高频地波雷达生成海洋表面矢量流图

武汉大学研制的双站高频地波雷达系统OSMAR2000利用测得的两幅单站径向海流图生成矢量海流图。经典矢量流图生成方法不能直接应用到OSMAR2000系统中。本文提出一种先在极坐标系下用自然三次样条函数将径向流插值到公共网格上然后直接进行矢量合成的矢量海流图生成方法。OSMAR2000在东海的表面矢量流实测结果与作对比验证的传统海流计测量结果十分吻合。对比数据表明，该方法是可行的，且优于先进行径向流线性插值后矢量合成的矢量流图生成方法。这也是国内首次利用高频地波雷达实现海洋表面矢量流的实时监测。     

Algorithm for HF radar vector current measurements

A new algorithm is proposed, called the stream function method (SFM) for producing vector current maps from radial data measured by dual-site high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR). In SFM, a scalar stream function is constructed under some oceanographic assumptions. The function describes the two-dimensional (2-D) ocean surface water motion and is used to obtain the distribution of vector currents. The performance of SFM is evaluated using simulated radial data, which demonstrates that SFM has advantages over typical vectorial combination methods (VCM) both in error acceptance and robustness, and excels another method based on least-squares fitting (LSF) in recovering the complicated current models. Furthermore, SFM is capable of providing the total currents based on radials from single-site radar. We also test the assumptions of horizontal non-divergence in the simulation. The new algorithm is applied to the field experiment data of Wuhan University’s ocean state measuring and analyzing radar (OSMAR), collected in the coastal East China Sea during April 11–17, 2004. Quantitative comparisons are given between radar results by three current algorithms and in-situ current meter measurements. Preliminary analysis of the vertical current shear is given based on the current meter measurements.     

A comparison of multifrequency HF radar and ADCP measurements ofnear-surface currents during COPE-3

A high-frequency multifrequency coastal radar operating at four frequencies between 4.8 and 21.8 MHz was used as part of the third Chesapeake Bay Outflow Plume Experiment (COPE-3) during October and November, 1997. The radar system surveyed the open ocean east of the coast and just south of the mouth of Chesapeake Bay from two sites separated by about 20 km. Measurements were taken once an hour, and the eastward and northward components of ocean currents were estimated at four depths ranging from about 0.5 m to 2.5 m below the surface for each location on a 2 by 2 km grid. Direction of arrival of the signals was estimated using the MUSIC algorithm. The radar measurements were compared to currents measured by several moored acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) with range bins 2-14 m below the water surface. The vertical structure of the current was examined by utilizing four different radar wavelengths, which respond to ocean currents at different depths, and by using several ADCP range bins separated by 1-m intervals. The radar and ADCP current estimates were highly correlated and showed similar depth behavior, and there was significant correlation between radar current estimates at different wavelengths and wind speed     

高频雷达OSMAR流速探测精度的对比验证

高频雷达探测海洋表面流与常规海流计测量海流是两种不同的测量方式。本文根据 2种观测方法所获取资料的不同特点 ,对引起 2种测量方法流速测量差异的主要误差进行了分析 ,并采用合适的方法对这些主要误差进行了量化估计。研究发现 ,2种测量方法取样的空间差异、时间差异以及仪器的观测误差等是构成高频雷达与常规海流计测量结果差异的主要因素。充分考虑这些因素对流速测量的影响能较大的提高高频雷达流速对比验证的精度     

Measuring surface wind direction by monostatic HF ground-wave radar at the eastern China Sea

The extraction of full wind vectors from data obtained by single-site (monostatic) high-frequency ground-wave radar (HFGWR) is an ongoing challenge because of the inherent directional ambiguities. Here, a new algorithm for resolving the ambiguity of wind direction from monostatic data is presented. The true wind direction is determined by minimizing the sum of the difference among three wind directions derived from three different radar look angles. The wind directions estimated by applying the algorithm to data obtained from the OSMAR2000 HFGWR situated at the Eastern China Sea are compared with values obtained from ship-borne instrumentation. The mean difference between the ground-truthed values and those obtained from the radar data is approximately 20/spl deg/. The distance limit for wind direction sensing using the OSMAR2000 is about 200 km, which is the range for which signal-to-noise ratios typically exceed about 23 dB in the relevant first-order portions of the backscatter spectra.     

