非饱和黏土质砂的渗气规律试验研究

为了探讨非饱和黏土质砂的渗气规律,对常规三轴仪进行了改造,使其能够进行非饱和土渗气性量测,改进后的渗气装置具有构造简单、制样方便、试样均匀性好、加载系统稳定、可用量测的气压力梯度范围较大、提高了量测精度等优点,并解决了量测空气体积困难的问题和渗气试验气体从刚性壁和试样边缘流出的问题。使用该套仪器研究了不同干密度和不同含水率条件下气体流速与渗透系数随压力梯度变化的规律,分析了气体流速、渗气系数同含水率和干密度之间的依存关系,建立了渗气系数与含水率和干密度之间的函数关系。研究结果表明：试样在所研究的含水率、干密度范围,非饱和黏土质砂中气体流动可用达西定律描述。     

非饱和土的蒸发效应与影响因素分析

采用非饱和土等温流和考虑热湿耦合的非等温流方程,结合不同的蒸发计算模型,分析了大气蒸发效应对非饱和土吸力变化的影响,并对控制蒸发量计算的多个参数进行了影响程度分析。结果表明,考虑实际蒸发量和非饱和土热湿耦合的水分运动公式能较好地模拟大气影响下非饱和土吸力变化状态,通常所采用的等温流方程加以潜在蒸发量计算非饱和土吸力变化会高估表层蒸发和吸力的下降程度。控制地面蒸发的主导因素是外部气象条件,尤其以太阳净辐射量和风速为最,土体自身特性参数影响程度有限。     

非饱和含砂细粒土的气体渗透特性研究

为了探讨非饱和含砂细粒土的气体渗透规律,制备不同含水率和干密度试样进行气体渗透试验,并基于多孔介质渗流理论分析进气压力、孔隙比和饱和度等对气体渗透率的影响规律,总结了非饱和土中渗透率的经验公式。试验结果表明,随着进气压力的增加,土样气体渗透率测试值逐渐趋于稳定值;含水率较高时,进气压力对土样气体渗透率的影响程度较大;含水率较低时,土样气体渗透率随进气压力增加而变化幅值较小。气体渗透率随土样含水率的增加（或饱和度的增加）呈减小趋势;当含水率低于最优含水率时,气体渗透率变化较小,但当含水率大于最优含水率后,气体渗透率急剧降低;在最优含水率两侧,土样微观结构的差异（絮凝结构和分散结构）是导致气体渗透率发生突变的主要原因;气隙比可有效表征土体孔隙比与饱和度对气体渗透率的影响规律,气体渗透率与气隙比呈良好的幂函数关系,并采用已有文献中试验数据验证了经验公式的合理性。     

Review of fundamental principles in modelling unsaturated soil behaviour

An unsaturated soil is a state of the soil. All soils can be partially saturated with water. Therefore, constitutive models for soils should ideally represent the soil behaviour over entire ranges of possible pore pressure and stress values and allow arbitrary stress and hydraulic paths within these ranges. The last two decades or so have seen significant advances in modelling unsaturated soil behaviour. This paper presents a review of constitutive models for unsaturated soils. In particular, it focuses on the fundamental principles that govern the volume change, shear strength, yield stress, water retention and hydro-mechanical coupling. Alternative forms of these principles are critically examined in terms of their predictive capacity for experimental data, the consistency between these principles and the continuity between saturated and unsaturated states.     

黏土大剪切变形中的渗透特性试验研究

利用改进的三轴渗透试验装置对某高堆石坝心墙黏土进行了一系列剪切过程中的渗透试验,揭示了黏性土发生大剪切变形过程中其渗透系数随轴向应变的变化规律,并分别对围压、渗透压力、渗透方向等因素对土体渗透性的影响进行了探讨。研究结果表明,黏性土大剪切变形过程中其渗透性变化规律一般表现为：在剪切变形起始阶段,渗透系数迅速减小,随着轴向应变的增加,其变化越来越缓慢,最后基本上趋于稳定。轴向应变、围压、渗透压力等是影响渗透系数的主要因素。     

Numerical modelling of desiccation cracking of clayey soil using a cohesive fracture method

This paper presents a numerical study on the desiccation cracking process of clayey soil. The initiation and propagation of cracks were investigated using finite element code, including the damage-elastic cohesive fracture law to describe the behaviour of cracks. The coupling between the hydraulic behaviour (moisture transfer in the soil matrix and in the cracks) and the mechanical behaviour (volume change of the soil matrix and development of cracks) were also considered. The results of a laboratory experiment performed on clay soil, taken from a literature review, were used to evaluate the numerical modelling. The results show that the code can reproduce the main trends observed in the experiment (e.g., shrinkage related to drying, crack development). In addition, the numerical simulation enables the identification of other phenomena, such as the evolution of suction and stress related to drying and the development of a single crack. These phenomena are difficult to observe experimentally.     

