深埋煤层开采顶板泥砂溃涌灾害多源信息评价

深埋煤层采场顶板泥砂溃涌灾害是由于泥岩顶板遇水发生松散崩解,在矿压作用下泥砂集中溃入井下的综合性灾害,其灾害发生受到含水层、矿山压力、地质构造等多因素影响。以黄陇煤田照金煤矿为研究区,在灾害发生机理研究的基础上,讨论了灾害发生的主要影响因子,最终选取洛河组含水层富水性、煤层到洛河组含水层距离、宜君组砾岩厚度、煤层上覆杂色泥岩厚度、煤层到杂色泥岩距离、单位面积断层密度、褶皱构造分布和煤层开采厚度8个主控因素,采用层次分析权重赋值方法,确定影响灾害发生的各主控因素权重,构建煤层顶板泥砂溃涌灾害危险性评价数学模型;绘制主控因素专题图并进行栅格赋值,通过信息融合叠加方法将各因素进行叠加,最终形成多源信息融合的照金煤矿煤层顶板泥砂溃涌灾害综合分区。研究结果表明,照金煤矿ZF202工作面所在区域该类灾害发生的危险性高,与实际开采过程中曾发生的“4·25”重大事故发生区域较为吻合,说明本次危险性评价模型构建合理,分区结果可用于指导矿井的开采布设与泥砂溃涌灾害防治。移动阅读     

考虑覆岩结构影响的近松散层开采导水裂隙带发育高度预测模型研究——以淮北煤田为例

近松散层开采覆岩导水裂隙带沟通上覆含水层导致了顶板水害事故的发生.在其他开采因素相似时,工作面顶板覆岩结构的不同会致使导水裂隙带发育高度出现较大差异.为此,通过收集淮北煤田17例近松散层开采覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度实测数据作为训练样本,利用一行两列向量对近松散层工作面顶板覆岩结构进行量化,并联合煤层采厚、煤层倾角、工作面...     

Application on Floor Water Inrush Evaluation Based on AHP Variation Coefficient Method with GIS

The prediction and prevention of floor water inrush is directly related to the safety of the coal mine production. The previous evaluation method of floor water inrush was more one-sided and lacked main control factors related to mining conditions. In order to evaluate the floor water inrush more accurately, under the project background of geological data of Wanglou coal mine, stope width, mining depth, fault scale index, water pressure, water abundance and thickness of aquifer were selected as main controlling factors of floor water inrush. Combined with the subjective weight analytical hierarchy process and the objective weight variation coefficient method, the weight coefficients corresponding to the main controlling factors were obtained respectively. The thematic map of the risk assessment of coal seam floor water inrush was drawn by combining the constructed comprehensive weight vulnerability index model and geographic information system. The results show that: ① according to the actual geological data of mine, two fault related factors were removed. And stope width and mining depth were increased as the main controlling factors to evaluate floor water inrush. It is easier to compare and calculate the weight of evaluation factors. ② The constructed comprehensive weight vulnerability index model can comprehensively evaluate the risk of floor water inrush. And the results of the evaluation are more accurate. ③ The related thematic maps can directly reflect the risk of floor water inrush, which is of guiding significance for the prediction and prevention of coal seam floor water inrush.     

煤层开采覆岩预裂–注浆改性失水控制方法探讨

陕北榆神矿区煤层开采面临顶板水害防治与水资源协同保护技术需求,根据材料力学、断裂力学相关理论,以及不同覆岩类型的采动裂隙带统计成果,提出基于预裂–注浆改性(P-G)的煤层顶板失水控制技术思路,其基本原理为通过压裂工艺将连续性好的基岩层压裂成非连续性岩层,削弱采动导水裂隙在坚硬岩层中向上扩展的“尖端效应”,抑制导水裂隙发育高度。再采用黏土类软弱注浆材料将岩层改性为相对软弱的岩层,起到抑制导水裂隙带向上发育与降低上覆岩层导水能力的双重作用,从而实现煤层顶板含水层失水控制。本文以陕北能源基地榆神矿区为对象,提出以采煤工作面地质与水文地质条件分析,采煤工作面顶板含水层涌(失)水模式识别,P-G模式、层位与时间确定,顶板岩层水平孔水力压裂与注浆改性为主要思路,对榆神矿区采煤工作面顶板含水层失水控制方法进行了探讨,为我国陕北能源基地榆神矿区顶板水害防治和水资源协同保护技术实践提供一定的借鉴。     

