手持式X射线荧光光谱仪测定富钴结壳样品中锰铁钴镍铜锌

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪可以快速进行多元素实时分析,在富钴结壳资源勘查中有广阔的应用前景,但是现有仪器的分辨率和稳定性有待进一步提高,特别是现场原位分析法的应用有待研究。本文针对富钴结壳中目标元素含量相对较高的特点,采用松散粉末法制样,建立了手持式X射线荧光光谱仪快速测定太平洋富钴结壳样品中Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu和Zn的分析方法。该方法用多金属结核和富钴结壳国家标准物质进行验证,测定值的相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.2%~3.0%之间,测定值与标准值的相对误差为92.9%~107.6%。样品现场分析和实验室分析的数据对比表明,除了低含量Cu略有超差外,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zn和品位均无超差,完全满足该类矿产资源勘查规程的要求。本法简单、高效,适用于对野外富钴结壳资源作出快速的初步评价。     

Analysis of seismically triggered slides off Israel

Evidence of large submarine slides, presumably seismically triggered, is evident on the Israeli continental slope. This article presents a study of the earthquake characteristics which were likely to have caused these slides. Four seismic records with different characteristics were used as input, and propagation and response analyses were carried out. The results of these analyses suggest that the slides were caused by one or more large magnitude events resulting in low frequency tremors propagating through the slope profile. It is likely that these earthquakes were located on the Jordan Rift.     

基于成矿系统的三维定量预测研究——以四川拉拉铜矿为例

随着矿产资源预测的发展,三维矿产资源定量预测评价已经成为矿产勘查领域的热点。然而真正决定矿产预测及矿产勘查成败的核心在于:如何构建恰当的预测变量来反映成矿作用过程。本文以四川拉拉铜矿为例,通过成矿系统分析“源-运-储-保”四大要素总结了该区矿产预测的地质找矿要素。基于三维地质建模技术以及成矿信息定量提取技术,构建了区域找矿要素三维地质信息。以找矿信息量为数学模型,确定了拉拉铜矿成矿有利区划,圈定了4个找矿靶区。本次研究将矿床成矿系统分析(知识驱动)与三维定量分析(数据驱动)相结合,将成矿作用过程及关键因素(源、运、储、保等)转化为可预测的具体空间要素,并使用三维可视化技术进行三维空间重构,该方法为今后的三维定量预测工作提供了有利参考。     

概率性分析在黄土场地动力沉降评价中的应用

天然黄土动残余应变研究主要依赖室内动三轴试验,如何将有限室内试验数据合理地应用于场地动力沉降的定量评价,是岩土地震工程领域中研究涉足尚少的重要科学问题。应用概率统计与蒙特卡洛模拟等非确定性分析方法,借助综合考虑固结应力、结构强度、空间体积特性和地震动荷载等动残余应变关键影响参量的估算模型,提出有效弱化土体物性参量不确定性（离散性与随机性）的场地动力沉降概率性评价的思路与方法。应用结果显示,利用该方法得出的场地动力沉降的概率分布特征,能够反映天然黄土动残余应变的基本认知特点,对明晰地震作用下天然黄土场地精细动力沉降特性以及据此采用适当合理的地基处理方法,具有理论意义与实用价值。     

地下水资源遥感评估技术研究进展

地下水的赋存和埋深是地下水资源勘察的重要内容。遥感技术具有数据获取快、综合成本低、观测尺度大等诸多优势。基于遥感的地下水资源评估技术一直受到研究人员的关注,也是遥感应用研究中的热点和难点。回顾总结了遥感技术在评估地下水赋存和埋深领域的应用与研究进展,根据不同评估技术的特点将其划分为单因子模型评估法、多因子综合模型评估法、重力卫星数据评估法3种。得出以下结论①地下水遥感评估技术经过多年发展,模型方法更加多样,精确度不断提高,可以作为传统地下水资源勘察的重要辅助手段;②遥感评估地下水赋存的研究发展迅速,但针对地下水埋深信息的评估研究进展相对缓慢;③高时空分辨率遥感技术和机器学习技术的结合运用、无人机遥感技术的应用是地下水资源遥感评估技术的未来发展方向。     

