基于电磁辐射监测特厚煤层综放开采过程中煤岩动力灾害预测

目前缺乏针对特厚煤层工作面开采的电磁辐射特征研究。本文利用电磁辐射技术对彬县水帘洞煤矿特厚煤层综掘面和综放面动力灾害倾向进行了监测,得到特厚煤层电磁辐射强度和脉冲数特征。监测结果表明:(1)掘进工作面正常掘进时,强度和脉冲数都较小,强度在15mv以下,脉冲数基本为0;掘进至背斜构造时,强度增大、波动性较大,有弱动力灾害倾向;(2)综放面强度和脉冲数均较大,正常回采时强度在100mv以下,脉冲数在(6-10)×104范围内波动;周期来压时强度最大、脉冲数最小,强度最大到190mv,脉冲数最小值仅418次,有弱动力灾害倾向,现场采取的顶煤预裂有助于消除煤岩动力灾害发生可能性。电磁辐射变化特征对预测特厚煤层采掘过程中煤岩动力灾害倾向有参考价值。     

Flow of top coal and roof rock and loss of top coal in fully mechanized top coal caving mining of extra thick coal seams

This study investigates the flow and caving characteristics of top coal and roof rock, as well as top coal loss pattern in the fully mechanized top coal caving mining of extra thick coal seams. The two dimensional discrete element numerical simulation software program, particle flow code (PFC), is used for the simulation of top coal caving and the inversion analysis. The original locations, distribution, and migration pattern of caved top coal and lost coal were obtained. The analysis shows that in the initial site of caving, the caved bodies are in the form of arc shaped strips in front of the working face. During the caving, caved bodies of different heights move towards the lower rear of the face at different speeds. The lost coal and caved roof rock are originally located at the interface between coal seam and roof, the lost coal is mainly distributed in the goaf on the floor. Behind the support, the caved top coal bodies originally are arc shaped strips, with the highest points located at the midline of the caving opening. The strips are more curved near the goaf than those near the support. During top coal caving, the strips successively cave, with the adjacent outer strip replacing the caved one. The variations of top coal loss and waste rock ratio with time reflect the different phases of top coal caving. In order to improve coal recovery and limit the amount of caved roof rock, the waste rock ratio should be controlled below 10 %. When the waste rock ratio reaches this value, the caving opening should be closed. This paper provides theoretical bases for the improvement of top coal recovery in the fully mechanized top coal caving mining of extra thick coal seams.     

基于断裂力学的特厚煤层综放开采顶板破断规律研究

针对特厚煤层综放开采过程中矿压显现剧烈支架工作阻力难以确定的问题,结合特厚煤层工作面顶板岩层破断形成的悬臂梁-砌体梁力学结构模型。工作面来压阶段支架工作阻力不足时,引起砌体梁结构下沉使悬臂梁结构回转变形破断,造成上覆砌体梁结构滑落失稳压架使工作面矿压显现剧烈的特点,建立了含中心斜裂纹的悬臂梁结构破断的力学模型,应用断裂力学理论,分析了悬臂梁破断失稳的影响因素,推导了支架荷载的表达式。结果表明：裂纹倾角和长度是悬臂梁破断失稳的主要影响因素;支架荷载除与悬臂梁自身因素有关外,还与砌体梁垮落步距等因素相关。结合塔山煤矿8102综采工作面地质条件,计算了支架荷载的理论值,验证了理论分析的合理性。理论研究成果对于分析特厚煤层开采时的支架荷载的大小,合理选择支架减少顶板事故具有一定的工程实际意义。     

Subsidence on steep slopes due to longwall mining

Summary A two dimensional finite element model is used to simulate the extraction of coal by the longwall method underneath idealized surface slopes. The resulting subsidence, tilt and horizontal displacement values are compared with similar extractions using the same method beneath initially horizontal surfaces. The conclusions of a parametric study using this model, supported by field evidence, indicate that in areas of rugged topography, simple application of the procedures outlined in the National Coal BoardSubsidence Engineer's Handbook (1975) does not give acceptable predictions of the induced ground movements.     

