ALLOZYME VARIATION IN SCAPHARCA SUBCRENATA FROM QINGDAO COASTAL WATERS

采用淀粉凝胶电泳技术研究了青岛近海毛蚶自然群体的等位基因酶遗传变异。在十二种等位基因酶中共检测到了二十七个基因座位，多态位点比例为５１．８５％，位点有效等位基因数分布从１．０３０…２．５７７（平均值１．３８１±０．３４５），位点杂合度观察值分布为０．０２９…０．６１２（平均杂合度０．１３３±０．０３６），在六个基因座位上存在相当明显的杂合子缺失现象。文中讨论了杂合子缺失的原因。     

长毛明对虾野生群体的杂合性研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,研究了长毛明对虾（Fenneropenaeus penicillatus）9个野生群体杂合子缺乏及过量情况;测定了8个酶系统,共检测到15个酶位点和32个等位基因．有7个多态位点,它们是Me-1、Me-2、Mdh-2、Aat-1、Sod-2、Est-1、Amy-1位点,在这些位点有2～5个等位基因．结果表明,在长毛明对虾9个群体的全部多态位点中,共有6个位点符合哈温平衡（P〉0．05）,30个位点偏离哈温平衡（p〈0．05）;除宁德群体外,其他8个群体中共有13个多态位点表现为杂合子缺失,结合每个群体中各个多态位点的期望杂合度与观察杂合度,认为导致杂合子缺乏的主要原因可能是种群内交、自然选择、Wahland效应、哑等位基因等．另外,在本研究中共有23个位点表现为杂合子过剩（F〈0）,且在长毛明对虾9个群体中均有出现,从而认为长毛明对虾的种质资源较好．     

魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)等位基因酶遗传变异研究

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术研究了秦皇岛、大连、青岛和韩国釜山４个魁蚶群体样本的等位基因酶遗传变异。在四个群体的１０～１２种等位基因酶中分别检测到了２２、２６、２２和２７个基因位点,４个群体的多态位点比例（Ｐ０．９９）分别为５０．００、５７．６９、４５．５０和６２．９６％,平均杂合度（观察值）则分别为０．０８７±０．０２４、０．１２３±０．０３８、０．１０５±０．０２３和０．０９１±０．０３１;平均位点有效等位基因数分别是１．２３０、１．３９８、１．４１５和１．２５３。另外,计算４个群体之间的遗传相似度（Ⅰ）和遗传距离（ＤＮｅｉ）,表明遗传同一性以秦皇岛和大连群体之间最大,其次为秦皇岛与青岛及大连与青岛群体之间,韩国釜山与其它３个群体之间存在一定的遗传分岐。４个群体在多个位点上都存在明显的杂合子缺失现象。文中初步探讨了引起杂合子缺失的可能原因     

五个短蛸群体等位基因酶的遗传变异

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术研究了山东沿海莱州（LZ），烟台（YT）、青岛（QD），日照（RZ）和大连（DL）五地短蛸自然群体的等位基因酶遗传变异。分析了AAT，ALP，EST，GRS，G6PD，SDH，CAT，SOD，IDH，GPI，PGM，G3PD，MPI，ME，MDH，CK，AK等同工酶在短蛸外套肌和肝脏组织中的表达情况，并对同工酶进行了生化遗传分析，LZ，YT，QD，RZ，DL五个群体的多态位点比例分别为15％，5％，10%,10%,10%(P0．99），群体平均杂合度观测值分别为0．024，0．001，0．009，0．007，0．006，平均位点有效等位基因数分别为1．200，1．022，1．061，1．103，1．077。结果表明，LZ群体的遗传多样性较高，同时，各群体中普遍存在杂合子缺失现象，对五个群体的遗传距离进行聚类分析，构建了系统树图。     

西施舌（Coelomactra antiquata）群体遗传多样性与分化的研究

采用不连续垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对广西北海、福建漳港和江苏启东3个西施舌自然群体的7个等位酶12个位点进行检测分析。结果表明,西施舌群体的遗传多样性较高,平均每位点等位基因数目（A）范围为1．5833—2．0000、平均每位点有效等位基因数目（Ae）范围为1．2850—1．5373、多态位点百分数（P）为33．33％、观察杂合度（Hc）为0．2389-0．3083、期望杂合度（He）为0．1496—0．2041之间。西施舌群体间有一定的遗传分化,遗传分化系数（FST）为0．0719,福建漳港群体与广西北海群体之间的FST为0．0413,但福建漳港群体和广西北海群体与江苏启东群体之间的FST为0．0505。     

凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）不同世代养殖群体的遗传多样性分析

采用微卫星位点对凡纳滨对虾的海南群体（进口亲虾繁育的第1世代：G1）、山东和饶平群体（G2）、湛江2和湛江3群体（G3）、湛江1和上海群体（G4）共4个世代7个养殖群体的遗传多样性进行了分析。从21对微卫星引物中筛选出12对有效扩增引物,对7个群体共280个个体进行扩增,得到10个多态位点,共获得等位基因数63个。各位点的等位基因数在2-15个之间,各群体的平均等位基因数在4．70—5．80之间。平均观测（期望）杂合度在0.36—0．43（0．53—0．65）之间。杂合子偏离指数（D）为负值,表明存在杂合子缺失现象。对7个群体、10个多态位点进行Hardy—Weinberng平衡检测,共有54个偏离平衡。对7个群体间的遗传分化水平进行检测,得到近交系数FIS在9个多态位点均为正值,两两群体间的固定指数FST值在0．149-O．375之间。FST显著性检验表明,各群体之间的遗传分化极显著（P〈0．01）。分子方差分析结果显示,大部分遗传变异（72．17％）来自于群体内,来自于群体间的遗传变异（27．83％）较小。凡纳滨对虾不同世代间遗传变异大,随着繁育世代的增加,遗传多样性降低。     

锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)不同种群的杂合性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术 ,研究了锯缘青蟹 (Scyllaserrata) 6个自然种群杂合体缺乏及过量情况 ;进行了 1 1种等位酶的电泳检测和谱带遗传分析 ,在所研究的锯缘青蟹 2 2个等位酶位点和 30个等位基因中 ,有 7个位点是多态的 ,分别为Est 1、Est 2 (在此位点厦门锯缘青蟹为单态 )、Est 3、Sod 1、Me 2、Mdh 2 (在此位点厦门锯缘青蟹为多态 )、Mdh 3,在这些位点有 2— 3个等位基因。结果表明 ,宁海和三亚种群的Est 1和Est 2位点、厦门种群的Est 1和Mdh 2位点、深圳和北海种群的Est 1位点符合H W平衡标准 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;连江种群的Est 1位点显著偏离H W平衡 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;而宁海、三亚和厦门种群的Est 3、Sod 1、Me 2和Mdh 3位点、连江种群的Est 2、Est 3、Sod 1、Me 2和Mdh 3位点及深圳和北海种群的Est 2、Est 3、Sod 1、Me 2和Mdh 3位点均非常显著偏离H W平衡 (P <0 .0 1 )。另外 ,除连江种群的Est 1位点表现出杂合子缺失 (F >0 )外 ,各种群中每个多态位点均表现为杂合子过量 (F <0 )。总结了各种群中每个多态位点的观察杂合度和期望杂合度 ,认为导致杂合子缺乏的主要原因可能是自然选择、近交、哑等位基因、Wahland效应等。杂合子缺乏会导致某些基因从基因库中消失 ,造成种群遗传多样性的降低 ,从而降     

欧洲牡蛎两个种群的遗传变异

用淀粉凝胶电泳检测和比较了来自爱尔兰自然群体和威尔土养殖群体的欧洲牡蛎Ostreaedulis11个基因位点的遗传变异。结果表明,两群体的平均杂合度观察值分别为0．081和0．144,多态位点比例（P0.99）分别为57．9％和42．1％,平均等位基因数分别为1．7和1．6,与已报道的欧洲牡额其他群体很接近,但与其他种类的牡蛎相比却很低。两群体之间相比,威尔土养殖群体的平均杂合度观察值明显大于爱尔兰自然群体的。这说明人为作用可以引起欧洲牡蛎群体的遗传差异。     

鲈鱼群体生化遗传研究Ⅱ．种群生化遗传结构及变异

1995年6月－1996年5月分别在汕头及青岛收集共100尾鲈鱼生化样品，采用淀粉胶及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了鲈鱼17种同工酶，记录了31个基因座位，统计卫基因频率，结果表明，2群体间遗传相似度和遗传距离分别0．9920和0．0080，作者初步认为中国近海鲈鱼为1个种，分南，北2个种群，汕头种群多态座位比例为22．6％，青岛种群为25．8％，x^2检测表明，2个群体多态座位等位基因频率除汕头的Est-4外均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡，汕头与青岛种群平均杂合度分别为0．079和0．099，表明目前鲈鱼种质资源状况尚好，但当前捕捞鲈鱼苗的压力过大，应严格控制鲈鱼苗的捕捞，以免因滥捕仔稚幼鱼而导致资源衰竭。     

石鲽同工酶的组织表达和群体遗传变异研究

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术，研究了石鲽（Kareius bicoloratus）同工酶的组织表达和群体遗传变异。结果表明，14种同工酶共记录31个基因座位，各同工酶的表达均有明显的组织差异，基因座位SOD^＊，GDH^＊，G3PDH～2^＊和ADH-2^＊仅在肝脏中表达，SDH-1^＊，MDH-1。和ADH-1。仅在肌肉中表达，LDH—B^＊和LDH—C^＊仅在眼睛中表达，MDH-2^＊，GPI-3^＊和SDH-2^＊在所有检测的组织中均有表达，其余酶的表达则表现出不同程度的组织差异，与各组织完成特有的生化代谢活动有关。选取肌肉和肝脏对中国青岛、威海石鲽2个地理自然群体的遗传结构和遗传分化进行研究。青岛群体和威海群体的多态座位比率分别为29．17％和25．00％，观察杂合度分别为0．028±0．014和0．040±0．019；期望杂合度分别为0．039±0．017和0．052±0．022。结果表明，两群体间的群体分化度和遗传距离分别为0．012和0．0011，表明石鲽群体间的遗传分化较低。与其它鲽形目鱼类相比，石鲽群体的多态座位比率和平均杂合度均处于中间水平。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.