Simulation-based evaluations of HF radar ocean current algorithms

A computer simulation is used to analyze errors in high-frequency (HF) radar ocean surface current measurements. Two pointing algorithms used for current extraction, a direction finding approach using MUltiple SIgnal Characterization (MUSIC) developed by Schmidt (1986), and conventional beam forming, are compared in terms of the effect of variations in sea state parameters on current measurement error. The radar system parameters used in the simulation were taken from the University of Michigan's multi-frequency coastal radar (MCR), which operates on four frequencies from 4.8 to 21.8 MHz and employs an eight-element linear phased array for its receive antenna. Results show MUSIC direction finding to be applicable to phased array systems and to have a better sensitivity to sharp current features, but larger random error than traditional beam forming methods. Also, for cases where beam forming errors are dominated by beam width or low signal to noise ratio, results show MUSIC to be a viable alternative to beam forming     

东中国海业务化海流雷达观测及数据服务平台

由武汉大学研发的海洋状态监测及分析雷达（OSMAR）,被布置于东中国海沿岸的6个雷达站点,用于观测海表面速度（海流,波浪,风）。本研究以雷达观测的流场为例,阐述了一个业务化海表面流雷达观测及数据服务平台,给出了一个从数据获取、传输、处理、可视化以及服务的业务化流程。详细描述了业务化平台中包含三个系统（雷达观测系统、数据服务系统、可视化服务系统）,以及各系统间的数据流。各站点获取的流速将在雷达观测系统中数据接收和预处理中心进行集成,然后传输到数据服务系统进行质量控制。用户可以在数据服务系统的主界面上对数据进行浏览,也能够获取这些数据。可视化服务系统能够在球体平台上对数据产品进行直观展示。通过业务化平台可以对东中国海的海流进行实时监测,也能够对海流的日变化以及季节性变化进行研究。     

一种改进的基于逆Omega-K算法的海面场景SAR原始数据仿真方法

合成孔径雷达(SAR)海面场景原始数据仿真是研究海洋动力参数(表面波浪、风矢量和洋流)的有效工具。目前海面场景原始数据仿真方法已经基于逆Omega-K算法实现了海洋运动参数的空间变化。但是目前仅仅讨论了正侧视情况下的海面场景仿真,应用范围有限,同时没有考虑Stokes漂流以及Bragg相速度的影响,而这两者都是存在于真实海面的。通常情况下为了反演得到海面流场的二维速度矢量,雷达需要从两个不同的方位方向观察海面的同一个区域,因此这就需要考虑大斜视的雷达波束,同时Stokes漂流和Bragg相速度是SAR海表面流场观测不容忽视的两种运动。本文在不改变原有正侧视逆Omega-K算法的情况下,通过增加重新计算零方位时刻的斜视波束中心位置坐标,并据此确定SAR原始数据在多普勒域的位置来将其扩展到大斜侧视逆Omega-K算法,并通过时域Stokes漂流公式到频域内离散化Stokes漂流公式的推导来加入Stokes漂流,以及根据Bragg散射机制加入了Bragg相速度。仿真结果表明,经过聚焦成像后的SAR图像很好的体现了真实海面波浪场的形状,同时能够很好地反演出设定的雷达径向流场速度,且流速精度误差控制在6%以内。最后也证明了Bragg相速度以及Stokes漂流对于海面流场的影响不可忽视。     

阵列式高频地波雷达矢量流长周期适用性比测试验数据分析

基于高频地波雷达长周期适用性比测试验数据,主要从以下3个方面系统分析国产阵列式高频地波雷达矢量流控测效果:(1)时间有效采样率和覆盖率的空间分布;(2)与反演的流速匹配的现场观测深度;(3)不同区域的探测精度.长周期的海流验证表明,雷达海流可以有效地反映有效探测区内表层海流及其时空变化,高精度区流速流向的均方根误差(RMS)分别为7.5～19.3cm/s和15.5°～33.7°,尤其是高精度区核心区域的RMS仅为7.5～10.1 cm/s和15.5°～28.5°.边缘区流速流向的RMS为16.1～25.8 cm/s和39.5°～40.7°,与国内外达到业务化运行要求的同类产品实际观测精度相当.     

