Daily and Monthly Suspended Sediment Load Predictions Using Wavelet Based Artificial Intelligence Approaches

In the current study, the efficiency of Wavelet-based Least Square Support Vector Machine(WLSSVM) model was examined for prediction of daily and monthly Suspended Sediment Load(SSL) of the Mississippi River. For this purpose, in the first step, SSL was predicted via ad hoc LSSVM and Artificial Neural Network(ANN) models; then,streamflow and SSL data were decomposed into subsignals via wavelet, and these decomposed sub-time series were imposed to LSSVM and ANN to simulate discharge-SSL relationship. Finally, the ability of WLSSVM was compared with other models in multistep-ahead SSL predictions. The results showed that in daily SSL prediction, LSSVM has better outcomes with Determination Coefficient(DC)=0.92 than ad hoc ANN with DC=0.88. However unlike daily SSL, in monthly modeling, ANN has a bit accurate upshot.WLSSVM and wavelet-based ANN(WANN) models showed same consequences in daily and different in monthly SSL predictions, and adding wavelet led to more accuracy of LSSVM and ANN. Furthermore,conjunction of wavelet to LSSVM and ANN evaluated via multi-step-ahead SSL predictions and, e.g.,DC LSSVM=0.4 was increased to the DC WLSSVM=0.71 in 7-day ahead SSL prediction. In addition, WLSSVM outperformed WANN by increment of time horizon prediction.     

Prediction of snow water equivalent using artificial neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system with two sampling schemes in semi-arid region of Iran

Direct measurement of snow water equivalent(SWE) in snow-dominated mountainous areas is difficult, thus its prediction is essential for water resources management in such areas. In addition, because of nonlinear trend of snow spatial distribution and the multiple influencing factors concerning the SWE spatial distribution, statistical models are not usually able to present acceptable results. Therefore, applicable methods that are able to predict nonlinear trends are necessary. In this research, to predict SWE, the Sohrevard Watershed located in northwest of Iran was selected as the case study. Database was collected, and the required maps were derived. Snow depth(SD) at 150 points with two sampling patterns including systematic random sampling and Latin hypercube sampling(LHS), and snow density at 18 points were randomly measured, and then SWE was calculated. SWE was predicted using artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS) and regression methods. The results showed that the performance of ANN and ANFIS models with two sampling patterns were observed better than the regression method. Moreover, based on most of the efficiency criteria, the efficiency of ANN, ANFIS and regression methods under LHS pattern were observed higher than the systematic random sampling pattern. However, there were no significant differences between the two methods of ANN and ANFIS in SWE prediction. Data of both two sampling patterns had the highest sensitivity to the elevation. In addition, the LHS and the systematic random sampling patterns had the least sensitivity to the profile curvature and plan curvature, respectively.     

基于SSA的GPS坐标序列去噪及季节信号提取

基于SSA技术对GPS时序的去噪及季节信号分离进行研究。通过对模拟数据及GPS实测数据的分析,并与经验模式分解EMD（empirical mode decomposition）和小波分析方法进行对比,结果表明,SSA、EMD和小波分析均是有效的去噪方法,但SSA去噪性能更优越,且能更有效和稳定地从GPS时序中提取周期项信号。     

相空间重构神经网络在洪水灾害损失预报中的应用

在灾害领域中引入混沌理论,将相空间重构理论与神经网络相结合,提出了洪灾成灾面积预测模型。通过相空间重构,把一维成灾面积时间序列拓展为多维序列,而多维序列包含着各态历经的信息,从而可挖掘更为丰富的信息,有利于神经网络的训练。利用神经网络模型可以较好地求解非线性问题,因而使预测结果更符合实际。实例表明,该模型预报精度较高。     

基于粒子群算法的神经网络在水资源评价中的应用

为了改善传统的人工神经网络,在训练过程中容易陷入局部最小导致应用于水资源评价时存在对训练样本的拟合精度不高的缺点,采用粒子群算法优化人工神经网络的权值和阈值,然后将其应用于中国12个地区的水资源可持续利用系统评价实例中,并和传统的人工神经网络进行了对照。结果表明,基于粒子群算法的人工神经网络和传统的人工神经网络相比,能较好的提高对训练样本的拟合精度,表明基于粒子群算法的人工神经网络,用于水资源可持续利用系统评价是可行的。     

Development and application of a GIS-based artificial neural network system for water quality prediction: a case study at the Lake Champlain area

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models have been extensively applied in the prediction of water resource variables, and Geographical Information System (GIS)...     