辽宁三台子水库下特厚煤层综放开采覆岩破坏特征

为确保水库下特厚煤层综放开采安全,合理留设防水安全煤岩柱,大平煤矿采用钻孔冲洗液耗失量法对覆岩破坏进行了观测研究。经对7个工作面测站12个覆岩破坏观测钻孔实测资料分析研究得出:煤层采出厚度7.54～15.17m,工作面推过36～40d,滞后工作面距离110～120m时覆岩破坏发育最充分。实测导水裂缝带高度为采高的15.31～19.97倍,明显大于类似软弱覆岩地层条件普通长壁全陷法开采覆岩破坏导水裂缝带发育高度。导水裂缝带上方,明显有集中发育的离层破碎带存在,实测离层破碎带高度为181.58～390.75m,是采高的24.22～36.00倍。     

典型浅埋煤层长壁开采覆岩采动响应与控制研究

为了进一步完善典型浅埋煤层长壁开采覆岩运动与控制理论,以神东矿区22616工作面为工程背景,采用试验模拟、理论分析与现场应用相结合的方法,研究典型浅埋煤层长壁开采老顶破断特征及地表砂土层载荷传递效应,提出采场支架合理工作阻力计算方法,并成功应用于工程实践。研究结果表明:浅埋采场老顶滑落失稳瞬间,动载显现剧烈,覆岩台阶下沉明显,砂土柱间的摩擦作用导致地表砂土层载荷存在一定的传递效应,并非以其全部自重作用于基岩老顶。基于这一特性,引入岩柱法修正老顶结构经典力学模型参数,改进浅埋采场来压顶板支护力数学模型。理论计算采场初次来压控顶支架最大工作阻力为10 506.8 kN/架,周期来压控顶支架最大工作阻力为7 475.26 kN/架,均与现场观测数据较为吻合,采场ZY11000/24/50型液压支架刚好满足控顶要求,保障了工作面安全、高效开采,为典型浅埋煤层长壁开采工作面支架工作阻力确定及选型提供了重要参考。     

浅埋煤层非坚硬顶板强制放顶实验研究

以南梁煤矿地质资料为依据,通过对不同覆岩条件和不同强制放顶方案的相似材料模拟实验,证明整体性较好的顶板以强制放顶减小工作面初次来压步距是可行的,既可实现工作面连续推进,又可避免顶板大面积垮落带来的安全隐患。实验揭示了地表厚粘土层浅埋煤层单体支柱工作面开采时,顶板活动及矿山压力显现规律;为南梁煤矿单体支柱长壁工作面实现连续开采,提供了可靠依据。     

综放开采特厚煤层采场底板破坏规律研究

高承压水体上采煤将引起底板扰动破坏,从而使有效隔水层厚度变薄,增大了底板突水风险系数,对目标层位注浆改造是行之有效的治理措施,但在底板破坏范围内注浆将造成浆液的大量浪费且影响治理效果。因此,开展煤层底板破坏深度及规律研究显得尤为重要。基于此,以山西榆树坡煤矿5105工作面为研究对象,采用钻孔应力–应变技术在进风巷道布置7条测线、91台传感器开展采前、采中和采后4个月的连续监测,获得三位一体“空间?时间”全方位底板扰动破坏数据并分析规律,为底板注浆治理方案制定提供了重要的技术参数。结果表明:底板破坏深度起始点距工作面24.2 m,最大破坏深度距工作面垂距28 m、平距21.3 m,底板破坏深度拟合形态符合塑性滑移规律,研究成果为类似工况下底板破坏深度规律研究提供科学依据。      

急倾斜A组煤层开采底板岩溶水水害防治研究

孔集井田A组煤层不仅隐伏于含水砂层组之下,而且处于灰岩含水层之上,水文地质条件极复杂,受水害威胁大.为安全开采A组煤层,对底板灰岩岩溶水采取疏水降压,疏干底板移动角以上C3Ⅰ组灰岩水的防治方法,获得了非常好的效果.     

