松散堆积体隧道围岩变形破坏细观特征研究

隧道穿越复杂松散堆积体地层时,如何确保隧道施工过程的安全是工程人员普遍关心的课题。依托云南省罗打拉隧道,基于Monte Carlo随机原理,结合数字图像处理技术,建立了考虑接触面单元及抗拉强度的堆积体地层隧道开挖细观结构模型,并探讨了隧道开挖引起的堆积体围岩变形、破坏过程以及失稳机制,并在现场进行应用验证。研究结果表明,构建的堆积体地层隧道开挖细观结构模型可有效反映隧道开挖过程中围岩的破坏过程,围岩位移等值线呈波动性与非对称性分布;围岩破坏以剪切破坏为主,局部存在拉裂?剪切复合破坏,且破坏区由边缘块石尖端向深层逐步扩展,形成包裹块石的剪切楔形区及拉剪松动圈,在施工扰动下易发生局部失稳。针对堆积体地层破坏特征,提出了围岩注浆加固措施,地层加固后土石颗粒间胶结良好,开挖轮廓周边形成有效的注浆加固圈,开挖支护过程围岩变形可控,支护结构稳定,效果良好,可为后续类似松散堆积体地层隧道的设计、施工提供新思路。     

Displacement properties of landslide masses at the initiation of failure in quick clay deposits and the effects of meteorological and hydrological factors

This study aimed to identify displacement properties of landslide masses at the initiation of failure and factors that affect the landslides activities in areas where quick clay is found. We set up a research site in a quick clay deposit area in Norway and monitored the displacements of landslide masses and meteorological and hydrological factors for a long period of time using an automatic monitoring system. The system collected data for two landslides that occurred at the site from the start of their movement until their ultimate collapse.

The two landslides that were monitored showed definite secondary and tertiary creep stages before they collapsed. One of the landslides moved from the secondary stage to the tertiary creep stage when another landslide occurred nearby. The tertiary stage of this landslide showed reconstruction of short primary, secondary, and tertiary creep stages. These phenomena suggested that (1) the stress at the end of the landslide mass was released during the nearby landslide, and (2) a new stress distribution was formed in the landslide mass. The critical strain differed for 14 times between the two landslide masses we monitored. The difference was likely attributable to the difference in the contents of quick clay, which shows small critical stress against slope failure, as well as topological factors.

Our analyses of the effects of hydrological and meteorological factors on landslides showed that the precipitation of 3 and 10 days before six slope failures as the final stages of the landslides that had occurred in the research area was no different from the mean precipitation of periods that showed no slope failure, suggesting that precipitation had no direct effects on the collapse of the landslide masses. On the other hand, the traveling velocities of the landslide masses during the secondary creep stage, which was prior to their collapse, were affected by the water content of the soil and precipitation (and the amount of snowmelt water), but was little correlated with the pore-water pressure of the quick clay layer. We also found that the presence of snow cover scarcely affected landslide movements.     

冻融循环下滑坡古土壤细微观结构及力学性能研究

黄土与红黏土这一地层结构组合在黑方台地区普遍存在,黄土与红黏土之间存在渗透差,在持续灌溉条件下红黏土层会出现滞水效应,从而发生层带软化现象,最终诱发滑坡。本文分别开展室内土工试验、核磁共振试验(NMR)以及颗分试验,进而研究增湿条件下黄土-红黏土界面处非饱和入渗情况以及充水孔隙变化规律。得出以下结论：(1)在入渗过程中充水孔隙体积分布曲线中峰值不断向右迁移,充水孔隙半径不断增大且分布范围逐渐变广。黄土-红黏土组合样与纯黄土相比,充水孔隙体积分布曲线中最大峰值向右迁移较慢且分布范围较窄,入渗结束后红黏土层富含水分。(2)在相同流量条件下,黄土-红黏土组合样初始含水率越高,充水孔隙体积分布曲线中最大峰值向右迁移得越慢,所对应的充水孔隙半径变化越小且在界面处滞水效应越不明显。在相同初始含水率条件下,流量越大,充水孔隙体积分布曲线中峰值向右迁移得越快,水分进入中大孔隙越多且在界面处滞水现象越明显。(3)黄土-红黏土组合样在增湿过程中发生颗粒运移,导致颗粒间接触方式发生改变,最终试样底部细颗粒含量较多,界面处粗颗粒含量较多。     