Using Statistical Learning Algorithms in Regional Landslide Susceptibility Zonation with Limited Landslide Field Data

Regional Landslide Susceptibility Zonation(LSZ) is always challenged by the available amount of field data, especially in southwestern China where large mountainous areas and limited field information coincide. Statistical learning algorithms are believed to be superior to traditional statistical algorithms for their data adaptability. The aim of the paper is to evaluate how statistical learning algorithms perform on regional LSZ with limited field data. The focus is on three statistical learning algorithms, Logistic Regression(LR), Artificial Neural Networks(ANN) and Support Vector Machine(SVM). Hanzhong city, a landslide prone area in southwestern China is taken as a study case. Nine environmental factors are selected as inputs. The accuracies of the resulting LSZ maps are evaluated through landslide density analysis(LDA), receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves and Kappa index statistics. The dependence of the algorithm on the size of field samples is examined by varying the sizes of the training set. The SVM has proven to be the most accurate and the most stable algorithm at small training set sizes and on all known landslide sizes. The accuracy of SVM shows a steadilyincreasing trend and reaches a high level at a small size of the training set, while accuracies of LR and ANN algorithms show distinct fluctuations. The geomorphological interpretations confirm the strength of SVM on all landslide sizes. Our results show that the strengths of SVM in generalization capability and model robustness make it an appropriate and efficient tool for regional LSZ with limited landslide field samples.     

An Approach to Improving the Retrieval Accuracy of Oceanic Constituents in Case Ⅱ Waters

In the present paper, a method is proposed to improve the performance of Artificial Neural Network(ANN)based algorithms for the retrieval of oceanic constituents in Case Ⅱ waters. The ANN-based algorithms have been developed based on a constraint condition, which represents, to a certain degree, the correlation between suspended particulate matter(SPM)and pigment(CHL), coloured dissolved organic matter(CDOM)and CHL, as well as CDOM and SPM, found in Case Ⅱ waters. Compared with the ANN-based algorithm developed without a constraint condition, the performance of ANN-based algorithms developed with a constraint conditions is much better for the retrieval of CHL and CDOM, especially in the case of high noise levels; however, there is not significant improvement for the retrieval of SPM.     

An Approach to Improving the Retrieval Accuracy of Oceanic Constituents in Case Ⅱ Waters

1　Introduction　At present ,theretrievalofoceanicconstituentsfromoceancolourmeasurementsinCaseⅡwatersisoneofthemajorchallengesinoceancolourstudy(IOCCG ,2 0 0 0 ) .TheconstituentspresentinCaseⅡwatersaregenerallydividedintothreetypes :chloro phyll (CHL) …     

Random seismic noise attenuation by learning-type overcomplete dictionary based on K-singular value decomposition algorithm

The transformation of basic functions is one of the most commonly used techniques for seismic denoising,which employs sparse representation of seismic data in the transform domain. The choice of transform base functions has an influence on denoising results. We propose a learning-type overcomplete dictionary based on the K-singular value decomposition( K-SVD) algorithm. To construct the dictionary and use it for random seismic noise attenuation,we replace fixed transform base functions with an overcomplete redundancy function library. Owing to the adaptability to data characteristics,the learning-type dictionary describes essential data characteristics much better than conventional denoising methods. The sparsest representation of signals is obtained by the learning and training of seismic data. By comparing the same seismic data obtained using the learning-type overcomplete dictionary based on K-SVD and the data obtained using other denoising methods,we find that the learning-type overcomplete dictionary based on the K-SVD algorithm represents the seismic data more sparsely,effectively suppressing the random noise and improving the signal-to-noise ratio.     

Comparison of different sampling strategies for debris flow susceptibility mapping: A case study using the centroids of the scarp area,flowing area and accumulation area of debris flow watersheds

The quality of debris flow susceptibility mapping varies with sampling strategies. This paper aims at comparing three sampling strategies and determining the optimal one to sample the debris flow watersheds. The three sampling strategies studied were the centroid of the scarp area(COSA), the centroid of the flowing area(COFA), and the centroid of the accumulation area(COAA) of debris flow watersheds. An inventory consisting of 150 debris flow watersheds and 12 conditioning factors were prepared for research. Firstly, the information gain ratio(IGR) method was used to analyze the predictive ability of the conditioning factors. Subsequently, 12 conditioning factors were involved in the modeling of artificial neural network(ANN), random forest(RF) and support vector machine(SVM). Then, the receiver operating characteristic curves(ROC) and the area under curves(AUC) were used to evaluate the model performance. Finally, a scoring system was used to score the quality of the debris flow susceptibility maps. Samples obtained from the accumulation area have the strongest predictive ability and can make the models achieve the best performance. The AUC values corresponding to the best model performance on the validation dataset were 0.861, 0.804 and 0.856 for SVM, ANN and RF respectively. The sampling strategy of the centroid of the scarp area is optimal with the highest quality of debris flow susceptibility maps having scores of 373470, 393241 and 362485 for SVM, ANN and RF respectively.     

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LOESS用于GNSS垂向坐标时间序列噪声识别与提取

针对GNSS垂向坐标时间序列噪声复杂、精度较差等特点,采用局部加权回归模型(locally weighted regression, LOESS)对中国大陆构造环境监测网络中289个GNSS站的垂向坐标时间序列进行降噪分析。首先利用LOESS方法对预处理后的时间序列进行降噪处理,得到降噪后的时间序列及噪声序列;然后采用Durbin-Watson(DW)检验对降噪后的噪声序列进行自相关性检验,同时采用Wilcoxon秩和检验方法对降噪前后序列的标准差、噪声项、速度不确定度等指标进行显著性检验;最后采用降噪前后序列的信噪比及前3个指标来定量评价降噪效果。结果表明,各测站降噪后的噪声序列不存在自相关性,采用LOESS方法降噪处理后各评价指标均有显著改正,表明LOESS方法能够有效减少GNSS垂向坐标时间序列中的噪声,进一步提高GNSS垂向坐标时间序列的精度。     