采后覆岩分带模型及工程意义探讨

采后覆岩力学状态与顶板事故、顶板水害等直接相关,有必要对采后覆岩结构进行深入研究。提出了覆岩结构“新四带”模型:垮落带、裂隙带、基岩离层带、松散冲积层带。结合前人的“三带”模型、“四带”模型进行了空间上对比分析,厘清了3种分带模型的空间关系。重点从覆岩内含水层水位受采动影响、光纤探测、顶板淋水现象等几个方面探讨了“新四带”模型的科学性,得出煤层上覆基岩内任何层段都可能产生离层裂隙(达到一定宏观尺度时称为离层空间)的结论。“三带”主要用来校核采煤支架的额定工作阻力以及指导防隔水煤(岩)柱的设计;“四带”可在一定程度上指导离层带注浆工程实践,但存在井下溃浆安全风险以及弱化“三带”原有工程价值的缺点;“新四带”传承了“三带”的工程意义,同时可有效指导顶板离层水害的防治。      

深部带压开采:传承与创新

回顾了带压开采的传承与创新发展历程。阐述带压开采的概念及充要条件,以带压开采的内涵为基础,定义侵蚀基准面为浅部和深部带压开采的分界线（面）,明确承压水上采煤为带压开采,而含水层“下”采煤不属于带压开采范畴,纠正《煤矿安全规程》中有关“顶、底板带压”的不妥表述。梳理了直接为带压开采服务的理论和技术,探（探查）、治（防治）、保（保障）3项技术,机理（致灾机理）、评价（危险性评价）、预测（灾变预测）3项理论,即构成带压开采理论技术体系;华北煤田奥陶系岩溶随深度增加发育减弱,由此推断,空间上深部岩溶径流带多形成在古岩溶系统中,而现代岩溶径流带则发育于现代岩溶中。深部隔水层损伤裂隙增多,为采后承压水导升奠定物质基础。总结对比了浅部和深部底板岩溶水害特征,阐明深部奥陶纪灰岩（简称奥灰）水突水机理,沿裂隙渗透、扩容、压裂,薄层灰岩中转,不断向上导升,形成大面积散流突水。从理论上说明突水系数已不适用隔水层厚度超出80 m的情形,提出厚、巨厚隔水层带压开采评价方法:p₀ > 3σ₃-σ₁-p_p+s_T;依据隔水层厚度、底板破坏带、奥灰导升带、突水系数等因素将底板类型划分为5类隔水层,提出相应5级带压开采条件以及5种治理模式;针对深部带压开采复杂条件,倡导应用“全时空”水害综合防治思想理念及技术。面向未来,地质体+水流的本构模型仍是学术界需攻克的最大难题,现实的“卡脖子”难题,如深部岩溶发育规律、精细探查技术、水害机理及评价预测、综合治理技术等,是实现安全带压开采的关键。      

多煤层开采覆岩破断过程的模型试验与数值模拟

首先分析了研究区煤矿山西组煤层剖面和水文地质特征,针对多煤层联合开采的特点和覆岩的工程地质特征,采用工程地质力学模型实验、数值模拟计算相结合的综合研究方法,分析了多煤层开采的采动影响及岩层动态断裂机理,得出了有关岩层移动参数和多层煤同采时应力分布状态,计算得到了多煤层开采垮落带与导水裂隙带的发育高度分别为32m和81.5m,导水裂隙带高度影响范围已经达到风化带,未形成切冒,局部穿透粘土层。     