厚煤层综放双巷工作面巷间煤柱尺寸研究

为解决厚煤层综放双巷布置工作面巷间煤柱的留设问题,以某矿四盘区4301工作面运输顺槽与辅助运输顺槽之间的煤柱为工程背景,首先对巷间煤柱进行理论分析:一次采动影响后将巷间煤柱沿倾向划分为采动影响区、相对稳定区和锚杆支护区,应用极限平衡理论分析得出了一次采动影响区的宽度为2.82 m,进而得出巷间煤柱的宽度为7.83 m。其次,应用数值模拟的方法系统地分析了宽度分别为4、6、8、10、12、15、20 m时,在两次采动影响下巷间煤柱的应力演化、破坏、巷道围岩变形规律;一次采动影响后,随着煤柱宽度增大,髙应力由实体煤向煤柱内转移;给出了最大临界尺寸、最小临界尺寸的定义,并指出巷间窄煤柱宽度应小于最大临界尺寸。综合分析数值模拟研究结果,同时结合理论分析结果及煤柱留设原则,最终确定巷间煤柱宽度为8 m。最后,通过现场工程实践验证了所确定的巷间煤柱宽度的合理性。研究结果对类似条件下综放双巷布置工作面巷间煤柱宽度的确定具有参考意义。     

急倾斜煤层开采地表塌陷坑形成机理与安全矿柱尺寸研究

地表塌陷坑和台阶状塌陷盆地是急倾斜煤层开采地表移动的主要形式.本文从力学原理出发,对急倾斜煤层开采地表出现塌陷坑的机理、决定因素进行了研究,当煤层倾角大于55.时,冒落岩石下滑形成上部自由空间,这是产生地表塌陷坑的先决条件.利用极限平衡条件,获得了避免地表出现塌陷坑的矿柱安全留设尺寸及其稳定性系数表达武.当落入塌陷坑中的岩石和表土不足以支撑其它岩层时,地表塌陷坑的渐近破坏将可能导致地面出现台阶状塌陷盆地.研究结果表明,该方法可以用于指导生产实践中相关问题的解决.     

特厚煤层大采高综放工作面煤壁片帮机制分析

针对特厚煤层大采高工作面,将超前支承压力作用的煤体分为破裂区、塑性区和弹性区。考虑支架护帮阻力等因素,建立了支承压力作用的煤体变形破坏及煤壁片帮分析力学模型。通过摩尔-库仑准则和非关联弹塑性分析,推导出了煤壁水平位移量及破裂区和塑性区半径解析表达式,分析了影响煤壁片帮的主要因素。理论结果与现场实测结果误差仅为15.6%,验证了模型的正确性。研究表明,随支承压力集中系数的增大、机采高度的增加以及支架护帮阻力的减小,煤壁水平位移量明显增大,煤壁片帮程度严重。工程实践表明,提高支架工作阻力,减缓煤壁处压力,控制合理采高以及增大支架护帮阻力,可有效缓解大采高综放工作面煤壁片帮程度。     

大倾角煤层分层综采再生顶板破断规律研究

针对大倾角厚软煤层下分层安全综采问题,结合淮南矿区潘北煤矿1212（3）大倾角厚软煤层分层综采下分层工作面地质与工程条件,综合运用基于数字散斑、声发射监测与分布式光纤传感技术的物理模拟试验、基于煤系地层赋存禀赋建模技术的数值模拟试验相结合的研究手段,开展了下分层开采再生顶板破断倾向分区演化、再生岩体变形声发射能量与光纤应变响应规律及应力分布特征研究。结果表明：再生顶板破断由其破断岩块滑移、低中位悬臂梁和高位铰接岩梁断裂组成,双梁破断是引起下分层支架失稳的关键所在。下分层中上部双梁破断声发射能量呈高度聚集且持续时间短,光纤感知低位悬臂梁破断且中上部光纤应变峰值高,下分层中上部是支架与再生顶板稳定性控制的重点区域。下分层下部再生顶板破断岩块充填密实且粒径小,是架间与架前岩块漏冒多发区域。下分层再生顶板中形成高应力组成的应力拱,距采空区高度约30 m,双梁破断主要发生在拱内,拱中岩体破断对支架具有一定的冲垮作用。     

孤岛顶煤综放采场冲击矿压形成机制及控制技术

应用覆岩空间结构学术观点对孤岛顶煤综放采场冲击矿压机制及其控制技术进行研究。根据覆岩关键层的岩性、层位、范围等因素,覆岩关键层空间结构分为覆岩空间大结构和基本顶有限矿压结构。孤岛顶煤采场冲击矿压发生机制：①孤岛顶煤综放采场 ? 型空间大结构形成过程是集中压力逐渐增加的过程,是该时间段发生冲击矿压的力源;②采场基本顶形成最下位 ? 型空间结构后,随着工作面推进,基本顶块体产生滑落失稳,造成工作面冲击矿压现象。通过对分段来压理论、基本顶结构失稳理论和坚硬顶板预断裂理论对覆岩关键层空间结构运动的控制作用研究,提出采用覆岩空间结构理论分析、分阶段降低放煤率、坚硬覆岩预爆泄压技术、覆岩坚硬岩层破裂的微地震监测技术等方式方法预防冲击矿压的发生。     