GPS高程时间序列降噪分析的改进EMD方法

针对经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)降噪过程中不能直接确定分界本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF)的K值,以及当高频噪声IMF分量个数少于低频IMF分量个数时,利用低频信号重构实现降噪的计算量较大等问题,提出一种新的EMD降噪方法。采用平均周期与能量密度乘积指标的方法来自动确定分界IMF的K值,将高频噪声IMF分量进行重构,然后用原始信号减去重构噪声,从而达到降噪的目的。利用模拟数据和BJFS站的实测GPS高程时间序列数据进行验证。实验结果表明,该方法能够直接确定分界IMF的K值,降低计算量,在GPS高程时间序列降噪中较传统EMD方法更可靠。     

Comparison of artificial neural networks,geographically weighted regression and Cokriging methods for predicting the spatial distribution of soil macronutrients (N,P, and K)

Soil macronutrients(i.e. nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K)) are important soils components and knowing the spatial distribution of these parameters are necessary at precision agriculture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of different methods such as artificial neural networks(ANN) and two geostatistical methods(geographically weighted regression(GWR) and cokriging(CK)) to estimate N, P and K contents. For this purpose, soil samples were taken from topsoil(0–30 cm) at 106 points and analyzed for their chemical and physical parameters. These data were divided into calibration(n = 84) and validation(n = 22). Chemical and physical variables including clay, p H and organic carbon(OC) were used as auxiliary soil variables to estimate the N, P and K contents. Results showed that the ANN model(with coefficient of determination R~2 = 0.922 and root mean square error RMSE = 0.0079%) was more accurate compared to the CK model(with R~2 = 0.612 and RMSE = 0.0094%), and the GWR model(with R~2 = 0.872 and RMSE = 0.0089%) to estimate the N variable. The ANN model estimated the P with the RMSE of 3.630 ppm, which was respectively 28.93% and 20.00% less than the RMSE of 4.680 ppm and 4.357 ppm from the CK and GWR models. The estimated K by CK, GWR and ANN models have the RMSE of 76.794 ppm, 75.790 ppm and 52.484 ppm. Results indicated that the performance of the CK model for estimation of macro nutrients(N, P and K) was slightly lower than the GWR model. Also, the accuracy of the ANN model was higher than CK and GWR models, which proved to be more effective and reliable methods for estimating macro nutrients.     

基于CEEMDAN和小波包多阈值的GNSS高程时间序列去噪方法

为提高GNSS高程时间序列的去噪效果,以仿真信号和拉萨站2000~2020年高程时间序列为例,采用自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解（complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise,CEEMDAN）方法将信号分解成若干个特征模态函数（intrinsic mode function,IMF）,对每个IMF分量进行小波包多阈值分解,依据不同节点能量占IMF总能量百分比选择不同的阈值准则,将降噪后的节点重构得到降噪后的IMF分量,进而得到降噪后的时间序列。利用信噪比、均方根误差等指标对比分析本文方法、EMD、CEEMDAN、小波去噪和小波包多阈值去噪等5种方法的去噪效果。结果表明,本文方法效果最优。     

SIMULATION AND PREDICTION OF DEBRIS FLOW USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Debris flow is one of the most destructive phenomena of natural hazards. Recently, major natural haz-ard, claiming human lives and assets, is due to debris flow in the world. Several practical methods for forecasting de-bris flow have been proposed, however, the accuracy of these methods is not high enough for practical use because of the stochastic and non-linear characteristics of debris flow. Artificial neural network has proven to be feasible and use-fill in developing models for nonlinear systems. On the other hand, predicting the future behavior based on a time se-ries of collected historical data is also an important tool in many scientific applications. In this study we present a three-layer feed-forward neural network model to forecast surge of debris flow according to the time series data collect-ed in the Jiangjia Ravine, situated in north part of Yunnan Province of China. The simulation and prediction of debris flow using the proposed approach shows this model is feasible, however, further studies are needed.     

小波阈值法在JCZ系列超宽频带地震仪记录的地震数据中的应用及探讨

为了对JCZ系列超宽频带地震仪采集到的地震数据进行有效去噪,探讨小波阈值法在不同地震数据中去噪的实际效果。首先介绍小波法的基本理论与去噪标准,探讨不同小波基的选取、不同分解、重建尺度与阈值的选取及处理方式对小波阈值法最终去噪效果产生的影响;使用控制变量法,选取武汉水院地震台的记录数据,探讨如何获得较好的去噪效果。为了比较小震和中强震两种情况下相同方法的处理效果,将选择好的小波基与几何尺度用于震例数据去噪发现,在实际地震去噪处理中基于样本数估计选取的阈值具有一定局限性,且相同阈值在不同震级的震例数据中具有不同的去噪结果。最后使用小波阈值对JCZ系列超宽频带地震仪采集到的地震数据进行去噪发现,小波阈值去噪对于P波初动的识别判断也具有一定意义。     

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