地下水资源遥感评估技术研究进展

地下水的赋存和埋深是地下水资源勘察的重要内容。遥感技术具有数据获取快、综合成本低、观测尺度大等诸多优势。基于遥感的地下水资源评估技术一直受到研究人员的关注,也是遥感应用研究中的热点和难点。回顾总结了遥感技术在评估地下水赋存和埋深领域的应用与研究进展,根据不同评估技术的特点将其划分为单因子模型评估法、多因子综合模型评估法、重力卫星数据评估法3种。得出以下结论: ①地下水遥感评估技术经过多年发展,模型方法更加多样,精确度不断提高,可以作为传统地下水资源勘察的重要辅助手段; ②遥感评估地下水赋存的研究发展迅速,但针对地下水埋深信息的评估研究进展相对缓慢; ③高时空分辨率遥感技术和机器学习技术的结合运用、无人机遥感技术的应用是地下水资源遥感评估技术的未来发展方向。     

New method for in situ characterization of loose material for landslide mapping purpose

The assessment of grain size distribution and plasticity of loose geological material, during in situ geological investigations, is not obvious. Visual appreciation allows an approximative quantification of the coarse granulometric fractions, but not of the fine ones. Field soils determination methods suggested until now, are visual and tactile tests leading to a very rough estimate, which is only qualitative and not very reproducible. The new proposed field test (GEOLEP method) allows a quick quantification of the fine fraction of loose material. It allows the determination of the sand fraction (fine and medium grained sands) as well as the methylene blue value of the samples. The necessary equipment to perform this test is light and compact and the time needed to analyze one sample is approximately 15 min. Thus it is also possible to carry out numerous measurements in one day. The calibrations were carried out on a selection of 13 natural samples, chosen for their representativeness of the typical alpine quaternary deposits. The results obtained with GEOLEP method are relevant compared with standardized laboratory tests; the obtained correlation indexes are of 73% for the comparison with laboratory stain test results and of 89% with a laboratory method using a similar procedure than the field test. The correlation we performed with Atterberg's limits tests shows that a rough approximation of plasticity index can also be obtained (R² = 75%). This method thus brings a new tool which should allow taking into account the lithological factor (by some quantitative and representative variables) in a reliable way for the evaluation of landslide hazards.     

利用Excel实现R型聚类分析

R型聚类分析是对若干个元素进行数量化相似程度分类的一种数理统计方法，主要步骤包括：原始数据转换；求解相关系数；对结果聚类。利用Excel的数据分析工具实现R型聚类分析的方法和步骤，对野外一线地质人员的工作相当适用。     

Radon as a geochemical exploration tool

Radon (Rn-222) is a unique element in the radioactive decay chain of U that has properties quite different from the other isotopes. Because Rn is radioactive, it can be detected at extremely low concentrations and this provides the basis for a very sensitive geochemical method. Radon has proven useful in exploring for not only U but for other associated elements. It has also been used successfully in exploring for geothermal sources, in earthquake prediction and in many other applications. With wider use of Rn as a geochemical tool in recent times has come a better understanding of the factors influencing its release, movement and detection. Studies of Rn emanation from a wide variety of U- and Ra-containing minerals have shown the effects of water content and other chemical and physical factors on the emanation rates. Published results from field research on Rn movement and experience with Rn as an exploration tool for uranium exploration have resulted in new data about the movement of Rn and its precursors in typical field situations. A number of new techniques for making integrated Rn measurements have been developed, and some appear to have some distinct advantages over the older grab sampling methods. This paper will discuss some of the more recent developments of Rn as a geochemical exploration tool and present new data on the numerous applications now utilizing Rn.     

Characterization of soil's structural crust by spectral reflectance in the SWIR region (1.2–2.5 μm)

Structural crust is a thin layer formed on the soil surface after a rainstorm. The crust is the result of a physical segregation and rearrangement of soil particles in a way that affects some of the soil properties, such as infiltration, runoff and soil erosion. In practice, there is no rapid, in situ method for monitoring, assessing and mapping crust intensity and quality. In this study, a controlled spectral investigation of the structural crust across the NIR–SWIR spectral region was conducted on three selected Israeli soils, to study the potential of reflectance radiation to detect structural crust in soils. Two major factors served as the driving forces for this study: (1) there is no valid method for in situ assessment of the crust's characteristics in the agriculture field, and (2) the crust might bias thematic remote sensing of soils, because the thin layer of crust blocks photon–matter interaction, which represents the relevant soil body. Through the use of a laboratory rainfall simulator and a sensitive spectrometer, it was revealed that for three selected soils, significant spectral differences occurred between the crust and its bulk soil. The spectral information was found to be related to changes in particle size distribution and texture at the surface of the soil. This conclusion was based on indications of absorption of OH in clay lattice, OH in adsorbed water and CO₃ in carbonates. It was concluded that the structural crust is a phenomenon that should not be ignored by remote-sensing users. In fact, in the field of agriculture, the spectral properties of crust can be used as tools for estimating the crust's intensity.     