深部强冲击地压易发矿区厚煤层开采解放层卸压效果数值模拟

为研究深部强冲击厚煤层开采上、下解放层的卸压效果。采用数值模拟方法,分析不开采解放层,开采下解放层,开采上、下解放层条件下,被解放层的应力变化情况及应力变化规律,计算开采下解放层后的合理卸压角,确定解放层平巷位置。模拟结果表明开采上、下解放层后,应力明显减小,但仍存在高应力区,易发生冲击地压,必要条件下应采用其它辅助卸压方式。证明了煤壁前方应力增加区域一般在煤壁前方8～25m。该研究为工作面开采设计提供理论指导,对防治冲击地压具有一定的现实意义。     

Experimental and numerical investigation on the effect of moisture on coal permeability

Coalbed methane is a kind of clean energy source and also a kind of hazardous gas threatening the safety of coal mine production. Permeability is a key parameter to evaluate gas migration capability. However, the permeability is influenced by moisture content. Here, a series of seepage experiments were conducted to analyze the development tendency of flux and permeability to reveal the impact mechanism. Experimental results show that permeability tends to be a sharp drop with increasing moisture, but it had a slight fluctuation with relative gas pressure increasing under the constant mean effective stress. Considering the effect of moisture and gas sorption, a new gas–solid coupling model was developed based on experimental results and theoretical analysis and was implemented into FEM software for simulation. The numerical results of the new gas–solid coupling model were in good accordance with the experimental results and have a priority to cube law in precision. This study reveals that, on the one hand, the moisture can influence the adsorption-induced strain and, on the other hand, it can lead to a significant decrease in porosity due to pore volume occupation.     

Numerical modelling of multistage caving processes: insights from multi‐seam longwall mining‐induced subsidence

Evaluating the induced subsidence is a critical step in multi‐seam longwall mining. Numerical modelling can be a cost‐effective approach to this problem. Numerical evaluation of longwall mining‐induced subsidence is much more complicated when more than one seam is to be extracted. Only a few research works have dealt with this problem. This paper discusses the essential requirements of a robust numerical modelling approach to simulation of multi‐seam longwall mining‐induced subsidence. In light of these requirements, the previous works on this topic are critically reviewed. A simple yet robust FEM‐based modelling approach is also proposed that is capable of simulating caving process, rock mass deterioration and subsidence around multi‐seam excavations. The effectiveness of this approach in comparison with two other conventional FEM approaches is demonstrated through numerical examples of two different multi‐seam mining configurations. Results show that the proposed numerical modelling approach is the only robust method, which is capable of simulating multi‐seam subsidence in both demonstrated cases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鲍店煤矿5308厚煤层大跨度综采放顶煤工作面涌水分析

根据鲍店煤矿5308厚煤层大跨度综采放顶煤工作面涌水资料,详细论述了5308工作面的涌水特征,即来势猛,以采后涌水为主.涌水与开采活动引起的覆岩导水裂隙密切相关,并提出涌水预测及防治措施.     

急倾斜煤层工作面下端头区巷旁充填技术研究

采用理论分析与实践、实测相结合的方法,对急倾斜煤层工作面下端头区沿空留巷技术理论及系统工艺问题进行探讨,弄清了充填体受力的影响因素,提出了急倾斜煤层巷旁充填工艺系统。研究表明,急倾斜煤层巷旁充填体承载受采空区矸石有效充填长度、煤层赋存倾角、充填体筑设宽度以及煤岩赋存厚度的影响,受顶底板锚索安设的影响较小;单轴压缩条件下矸石碎块的承载变形规律呈阶段特征,且每一阶段内的应力-应变近似呈线性关系;充填体的承载与变形随着距离工作面位置的不同具有阶段特征,距离工作面煤壁越远,充填体承载变形率越小;以七台河新强煤矿生产实际为背景,现场实践证明,急倾斜煤层矸石混凝土充填工艺系统实施方便、操作简单,沿空留巷整体效果较为明显。