关于突水系数的讨论

煤层底板突水在我国华北型煤田矿井采煤过程中经常发生。带压开采条件下,预测底板突水和评价突水危险程度的主要方法是突水系数法,但是关于突水系数计算、临界突水系数的确定等还存在一些值得讨论和研究的问题。在阐述带压开采和突水系数理论的基础上,给出了突水系数的各种计算公式及公式中有关参数确定方法,详细说明了临界突水系数的由来和应用条件,提出了计算突水系数的新公式。新公式不仅考虑了水压和隔水层厚度,而且考虑了底板破坏深度、导升高度和奥灰顶部隔水段等因素,为计算和统计分析确定突水系数新的临界值奠定了基础。     

大柳塔煤矿12404工作面过沟的可行性分析

大柳塔煤矿12404工作面煤层埋深浅、上覆基岩薄、松散含水层厚，地表让有母河沟横过。通过对工作面不同采高条件下冒落带、裂隙带的计算及老顶破断岩块形成结构的力学分析，认为工作面涌水灾害不可避免，但岩块只发生切落溃沙；据此提出了采用疏排水与预提高支架的支护阻力来防止工作面涌水、溃沙灾害的发生．为类似条件下煤层的安全开采提供了理论指导。     

基于覆岩结构效应的导水裂隙带发育特征

为探讨黄陇煤田煤层采动引起的顶板水害问题,以煤层顶板不同覆岩结构采动导水裂隙为研究对象,概化了煤-软-硬-软-硬（组合一）、煤-软-软-硬-硬（组合二）、煤-硬-软-硬-软（组合三）及煤-硬-硬-软-软（组合四）4种典型的岩性组合结构,运用数值模拟和理论计算等方法,分析了不同覆岩组合采动破坏特征和覆岩导水裂隙与覆岩结构之间的相关关系,研究了覆岩结构对导水裂隙发育高度（简称“导高”）的影响规律。研究结果显示：在相同的采高条件下,煤-软-硬-软-硬型覆岩结构导高最小,煤-硬-硬-软-软型覆岩结构导高最大;工程实例表明,黄陇煤田煤层开采导高与采高之间并非简单线性关系,利用覆岩结构效应预测的导高更接近实测值。     

采动覆岩分布式光纤感测模型试验及沉降预测方法研究

煤层采动覆岩沉降提前于地表,可作为地表稳定性的预警指标。针对煤层开采引起的覆岩沉降预测问题,采用分布式光纤感测技术,通过制作大柳塔煤矿采动覆岩相似材料试验模型,研究了煤层开采引起的覆岩变形特征,基于灰色理论和Knothe时间函数,建立了基于实测应变的采动覆岩沉降预测模型,探讨了预测精度,并取得了如下研究成果：有关分布式光纤感测技术的覆岩应变分布,准确反映了垮落带和导水裂缝带的发育特征,基于GM(1, 1)模型和新陈代谢模型的覆岩沉降预测精度较好但限于短期预测;当相对残差最大值与相对残差和均取最小值时,Knothe时间函数中获得较为准确的参数c值和τ值并提高了预测精度,建立了大柳塔煤层覆岩动态沉降预测模型的表达式,其预测模型适用于覆岩沉降的前期阶段和后期阶段。     

Risk Assessment of Coal Floor Water Inrush from Underlying Aquifers Based on GRA–AHP and Its Application

Ground water inrush from underlying coal seam aquifers is a serious geohazard during coal mining in China. In order to effectively predict coal floor water inrush, the evaluation index system and evaluation standard for coal floor water inrush, containing quantitative indexes and qualitative indexes, is established on the base of conditions of aquifer and aquiclude, geologic structure and mining disturbance. Simultaneously, grey relational analysis and analytic hierarchy process are used to establish an evaluation model which efficiently overcomes the uncertainty between indexes of water inrush effects and really reflects the degree of importance for each index of water inrush effects. The model is applied to the typical working face of Yuzhou coalfield in the north of China to demonstrate the evaluation process. Compared to the water inrush coefficient method which is widely used for evaluating coal floor water inrush, the presented evaluation model in this paper accords more with the susceptibility of coal floor water inrush by multi-factor and is of nonlinear dynamic characteristics of highly complicated formation mechanism. This method offers a new tool in the assessment of ground water inrush in mine.     