考虑渗透系数变化的非饱和土固结性状分析

基于Fredlund非饱和土一维固结理论,研究了有限厚度的表面透水透气、底面不透水不透气的线弹性和黏弹性非饱和土地基在加荷随时间指数性变化时的一维固结特性。分别得到了两类地基在固结过程中同时考虑液相、气相渗透系数非线性变化和仅考虑液相渗透系数变化两种情况下的半解析解答。利用典型算例进行计算,分析了不同情况下两类地基中超孔隙水、气压力消散以及地基固结度随时间的变化规律,并与不考虑渗透系数变化时的半解析解计算结果进行了对比。结果发现：固结过程中渗透系数呈非线性变化;只考虑液相渗透系数变化时,超孔隙气压力的消散变化不大,超孔隙水压力的消散加快;气相渗透系数变化对超孔隙气的消散产生明显影响,对超孔隙水压力消散影响不大。同时考虑液相和气相渗透系数变化时,土体中超孔隙水、气压力的消散均有明显变化,土体固结速度也相应加快;分析结果对非饱和土固结的进一步研究具有重要意义。     

A generalized approximate analytical solution of horizontal infiltration in unsaturated soil

A generalized analytical solution for one-dimensional nonlinear horizontal infiltration in unsaturated soil is presented. The solution is an improved functional extremum method based on the principle of stationary action. Any prior assumption about the form of moisture diffusion functions is not implemented in the method. By considering a function of time, the water content type governing equation in the horizontal infiltration process is transformed into a function extremum problem. After solving the Euler–Lagrange equation, combined with boundary conditions, a linear relationship between the moisture diffusion function and the ratio of spatial location to the wetting-front distance is proposed. Furthermore, by using the square relationship between the wetting front and time, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the water content profile are finally expressed. In contrast to most other work, the physical meanings of the parameters in this study are clear and can be derived explicitly. By utilizing the simultaneous Brooks–Corey moisture diffusion function, the development and distribution law of the water content profile was explicitly presented. The results of the solution matched well with the existing theoretical results of the four different soil samples. Owing to the high nonlinearity of the van Genuchten moisture diffusion function, the distribution of the water content profile was implicitly found based on the study method. The results obtained using this method were also consistent with the MATLAB routine, pdepe, numerical solutions for different types of soil properties.

     

Desiccation shrinkage of non‐clayey soils: a numerical study

A mesoscale model of desiccation of soil based on the evolution of the pore system idealized as bimodal is numerically examined. A simplified evolution of the model reveals a series of characteristics that qualitatively agree with the observed macroscopic experimental findings. The principal mechanism is deemed to be driven by the surface evaporation and water outflow generating a pore pressure gradient resulting in the shrinkage mainly of the largest pores. The amount of shrinkage is a function of (negative) pore pressure and is controlled by the compressibility of the solid matrix. The numerical model includes also the ensuing partial saturation stage initiated by the air entry simulated as a scenario with a moving phase interface inside the pore. The proposed model can be extended beyond the two‐mode porosity soils, to include the multi‐modal porosity, or its statistical representation.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transformation kinetics of polycrystalline aragonite to calcite: new experimental data,modelling, and implications