Identification of failure slip surfaces for landslide risk assessment using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

ABSTRACT

Location of failure slip surfaces plays a critical role in landslide risk assessment and mitigation, particularly for unstable slopes, because it is a key input to design of stabilisation measures for unstable slopes and it determines the volume of the sliding soil mass (i.e. landslide consequence). The failure slip surfaces in the numerical analysis (e.g. finite element/different method, FEM/FDM) are often identified using shear strength reduction (SSR) method. A careful examination of FEM results showed that, although the SSR method performs well for stable slopes, it might provide misleading results for unstable slopes. To properly locate failure slip surfaces for unstable slopes, this paper presents a particle-based numerical method called smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), which is mesh-free, immune to the mesh distortion problem in FEM/FDM, and able to directly simulate large deformation of soils that occurs during landslides. A series of slope stability analyses is performed using an in-house SPH programme. Failure slip surfaces are properly identified by SPH for both stable and unstable slopes. Furthermore, because SPH provides a spatial distribution of the post-landslide large displacement of soils, the failure slip surfaces can be identified conveniently using soil displacement. A displacement-based criterion is proposed to locate the failure slip surfaces.     

应力比与含水状态对松散堆积体动力参数及地表反应谱的影响

动剪切模量Gd与阻尼比D是岩土体地震反应分析的两个主要参数,而初始状态是动力参数主要影响因素之一。通过大型动三轴试验,研究了应力比与含水状态对松散堆积体Gd与D的影响。试验结果表明,应力比Kc对松散堆积体最大动剪切模量Gdmax有重要影响,一定范围内（Kc=1～3）,Kc越大,最大动剪切模量Gdmax越大,在Hardin公式基础上发展了一个考虑Kc影响的经验公式。对比松散堆积体饱和与风干两种状态的Gd/Gdmax-?dn（归一化动剪应变）关系曲线,发现风干状态下松散堆积体的Gd/Gdmax-?dn关系表现出更明显的非线性,另外风干状态阻尼比略大于饱和状态。应用改进的Gdmax经验公式与Gd/Gdmax-?dn关系进行了松散堆积体地表的地震反应谱分析,计算结果表明,应力比与含水状态对地表加速度反应谱有重要影响。     

泥石流堆积物中细颗粒含量与渗透系数关系试验研究

泥石流拦砂坝通常建造在沟床堆积物上。泥石流堆积物的渗透性是影响坝底扬压力的关键因素。目前关于土体渗透性的研究主要集中于无黏性粗粒土,对泥石流堆积物这种宽级配土体渗透性的研究比较缺乏。选择北川县泥石流沟床堆积物作为试验材料,通过渗透试验,确定了影响宽级配土渗透性的细颗粒上限粒径;在此基础上,通过试验研究了细颗粒含量与渗透系数的关系。结果表明,泥石流堆积物中粗颗粒仅起骨架作用,细颗粒才是决定其渗透性能的关键;显著影响宽级配土渗透性的细颗粒上限粒径为0.1 mm;细颗粒（<0.1 mm）含量与渗透系数呈负指数关系,并且当细颗粒含量超过20%以后,泥石流堆积土的渗透性趋于稳定。     

细粒含量对粉土动孔压发展模式影响的试验研究

采用多功能静动液压剪切仪进行了粉土动荷载下的孔压试验,探讨了黏粒含量和粉粒含量对重塑粉土动孔压发展的影响。试验模拟大震时细粒含量影响的孔压发展规律,对已有的指数形式孔压模式进行修正,以便模拟初始液化发生后达到一定液化程度的实际情况,该模式包含2个参数a和b。研究结果表明,细粒含量对粉土动孔压发展影响较大,其影响主要体现在孔压发展模式参数b上。粉土中粉粒含量与孔压参数b的关系呈单调的线性关系,而黏粒含量与孔压参数b的关系则不是单调的线性关系,是在黏粒含量为8 %时孔压参数b达到的最大值,试验数据验证该修正的动孔压模式有更广泛的应用性。     