Application of an Improved Flow-Stress-Damage Model to the Criticality Assessment of Water Inrush in a Mine: a Case Study

This paper presents a case study of water inrush on a mine working face from roof strata. The flow-rock failure process analysis (F-RFPA^2D) code with an improved flow-stress-damage (FSD) model was adopted to perform the failure and coupling analysis. The improved FSD model was used to represent the permeability variation at the four stages (elastic, damaged, cracked, and crack closure) of the rock failure process. The fracture initiation, propagation, and coalescence in the stressed strata and the seepage field evolution in the stress field are represented visually during the whole process of water inrush. The failure zone with high permeability induced by mining disturbance becomes the water-conducting zone after full excavation of the coal seam. The height of the water-conducting zone obtained in this study is in reasonable accordance with that predicted by an empirical formula. It is definitely clarified that the water inrush from the roof strata is induced by the failure zone full of vertical coalesced mine fractures. It is unlikely that roof accidents resulting in water inrush would occur if the water-conducting zone does not grow upwards into the aquifer. The main task for mine extraction under a confined aquifer is to locate the aquifer and find the maximum height of the water-conducting zone, which is very important for mine construction and support design.     

我国煤矿离层涌突水致灾机理及其防控关键技术研究进展

离层水害严重影响煤矿安全,明确其突水致灾机理及防控技术的研究现状对促进煤矿安全生产具有重要作用.本文系统地总结论述了离层动态发育机制、突水致灾机理和突水预测预控技术3个方面的研究进展.离层随工作面推进过程呈现动态发育的特征,当某一层位离层具备密闭可持续的离层空间、补水通道、稳定的补给水源、突水通道这4个条件后即存在突水...     

顶板离层水突涌模式及预防技术模拟研究

为预防顶板离层水突涌产生的安全事故,提出了部分充填方案进行模拟研究。首先通过现有资料总结分析全国发生的多种离层水害事故,深入研究离层积水致灾模式;然后以陕西某矿首采区1307工作面的离层水害事故为例,分析其水文地质条件、上部含水层和离层水突涌的关系,利用3DEC数值软件模拟工作面顶板离层空间发育特征;最后根据该矿的实际情况,提出部分充填开采方式预防离层水突涌的技术措施,并对该矿的部分充填方案进行优化模拟研究。研究结果表明：根据发生条件的不同将离层水突涌划分为5种模式,离层积水过程分为初始积水期、积水至满期和裂隙扩展期;在保持充填率不变的情况下,随着走向采宽和充填宽度的同时同量增加,充填体对上覆岩层支撑作用逐渐增强,离层下部隔水层出现两侧应力增大现象,最佳部分充填方案为采宽80 m,充填宽度80 m,为顶板离层水害的预防提供新的思路。     

Evaluation and zoning of groundwater hazards in Pingshuo No. 1 underground coal mine,Shanxi Province,China

Coal mining safety has been compromised with water inrushes from aquifers either overlying or underlying the coal seams. Detailed studies of the associated hydrogeological conditions in China have led to different approaches to mitigate the water inrush risks from these two types of aquifers—the ‘three diagram method’ for overlying-aquifer water inrushes and the ‘vulnerability index method’ for underlying-aquifer water inrushes. The ‘three diagram method’ consists of: (1) aquifer water-abundance distribution charts derived from a geographic information system and analytic hierarchy process based water-abundance index model; (2) a fracture height map showing mining-induced fractures above the coal seam, established with stratified numerical simulations; and (3) a comprehensive partition map identifying the overlying-aquifer water inrush risk. The ‘vulnerability index method’ uses site-specific data to establish thematic maps for major factors that affect the underlying-aquifer water inrushes, whereas the weight of each control factor is determined by the analytic hierarchy process. The calculated vulnerability index is indicative of water inrush risks. The effectiveness of these methods is illustrated with a case study at the Pingshuo No. 1 underground coal mine, Shanxi Province, China.     