Parametric estimation of ocean surface currents with HF radar

Ocean surface currents can be estimated, over a large coastal area, by utilizing the backscatter of high frequency (HF) radar waves from ocean gravity waves. Although the overall backscatter mechanism is complicated, the surface current information is contained within the spectral characteristics of two dominant Bragg components. The accuracy of the current estimate, following the usual FFT-based spectral estimate, is limited by the frequency resolution of the FFT and the time-varying characteristics of the Bragg components. This paper describes a high resolution parametric estimation of the ocean currents based on a recently proposed technique for analyzing time-varying signals. This technique, together with a time-domain ocean clutter model, allows all the Bragg signal information to be extracted from the two dominant eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix constructed from the radar data. Using signals from an operational coastal surveillance radar, current estimates made using this technique are compared with those estimated by the conventional FFT-based method     

基于光流法的X波段雷达浪向反演研究

浪向代表着海浪传播方向,它是海上交通安全以及海岸资源管理的重要海洋环境参数之一。本文针对X波段测波雷达对海杂波的连续成像,提出了一种基于光流法的海浪传播方向反演新方法。该方法利用X波段测波雷达接收的海面回波图像序列直接进行光流运动估计,将得到的每个像素点的运动矢量进行加权平均,最后得到实际的海浪传播方向。与传统基于频域的X波段测波雷达浪向反演方法相比,本文提出的方法直接从时域来进行回波信号处理,无需提前得到调制传递函数以及精确的海流,减少了由于海流估算的不准确以及调制传递函数选取的误差而给雷达浪向反演带来的影响。同时,该方法简单高效,占用资源少,将其应用至仿真雷达回波以及现场实测数据来进行浪向反演,反演得到的浪向与仿真设定浪向值以及浮标实时观测浪向结果都有很好的吻合度,变化趋势也完全一致,进而验证了该方法的有效性以及准确性。     

Target Classification and Remote Sensing of Ocean Current Shear Using a Dual-Use Multifrequency HF Radar

In this paper, we describe a high-frequency (HF) radar capable of multifrequency operation over the HF band for dual-use application to ship classification and mapping ocean current shear and vector winds. The radar is based on a digital transceiver peripheral component interconnect (PCI) card family that supports antenna arrays of four to 32 elements with a single computer, with larger arrays possible using multiple computers and receiver cards. The radar makes use of broadband loop antennas for receive elements, and a number of different possibilities for transmit antennas, depending on the operating bandwidth desired. An option exists in the choice of monostatic or multistatic operation, the latter providing the ability to use several transmit sites, with all radar echo signal reception and processing conducted at a single master receiver site. As applications for such a multifrequency radar capability, we show measurement and modeling examples of multiple frequency HF radar cross section (RCS) of ships as an approach to ship target classification. Results of using 32 radar frequencies to measure the fine structure in ocean current vertical shear are also shown, providing evidence of one edge of a 1-3-m deep uniform flow masked at the surface by wind-driven current shear in a different direction. Other applications of current-shear measurements, such as vector wind mapping and volumetric current estimation in coastal waters, are also discussed     

OSMAR高频地波雷达福建示范系统径向流

OSNAR高频地波雷达是863计划海洋技术领域的成果，其福建示范系统的两个远端站分别设置在福建省东山县和龙海市境内，2005年6月开始试运行．本文对2005年6、7月份试运行期间雷达远端站给出的遥感径向流数据质量进行了统计分析和初步的海洋学验证．分析结果显示，雷达返回径向流速质量随观测距离增加呈下降趋势，并有明显的日夜差异，日间质量优于夜间．初步验证表明，经质量控制处理后所提取的径向流鸩分潮的振幅和相位的空间分布具有与以往研究结果一致的特征．雷达系统所返回的径向流数据在经过适当的质量控制处理后可以有效地反映覆盖海区表层海流及其时空变化．     

X-波段船用雷达观测海洋动力环境要素仿真研究

为了评估X-波段船载雷达观测海浪和海流参数的能力.基于随机海浪理论和雷达几何成像原理模拟了不同调制影响的X-波段船用雷达图像序列,介绍了估算海浪参数和海流参数的算法,对影响雷达观测海流和海浪有关因素进行了分析.同时在雷达图像中加入了随机高斯白噪声,并通过数值方法验证了雷达图像的信噪比开方和有效波高之间的线性关系.数值模拟结果说明X-波段船用雷达能够有效地估算海浪和海流参数,且带有不同噪声水平的雷达系统应具有不同的定标系数.     

Polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface with a two-scale scattering model

The relationships among an ocean wave spectrum,a fully polarimetric coherence matrix,and radar parameters are deduced with an electromagnetic wave theory.Furthermore,the relationship between the polarimetric entropy and ocean wave spectrum is established based on the definition of entropy and a twoscale scattering model of the ocean surface.It is the first time that the polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface is presented in theory.Meanwhile,the relationships among the fully polarimetric entropy and the parameters related to radar and ocean are discussed.The study is the basis of further monitoring targets on the ocean surface and deriving oceanic information with the entropy from the ocean surface.The contrast enhancement between human-made targets and the ocean surface with the entropy is presented with quad-pol airborne synthetic aperture radar（AIRSAR） data.     