Experimental data are used to model the transformation rate of polycrystalline aragonite (grain diameter 80 m) to calcite. Optimized values for nucleation and growth rates were obtained by numerically fitting the overall transformation rates from 280° to 380°C and 0.10 MPa to an expression for a grain-boundary-nucleated and interface-controlled transformation. The nucleation rate is 4–5 orders of magnitude faster than for calcite nucleated within aragonite grains, and the growing in rate is slower below 300°C than for calcite growing in aragonite single crystals. The activation enthalpy for growth in polycrystalline aggregate is 247kJ/mol compared to 163 kJ/mol for growth in single crystals. Permanent deformation of the phases limits the elastic strain energy due to the 7% volume change and reduces the coherency of the calcite/aragonite interace. Theoretical expressions are used to extrapolate the data for nucleation and growth to other temperatures, and data from 0.10 to 400 MPa are used to evaluate the effect of pressure on the grain-boundary nucleation rate. Because of permanent deformation of the phases, the effective strain energy for nucleation is 0.55 kJ/mol, which is less than a quarter of the value for purely elastic deformation. These data are used to predict the percent transformation for various P-T-t paths; without heating during uplift partial preservation of aragonite in dry blueschist facies rocks can occur if the calcite stability field is entered at 235° C, and the kinetic data are also consistent with published P-T-t paths which include heating during uplift. The predicted percent transformation is relatively insensitive to variations in the initial grain size of the aragonite, but strongly dependent on the effective strain energy.     

An experimental,analytical and numerical study on the thermal efficiency of energy piles in unsaturated soils

Energy piles are bi-functional foundation elements used as structural support as well as ground heat exchangers for shallow geothermal energy systems. Because they are relatively short, energy piles may be partially embedded in unsaturated soils. Saturation conditions influence the thermal properties of the ground and therefore the heat exchange rate, which in turn affects the efficiency of energy piles. This paper combines analytical, experimental and numerical investigations to evaluate the heat exchange rate of energy piles partially or fully embedded in unsaturated soils. The proposed analytical solution is based on the cylindrical heat source theory that treats the soil as a semi-infinite, homogeneous, and isotropic medium. The solution from this theory is multiplied by a function developed analytically in this paper and the outcome is the heat exchange rate for energy piles in unsaturated soils. The proposed function depends on soil saturation, soil and pile thermal properties, and pile geometry. The analytical solution was compared against a finite element solution; which was in turn validated against results from laboratory experiments. Very satisfactory agreements between the analytical, numerical and experimental outputs were observed. The proposed method can be used for a quick and simple evaluation of the efficiency of energy piles in unsaturated conditions. The proposed analytical solution can also be a useful tool for the verification of numerical codes developed for the design of energy piles in unsaturated soils.     

土石混合体渗透性现场试坑试验研究

针对唐钢司家营铁矿Ⅲ采场露天转井下开采回填废石设计研究工程要求,在该矿区Ⅲ采场附近进行了大尺度现场渗透试验。开挖3个大尺寸试坑,在各试坑中分层回填不同粒径范围及厚度的废石（土）进行试坑注水试验;测定回填土石混合体的近似渗透系数,测试土石混合体的粒径组成,并计算出各坑土石混合体的平均粒径和非均匀度。试验研究发现,回填土石混合体的渗透系数分别随平均粒径与非均匀度的增大而增大。降低回填废石（土）的平均粒径和非均匀度可以有效降低回填废石层的渗透性。     

微生物沉积碳酸钙固化砂质黏性紫色土试验研究

重庆紫色土是一种砂质黏性土,地区降雨集中,水力冲蚀作用剧烈,极易产生水土流失,微生物诱导方解石沉积(MICP)技术因能耗低、污染小而广泛应用于土体加固中。通过正交试验优化了巨大芽孢杆菌(BNCC 336739)的培养基和培养条件,活菌数增长126%,活性良好。采用巨大芽孢杆菌,进行低水压(9.8kPa)灌注固化砂质黏性紫色土试验,探究了固化效果的变化规律。结果表明:随固化次数增加,碳酸钙生成量和干密度逐级增加,无侧限抗压强度与碳酸钙生成量正相关;碳酸钙有效沉积越来越少,强度提高趋于稳定,固化9次后强度提高77%;随孔隙被碳酸钙填充和上下碳酸钙硬壳的形成,渗透性不断降低,最终下降两个数量级;通过试样上、中、下三部分碳酸钙生成量C的样本标准差s来反映碳酸钙分布离散程度,发现割线弹性模量在s的影响下随C增加而波动上升,波动表现为在C相近或s相差很大时,s越小割线弹性模量越大。研究成果可以为MICP技术在紫色土地区的地基、边坡加固和水土流失防护等工程应用提供科学依据和参考。     

Desiccation shrinkage of non‐clayey soils: multiphysics mechanisms and a microstructural model

