellow River,the average retrogressive erosion rate of Hukou waterfall on the Yellow River is obtained to be 1.51m/year since the historical records (early Qin Dynasty to the present).Lithology surrounding the Hukou waterfall includes mainly the Triassic gray,gray-green thick-layered mid-grained feldspar sandstone and dark purple,yellow-green mudstone,this hardness and softness combination feature is the unique geological condition of the Yellow River.After abrasing the softer shale driven by water cyclotron at this position,water washes off the debris,causing the overlying feldspar sandstone suspended for a long period.Feldspar greywacke block collapses under accumulative water erosion in long years,and then retrogressive erosion occurs in Hukou waterfall.In the process of 1 ︰ 50 000 active fault mapping of Hancheng Fault,we excavated a trench at Shaojialing,and the trench profile shows that:in the early and middle period of late Pleistocene,there are obvious surface ruptures produced by the fault.Cumulative offset near the trench is more than 20 meters in height difference.Yellow River terraces survey at Yumenkou also confirms that a fault slip of about 20 meters occurred during the early and middle period of the late Pleistocene.Assuming the retrogressive erosion rate is constant,the author thinks the Hancheng Fault was activated at early and middle age of the Late Pleistocene,forming a 20~30m high scarp (knick point),and today's position of Hukou waterfall may be the position of this knick point after the retrogressive erosion of about 40 to 50ka.     

四川大凉山断裂带的晚第四纪平均滑动速率

大凉山断裂带呈近南北向或北北西展布于安宁河、则木河断裂东侧的大凉山腹地，是一条连接鲜水河、小江断裂的贯通性全新世活动断裂，全长约280km。航、卫片解译及野外实地考察结果表明，大凉山断裂带由海棠-越西、普雄河、布拖及交际河四条次级断裂呈羽列组合而成，晚第四纪以来的平均左旋滑动速率在3mm／a左右。     

钻探揭示的黄河断裂北段活动性和滑动速率

黄河断裂是银川盆地内展布最长、切割最深的一条深大断裂,也是银川盆地的东边界。由于其北段呈隐伏状,因此,该段的活动性和滑动速率长期未知,影响了对盆地演化和地震危险性的认识。文中选择具有石油地震勘探基础的陶乐镇为研究场点,以人工浅层地震勘探结果为依据,在黄河断裂北段布设了一排钻孔联合剖面,并对标志层进行年代测试,获得了断裂的活动时代和滑动速率。结果表明,黄河断裂北段在晚更新世末期或全新世有过活动,在（28.16±0.12）ka BP 以来的累积位移为0.96m,晚第四纪以来的平均滑动速率为0.04mm/a,该值明显低于南段灵武断层（0.24mm/a）;尽管向下切割了莫霍面,黄河断裂晚第四纪活动强度和发震能力均要低于切割相对浅的贺兰山东麓断裂;黄河断裂可能在新生代之前已经强烈活动并深切莫霍面,新生代以来,银川盆地的构造活动迁移分解到以贺兰山东麓断裂为主的多条断裂之上,地壳双层伸展模型可解释银川盆地现今深浅部构造活动间的联系。     

THE STUDY OF LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF HANCHENG FAULT

Based on the 1︰50000 geological and geomorphologic mapping of active fault, the structural geomorphic features and activity of Hancheng Fault are investigated in detail. In the study, we divide the fault into three sections from north to south: the section between Xiweikou and Panhe River, the section between Panhe River and Xingjiabao and the section between Xingjiabao and Yijing, the three sections show different characters of tectonic landform. The section between Xiweikou and Panhe River is a kind of typical basin-mountain landform, where diluvial fans spread widely. In the north of Yumenkou, the fault deforms the diluvial fans, forming scarps, along which the fault extends. In the south of Yumenkou, the fault extends along the rear edge of the diluvial fans. In the section between Panhe River and Xingjiabao the fault extends along the front of the loess mesa. In the section between Xingjiabao and Yijing the fault forms scarp in the loess and extends as an arc shaped zone, and the landform is formed by the accumulative deformation of the fault. The activity of the fault becomes weak gradually from northeast to southwest. The fault activity of the section between Xiweikou and Panhe River is the strongest, and the latest age of activity is Holocene. The slip rate since the mid-Holocene is bigger than 0.8mm/a at Yumenkou. The fault activity of the section between Panhe River and Xingjiabao is weaker than the north part, the fault's latest active age is identified as the later period of Late Pleistocene and the activity becomes weak gradually from northeast to southwest. At the estuary of the Jushui River the slip rate of the fault is about 0.49mm/a since late Late Pleistocene. The fault activity of the section between Xingjiabao and Yijing is the weakest. There is no evidence of paleosol S1 deformed in fault profiles, and only some phenomena of fracture and sand liquefaction in the earlier Late Pleistocene loess. The activity of the fault is in line with the fault landform feature. At macro level, the relationship between the uplifted side and the thrown side of the fault switches gradually from the Ordos uplifting region and the rifted basin to the interior blocks of the rifted basin, which maybe is the regional reason why the activity of the Hancheng Fault becomes weak from the northeast to the southwest.