淮北刘桥二矿七含涌(突)水机理研究

刘桥二矿在开采4煤过程中，七含突水次数达38次之多，严重影响煤矿安全生产。文章在系统地分析刘桥二矿七含涌突水概况的基础上，提出了该矿七含涌突水的主要机理为断裂构造的控制作用和矿山压力的促进作用；指出了砂岩含水层的裂隙发育程度和富水性强弱、煤层的厚度、断层的作用以及4煤与含水层之间隔水层厚度的大小等，是影响工作面涌水的主要因素。研究结果对煤矿砂岩水害的有效防治具有重要的指导意义。     

基于LSTM神经网络的煤矿突水预测

针对煤层底板突水预测问题,在总结现有突水预测方法和理论的基础上,通过特征选择实验得出水压、距工作面距离、砂岩段厚度、煤层厚度、煤层倾角、断层落差、裂隙带、开采面积、采高、走向长度是影响突水发生的主要因素,这些因素具有复杂、非线性的特点。提出基于长短时记忆（LSTM）神经网络构建的突水预测模型,将煤矿突水实例的数据作为样本数据对模型进行训练。最后,将LSTM神经网络模型与遗传算法-反向传播（GA-BP）神经网络模型和反向传播（BP）神经网络模型进行对比实验。实验结果表明,LSTM神经网络模型在测试集上的预测正确率更高,稳定性更好,更适用于煤层底板突水预测。     

黄河流域陕北煤炭开采区厚砂岩对覆岩采动裂隙发育的影响及采煤保水建议

煤炭开采活动导致的煤层顶板覆岩地质条件变化及采动裂隙发育是损害地下关键含水层的直接原因,也是造成矿区生态环境退化的根源。煤层顶板覆岩结构中发育的厚砂岩作为一种典型的地质条件,其对覆岩采动裂隙的发育规律具有重要的影响。为此,在分析研究区主采煤层赋存地质条件及其分布规律的基础上,选择陕北煤炭开采区曹家滩煤矿主采2?2煤层顶板覆岩为地质原型,采用FLAC3D数值模拟平台模拟分析了厚砂岩不同厚度和位置对覆岩采动裂隙发育形态和发育高度的影响,并以此提出了相应的“采煤保水”建议。结果表明:研究区2?2煤层顶板覆岩中厚砂岩平均厚度25 m,距2?2煤层平均间距76 m;厚砂岩距煤层30 m时,覆岩采动裂隙表现为“矩形—L形—马鞍形”的动态变化特征,距煤层70 m时表现为“L形—倒梯形—马鞍形”变化特征,距煤层大于95 m时全程表现为“马鞍形”特征;覆岩采动裂隙最大发育高度随厚砂岩层位的升高而先减小后增大;厚砂岩厚度H≥30 m、距煤层间距L>95 m,或H≥60 m、L>60 m时,可有效阻挡采动裂隙向上发育贯穿厚砂岩;在充分考虑厚砂岩对覆岩采动裂隙发育规律的影响,选择合适的空间位置和开采阶段进行合理的覆岩减损和保水防治,实现“边采边治、边采边护”的绿色开采模式。该研究成果可为黄河流域中游陕北煤矿区煤炭开采与生态环境保护协调发展提供理论指导。      

近松散含水层下采煤安全性熵值模糊综合评判

基于模糊数学理论,通过统计经验数据,采用熵值法对影响近松散含水层安全开采的关键因素赋权,利用GIS定量确定各个因素的隶属度,构造了基于熵值的模糊综合评判模型。以山东某矿六采区01工作面开采为例,选择覆岩厚度、断层构造、第四系底部粘土层厚度、底部含水层的单位涌水量、煤层开采厚度、导水裂隙带高度6个影响因素为评判指标,确定了可行性程度的评判集:{较低,低,中等,高,很高},依据水体下开采的有关安全规程,采用GIS方法确定了各个因素的隶属度,并利用历史开采经验数据确定各个影响因素的权重。对该工作面近松散含水层下开采的评判结果表明,该工作面控制采高为2 m时开采是安全可行的,开采过程中针对薄弱环节采取了相应措施,没有发生突水溃砂事件,初步验证了该模糊综合评判模型的实用性。