降雨诱发浅层滑坡渐进破坏分析研究

为分析降雨诱发浅层滑坡的演变过程。本文以湖南湘西古丈滑坡为例,基于Green-Ampt入渗模型,进行了降雨诱发浅层滑坡渐进破坏分析。研究结果表明:在强降雨作用下,滑坡的失稳破坏主要是由于前缘土体以及中前部土体的局部破坏,而逐渐发展为整体破坏。并且,受滑坡地形影响,地形平缓的区域虽然湿润锋下渗较快,土体抗剪强度较低,但由于土体饱和带的渗流作用较小,而重力提供垂直于滑面的分力较大,该部分稳定性较为良好,故湿润锋对于滑坡稳定性的影响还应该根据不同地形条件加以分析。渐进式滑坡破坏分析方法对滑坡的监测和防治具有重要的指导意义。     

全长粘结锚杆在崩滑体治理工程中的应用

崩滑体是三峡库区奉节、巫山、巴东等地较为普遍的地质现象,具有厚度大、风化破碎等特征,是三峡库区地质灾害治理的主要对象, 锚固是崩滑体治理的手段之一。本文通过分析崩滑体的地质特征及全长粘结锚杆的作用机理,结合三峡库区一大型崩滑体治理工程,说明采用全长粘结锚杆不仅增加了坡体的抗滑力,而且通过锚杆的植入改善了坡体的结构性,从而提高崩滑体的稳定性。     

基于破坏概率的滑坡稳定性分析

综述了概率分析法的基本原理和实施方法,并运用Monte carlo模拟对滑坡的破坏概率进行了模拟分析。在探讨具体工程实例的基础上,提出了计算机处理滑坡稳定性的程序设计方法。实践表明,滑坡的破坏概率分析是滑坡稳定性评价的有效手段之一。      

A case of the formation of underground cavities in loose silty sand deposits

A case of the formation of underground cavities to depths of some metres in loose sandy Quaternary sediments is described and the factors controlling their appearance and evolution are discussed. Special attention is given to the role of underground erosion, through the circulation of water, and to the importance of grain-size analysis of the sandy soil, as well as to the presence of slightly differentiated soil material (silty sand or clayey sand) distinguished in thin intercalations. This material, with only slightly increased cohesion, has the function of a roofing material in the mechanism of cavity formation.     

饱和松散堆积体快速滑动的剪胀效应机制与过程模拟

工程弃渣、地震滑坡堆积体等松散介质,在降雨条件下所形成的饱和松散堆积体具有更强的流动性,其运动速度、危害范围大大超过预期,其内在机制一直是国际学术界关注的热点问题。采用Iverson基于极限状态土力学原理构建的饱和堆积体剪胀模型,并整合到Savage-Hutter滑坡运动演进物理模型中,采用有限体积法求解滑坡运动学方程,实现了饱和松散堆积体运动演进全程模拟,最后以深圳滑坡为案例研究了滑坡运动成灾过程。结果表明:剪胀效应是导致饱和松散堆积体快速运动的主要原因,饱和松散堆积体的初始状态(孔隙比或固相体积分数)对其运动-堆积演化过程有决定性影响。     

Effects of soil-engineering properties on the failure mode of shallow landslides

Some landslides mobilize into flows, while others slide and deposit material immediately down slope. An index based on initial dry density and fine-grained content of soil predicted failure mode of 96 landslide initiation sites in Oregon and Colorado with 79% accuracy. These material properties can be used to identify potential sources for debris flows and for slides. Field data suggest that loose soils can evolve from dense soils that dilate upon shearing. The method presented herein to predict failure mode is most applicable for shallow (depth <5?m), well-graded soils (coefficient of uniformity >8), with few to moderate fines (fine-grained content <18%), and with liquid limits <40.     

Formation and failure of the Tsatichhu landslide dam, Bhutan

At 00:30 (local time) on the 10th September 2003 a joint and foliation defined wedge of material with an estimated volume of 7–12×10⁶ m³ slid into the narrow Tsatichhu River Valley, in Jarrey Geog, Lhuentse, eastern Bhutan. The Tsatichhu River, a north–easterly flowing tributary of the Kurichuu River, was completely blocked by the landslide. During its movement, the landslide transitioned into a rock avalanche that travelled 580 m across the valley before colliding with the opposite valley wall. The flow then moved down valley, travelling a total distance of some 700 m. The rock avalanche was accompanied by an intense wind blast that caused substantial damage to the heavily forested valley slopes. The resulting geomorphologically-typical rock-avalanche dam deposit created a dam that impounded a water volume of 4–7×10⁶ m³ at lake full level. This lake was released by catastrophic collapse of the landslide, which occurred at 16:20 (local time) on 10th July 2004, after reported smaller failures of the saturated downstream face. The dam failure released a flood wave that had a peak discharge of 5900 m³ s⁻¹ at the Kurichhu Hydropower Plant 35 km downstream.     