Analysis of macroscopic desiccation shrinkage experiments indicates that most, but not all of the shrinkage during drying occurs while soil is still saturated. Shrinkage practically ceases and air starts to penetrate the soil, when the water content is still quite high, for example, above 20% for the tested soils. The remaining, unsaturated drying process occurs with a much‐reduced shrinkage rate. In this context, we examine data of the pore system evolution as represented by the mercury porosimetry experimental results. The process is then modeled as a two‐stage process of deformation and evacuation of a two‐tube vessel system driven by the external evaporation flux. In the first stage, Poiseuille flow occurs through the vessels. The amount of water evaporated in this stage equals to the reduction of volume of the vessel through the deformation of its walls. This stage ends when a negative water pressure (suction) required to further deform the vessel reaches a critical value at which air enters the pore space. Two physical interpretation of such threshold are discussed. In the subsequent stage, evaporation proceeds with a receding liquid/vapor interface starting from the open end, incrementally emptying the vessel but with a marginal water flow and vessel deformation. The leading variables of the process are identified, and a quantifiable multiphysics meso‐scale scenario of models is established. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An approach for modelling spatial variability in permeability of cement-admixed soil

Acta Geotechnica - This paper presents a framework for modelling the random variation in permeability in cement-admixed soil based on the binder content variation and thereby relating the...     

非饱和土中溶质地表径流迁移模型及解析模拟

针对非饱和农田在降雨引起肥料溶质地表径流迁移流失的实际问题,建立了二层结构溶质地表径流迁移模型,根据溶质质量守恒定律和水量平衡原理,求得模型的解析解,并采用室内非饱和土壤实验验证解析模型的合理性。通过敏感性分析,探讨了模型参数和土壤物理参数对溶质地表径流迁移流失过程的影响。研究结果表明:非饱和土的吸附性增大将增强土壤溶质迁移流失到地表径流水的能力;土壤干容重增大将减少土壤溶质的地表径流迁移;土壤的初始体积含水率越高,土壤溶质的地表径流运移作用越强。     

An analytical technique for evaluation of coupled heat and mass flow coefficients in unsaturated soil

This study was done to evaluate a phenomenological approach for determining the coupled heat and water diffusion parameters. This technique requires the use of both theory and experimental data. The transport equation was solved analytically using nondimensional analysis. The calculated diffusion parameters of a compacted sand–bentonite-based material are presented. The agreement between the back calculated values and the experimental volumetric water content profiles was good. Practical application of the technique is also discussed.     

非饱和土蠕变力学特性试验及经验模型研究

为了预测基质吸力对非饱和粉质黏土蠕变行为的影响,开展其非饱和蠕变经验模型的研究。基于粉质黏土的非饱和蠕变试验,尝试改进Mesri模型和Log-Modified模型。其中Mesri模型和Log-Modified模型的应力-应变关系均采用双曲线函数描述,通过初始切线模量建立其与基质吸力的联系,从而得到应力-基质吸力-应变关系。而Mesri模型和Log-Modified模型的应变-时间关系分别通过幂函数、三参数幂函数描述,分别整合两个模型,得到改进后的Mesri模型和Log-Modified模型。改进后的两个模型为应力-基质吸力-应变-时间模型,利用ε/D-ε关系曲线和幂次关系拟合得到应力-基质吸力-应变关系参数,依据lnε-lnt关系曲线确定改进Mesri模型的应变-时间关系参数,采用BFGS算法和通用全局优化法求解改进Log-Modified模型的应变-时间关系参数。将关系参数分别代入两个改进后的模型,得到相应的非饱和蠕变经验模型。对非饱和蠕变曲线进行辨识,对比两种改进模型的预测精度。结果表明:改进后的Log-Modified模型的预测效果较差,改进后的Mesri模型能较为准确地描述非饱和粉质黏土的蠕变特性。     

Direct analysis of microaggregates shrinkage for drying: Application to microaggregates from a Brasilian clayey Ferralsol

Subrounded microaggregates 100 to 500 μm in diameter were collected in a Ferralsol located in the state of Goiàs. Observation of these microaggregates in dry conditions in scanning electron microscopy showed morphological characteristics that are representative of microaggregates described earlier in many Ferralsols. The shrinkage for drying of initially water saturated microaggregates was studied using an environmental scanning electron microscope. Results showed very small shrinkage for the microaggregates usually studied. However, the shrinkage varies since the volume of dried microaggregates was found to be 93 to 99% of their volume when they are saturated. To cite this article: N. Volland-Tuduri et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).