水资源可再生能力评价的遗传投影寻踪方法

探讨了水资源可再生能力评价标准的建立。利用投影寻踪、遗传算法、倒S型曲线和水资源可再生能力评价标准,为水资源可再生能力综合评价建立了一种新的方法——遗传投影寻踪方法(GPPM)。给出了GPPM实施的步骤,并对黄河流域涉及的9个行政分区的水资源可再生能力进行了综合评价,认为黄河流域水资源总体上可再生能力较弱。GPPM的评价结果是实数值,具有直观性、有效性和通用性,可广泛应用于各种水资源综合评价问题。     

成矿区三维可视化与立体定量预测——以钦-杭成矿带庞西垌地区下园垌铅锌矿区为例

矿产资源是人类生存与社会进步的根本物质保障。近年来,随着地表矿、浅部矿产资源的日益枯竭,采用新技术、新方法的深部矿产资源预测成为地质勘查的主要研究方向。基于数字化、三维可视化及矿产定量预测为主的三维地质建模技术,为当前矿产资源远景预测与找矿工作提供了有力的工具。本文在现代成矿预测理论研究基础上,运用三维地质建模技术建立了钦杭成矿带下园垌矿区地质、地球物理、地球化学、钻孔等三维模型,揭示了区内构造地质特征、地球化学异常表征及地层岩体要素,据此探讨了矿床的成因及矿体分布特征。并在此基础上,采用证据权方法对研究区地质、地球物理、地球化学等多源信息进行融合,运用断裂缓冲区、地球化学异常、东岗岭组沉积岩地层等为证据因子来计算单位体积成矿后验概率,进行立体成矿预测,并圈定出铁锰矿、方铅闪锌矿、铅锌银综合矿等3处找矿有利靶区及估算出预测区内矿产资源储量总量为88710吨。研究结果表明:综合分析地质、地球物理、地球化学及钻孔数据进行矿区的三维地质空间定位、定量预测研究,可以有效的识别矿致异常信息,圈定找矿远景区,为成矿预测研究领域提供了新方向,可以将此方法应用至其他矿山。     

四川省矿山遥感监测主要成果与进展

针对四川省矿产资源分布特征,开展了矿山遥感监测工作,构建了“遥感数据源选取—遥感数字图像处理—遥感信息提取—野外验证—图件制作”相对完整且较为成熟的矿山开发遥感监测技术方法体系。以卫星光学遥感数据为主、航空光学遥感数据和雷达数据为辅,并采用无人机遥感图像; 在正射纠正、几何配准、数据融合等图像预处理基础上,结合有关资料建立矿山开采面、矿山建筑、排土场、尾矿库、选矿厂、滑坡和泥石流的遥感解译标志; 采取以目视解译为主、计算机自动提取与目视解译相结合、辅以野外验证的方法进行遥感解译; 建立以遥感调查数据为主要数据源的矿山地质环境评价指标体系与GIS定量评价方法,实现矿山地质环境评价; 采用矿山遥感监测与传统地质环境调查技术相结合方法,开展矿山环境综合治理区划研究。取得的成果与进展包括: ①首次建立了省域矿产资源开发环境本底数据库,为实现矿山开发环境动态监测和国土资源空间数字化管理提供了基础数据; ②监测成果已在矿产卫片执法、矿山环境治理和矿产资源规划等国土资源管理工作中发挥了重要作用,成为了四川省矿政管理的重要参考依据; ③开展了矿山遥感监测技术方法研究与探索,形成了适应川西南山区的矿山遥感监测技术方法体系。     

小比例尺数码航摄资料在城市规划中的应用

对利用小比例尺数码航摄资料进行控制,获取应用于城市规划设计前期1：1000地形图资料的方法进行探讨和实践,进行理论分析和实际应用结果分析,提出满足了我们规划用图的需要。这种方法可为今后一些局部地区急需用图,测绘作为借鉴。     

测井技术在柴达木盆地深层卤水勘查中的应用研究

测井技术一直以来普遍应用于煤田、天然气、淡水资源、石油、固体矿产等领域,取得了不少的成果及经验,但在深层卤水资源勘查中应用较少.通过分析研究"青海省冷湖镇马海地区深层卤水钾矿勘查"等诸多项目的测井成果,总结出三侧向电阻率、自然伽马、声波时差、自然电位等参数在新生代地层中的特征,发现普通测井方法在盐湖资源勘查中有很大的指...     