Genetic mechanism and failure process of the Mogangling seismic landslide

This paper presents a case study on the Mogangling landslide and its characteristics and geological mechanism. The Mogangling landslide is a giant rock landslide located at the intersection of Dadu river and Moxi river. It is a landslide triggered by an earthquake with large magnitude that occurred in 18th century. Based on detailed site investigation, it shows the Mogangling landslide developed in the Kangding complex strata, composed of completely decomposed aggregates of massive-block stone, debris and soil with some gravels, pebbles and sand layer found distributed in front of the landslide. The control factor of the deformation of this landslide is the combined effect of Detuo fault which is located under the slope, and the regional stress formed along structural planes as well as the free surfaces formed by river cutting. Therefore, when the Kangding-Moxi earthquake (Ms =7.7) occurred on 1st June, 1786, due to seismic shaking, topographic amplification effects and back slope effects, the Mogangling landslide occurred. The Dadu River is the most important river for hydropower development in China; large-scale seismic landslides along the Dadu River are the most important geological issue during the construction of hydropower stations. Therefore, this research is important from the point of view of economic and social benefits.     

Visual simulation of landslide fluidized movement based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics

Earthquake-induced landslides can cause a large number of casualties and great economic loss. Presently, research methods for studying landslides are largely based on a framework of solid mechanics. In this work, visualization software, known as Visual SPH, is developed in Visual Basic 6.0, and can be used to analyze the fluidized movement of landslides based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). First, the accuracy of the software is verified through simulating a benchmark problem of a dam-break. Then, fluidized movement analysis of the Tangjiashan landslide is carried out using this software. The simulation derives plots of displacement versus time, reproduces the entire flow process of the Tangjiashan landslide, and determines the run-out, which coincides exactly with the characteristics of flow-like landslides observed in the field. All of these are essential in the design of supporting structures and site selection for reconstruction in earthquake-prone regions.     

北京怀柔三道沟泥石流沟内松散物源高密度电法探测及效果分析

三道沟泥石流沟流域位于北京市怀柔区琉璃庙镇崎峰茶村,是泥石流地质灾害的易发区和高发区,历史上曾发生过多次泥石流地质灾害。本文通过使用高密度电法对三道沟泥石流沟中的物源层进行勘测,查明了三道沟泥石流主沟及I支沟地下地质体中松散物源层的厚度,并通过槽探验证,证明了高密度电法勘探结果的可靠性与有效性,为今后该泥石流沟地质灾害的预防和治理提供了准确的依据。     

Variability of the metal content of flood deposits

Fresh flood deposits were sampled in the flood-plains of two river systems, the River Meuse, with a catchment area of 33,000 km² and the River Geul, with a catchment area of 3,000 km². As a result of industrial and mining activities, both rivers have a history of severe metal pollution, especially with zinc, lead, and cadmium. The flood deposits of both rivers are heterogeneous mixtures of contaminated bottom sediments (with relatively long residence times in the river) and clean sediments derived from soil erosion on agricultural cropland (with very short residence times). An additional source of sediment is formed by erosion of older, locally highly contaminated streambank deposits. These older sediments are polluted as a result of solid waste disposal containing metalliferous ore and tailings in the sand fraction. This is especially the case in the River Geul, which drains an old zinc and lead mining area. The metal content of the Meuse sediments, however, originates largely from liquid industrial wastes and occurs mainly in the clay fraction. For this reason, the positive correlation between textural composition, organic matter content, and heavy metal concentration, which is often reported, was not observed, and normalization of the metal content was not possible. Nevertheless, a clear decrease of contamination was noticed along the River Geul; this trend was absent along the River Meuse. An attempt has been made to model the longitudinal decay pattern for each of the investigated havey metals.