A Spectral Approach for Determining Altimeter Wind Speed Model Functions

We propose a new analytical algorithm for the estimation of wind speeds from altimeter data using the mean square slope of the ocean surface, which is obtained by integration of a widely accepted wind-wave spectrum including the gravity-capillary wave range. It indicates that the normalized radar cross section depends not only on the wind speed but also on the wave age. The wave state effect on the altimeter radar return becomes remarkable with increasing wind speed and cannot be neglected at high wind speeds. A relationship between wave age and nondimensional wave height based on buoy observational data is applied to compute the wave age using the significant wave height of ocean waves, which could be simultaneously obtained from altimeter data. Comparison with actual data shows that this new algorithm produces more reliable wind speeds than do empirical algorithms. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A minimum variance unbiased estimator for ocean surface currentsbased on multifrequency microwave radar observations

This paper presents a minimum variance unbiased (MVU) estimator for estimating an ocean surface current using the multifrequency microwave radar technique. In this technique the current information is obtained by finding the difference between the measured phase velocities of some specific surface gravity waves and the phase velocities calculated from the dispersion relation for still water. By defining the problem as a linear estimation problem, we develop an unbiased estimator for the current component along the radar look direction, which has a variance that is inversely proportional to the sum of the squared wavenumbers of the gravity waves used in the measurements. We also study the performance of an MVU vector estimator based on radar observations along two directions. Our analysis shows that the confidence region of this estimator has the shape of an elongated ellipse with semi-axes and orientation which are dependent on the angle between the observation directions, but independent on the true current vector. Furthermore, the theoretical models are thoroughly tested using both simulated and real radar data, and these tests show very good agreement with the model predictions     

Surface current measurements by HF radar in freshwater lakes

HF radar has become an increasingly important tool for mapping surface currents in the coastal ocean. However, the limited range, due to much higher propagation loss and smaller wave heights (relative to the saltwater ocean), has discouraged HF radar use over fresh water, Nevertheless, the potential usefulness of HF radar in measuring circulation patterns in freshwater lakes has stimulated pilot experiments to explore HF radar capabilities over fresh water. The Episodic Events Great Lakes Experiment (EEGLE), which studied the impact of intermittent strong wind events on the resuspension of pollutants from lake-bottom sediments, provided an excellent venue for a pilot experiment. A Multifrequency Coastal HF Radar (MCR) was deployed for 10 days at two sites on the shore of Lake Michigan near St. Joseph, MI. Similarly, a single-frequency CODAR SeaSonde instrument was deployed on the California shore of Lake Tahoe. These two experiments showed that when sufficiently strong surface winds (2 about 7 m/s) exist for an hour or more, a single HE radar can be effective in measuring the radial component of surface currents out to ranges of 10-15 km. We also show the effectiveness of using HF radar in concert with acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) for measuring a radial component of the current profile to depths as shallow as 50 cm and thus potentially extending the vertical coverage of an ADCP array     

Comparison of inversion algorithms for HF radar wave measurements

All ocean wave components contribute to the second-order scattering of a high-frequency (HF) radio wave by the sea surface. It is therefore theoretically possible to estimate the ocean wave spectrum from the radar backscatter. To extract the wave information, it is necessary to solve the nonlinear integral equation that describes the relationship between the backscatter spectrum and the ocean wave directional spectrum. Different inversion techniques have been developed for this problem by different researchers, but there is at present no accepted “best” method. This paper gives an assessment of the current status of two methods for deriving sea-state information from HF radar observations of the sea surface. The methods are applied to simulated data and to an experimental data set with sea-truth being provided by a directional wave buoy     

The wind-speed measurement capability of spaceborne radar altimeters

This study represents an attempt to quantitatively assess the capability of a spaceborne radar altimeter to infer ocean surface wind speeds from a measurement of the backscattered power at vertical incidence. The study uses data acquired during 184 near overflights of NOAA data buoys with the GEOS-3 satellite radar altimeter and encompasses a wind-speed range from less than 1 to 18 m/s. An algorithm is derived from the data comparison for converting measurements of the normalized scattering cross section of the ocean surface at 13.9 GHz into estimates of the surface wind speed at the standard anemometer height of 10 m. The algorithm is straightforward and potentially useful for on-board processing of raw altimeter data for the purpose of providing real-time estimates of surface wind speed. For winds in the range of 1 to 18 m/s, the mean difference between the altimeter-inferred winds and the buoy measurements is negligible while the standard deviation of the difference is 1.74 m/s.