基于自然伽马测井数据的铀资源评价方法研究

“煤铀兼探”“油铀兼探”是当今的研究热点,利用煤、油气田钻井的测井资料评价铀资源潜力是尚待解决的难题。以鄂尔多斯盆地彭阳铀矿区为例,开展基于自然伽马测井数据的铀资源评价方法探索。根据彭阳铀矿区砂岩型铀储层自然伽马异常响应显著的特性,通过对比分析9个验证孔中定量伽马和油田钻孔中自然伽马测井数据,研究彭阳铀矿区矿层定量伽马值的自然伽马测井回归模型,研发矿层平米铀量筛选计算程序。初步建立基于自然伽马测井信息的区域铀矿层识别和品位评价方法,研究成果精度与实测数据吻合,解决了难以高效利用常规煤、油气田测井资料进行铀矿层识别和品位评价的问题。该成果可为鄂尔多斯盆地铀资源调查和潜力评价提供有效的技术支持。      

降低矿产资源定量预测不确定性的双向预测方法

成矿过程是一个复杂的物理化学过程,由于地质自身的不确定性、原始数据采集和处理的不当、预测方法中经验参数的不确定性等多重因素的叠加,造成矿产资源定量预测结果中潜在大量不确定性.在科学认识这些不确定性的基础上,如何降低不确定性是预测评价研究的一个重要方向.以地质异常理论和成矿动力学为指导,双向预测评价方法是降低地质异常分析...     

A laboratory-numerical approach for modelling scale effects in dry granular slides

Granular slides are omnipresent in both natural and industrial contexts. Scale effects are changes in physical behaviour of a phenomenon at different geometric scales, such as between a laboratory experiment and a corresponding larger event observed in nature. These scale effects can be significant and can render models of small size inaccurate by underpredicting key characteristics such as flow velocity or runout distance. Although scale effects are highly relevant to granular slides due to the multiplicity of length and time scales in the flow, they are currently not well understood. A laboratory setup under Froude similarity has been developed, allowing dry granular slides to be investigated at a variety of scales, with a channel width configurable between 0.25 and 1.00 m. Maximum estimated grain Reynolds numbers, which quantify whether the drag force between a particle and the surrounding air act in a turbulent or viscous manner, are found in the range 10²???10³. A discrete element method (DEM) simulation has also been developed, validated against an axisymmetric column collapse and a granular slide experiment of Hutter et al. (Acta Mech 109:127–165, 1995), before being used to model the present laboratory experiments and to examine a granular slide of significantly larger scale. This article discusses the details of this laboratory-numerical approach, with the main aim of examining scale effects related to the grain Reynolds number. Increasing dust formation with increasing scale may also exert influence on laboratory experiments. Overall, significant scale effects have been identified for characteristics such as flow velocity and runout distance in the physical experiments. While the numerical modelling shows good general agreement at the medium scale, it does not capture differences in behaviour seen at the smaller scale, highlighting the importance of physical models in capturing these scale effects.     

Dealing with outliers and censored values in multi-element geochemical data – a visualization approach using XmdvTool

Dealing with geochemical data also means coping with their underlying limitations that are related to sampling, analytical techniques, and other characteristics of the data. This paper discusses the issue of data cleaning, using a regional geochemical dataset of 6 heavy metals in glacial till. Interactive data manipulation techniques provided in the freeware visualization system XmdvTool were used for exploring both metal concentrations reported as under the detection limit, and high or extreme values (outliers) in the dataset. The proposed integrated visual evaluation (IVE) approach for selective removal of outliers outperformed simple removal of the highest concentrations of metals, showing that existing spatial multi-element fingerprints in data could be recognized and preserved by IVE. The uniqueness of visualization is in simultaneous display of both multivariate and spatial information. Being simple and interactive, integrated visual evaluation can be recommended as a valuable complementary tool in cleaning and analysing multi-element geochemical data.     

Delineation of Potential Mineral Resources Region Based on Geo-anomaly Unit

It is well known that the geophysical and geochemicalanomalies are very important for the location of mineral de-posits. However,the concept of geo-anomaly and its signifi-cance in mineral exploration had hardly been expounded until1 990 s.In fact,the geo-anomaly that has wider implicationsthan the geophysical and geochemical anomalies do,can bewidely applied to the assessment of mineral resources and theexplanation of some crucial geological phenomena. A geo-anomaly is defined as a geological…