我国地震地下水动态监测与研究现状

本文扼要论述了我国地震地下水动态观测网建设的概况,较详细地介绍了我国地震地下水动态观测的丰富多彩的信息,阐述了我国地下水微动态形成的理论与试验研究结果,探讨了地下水动态在震前、同震及震后的异常动态,并着重指出地下水动态信息的开发与利用有广阔的前景,它不仅在为地震预报服务,而且可以在地球物理学、水文地质学与新构造研究方面及其他国民经济领域发挥作用。     

土壤—地下水系统非水相液体污染区的电性特征及电阻率法探测

从土壤-地下水系统被非水相液体污染后引起的导电性变化、污染区地电模型演化、电阻率异常认识及量化解释等方面分析了国内外利用电阻率法探测这一问题的研究现状.已有研究表明,污染区电性随污染程度、污染时间变化显示一定的动态性;污染区地电模型建立是个复杂过程,不仅反映污染物的扩散过程,还要考虑地质、地下水、土层含水量等影响因素,并随外部条件和时间变化显示一定的动态性;这也决定了实测电剖面异常特征的复杂性.由于基于电测数据的真电阻率获取及污染土电性基本模型建立都尚未解决,利用电性探测结果进行污染量化分析的研究还没有形成统一的认识和结论,这也是未来很长时间内需要攻克的难题.     

海水-地下水交换过程电阻率层析成像法监测效果模拟分析

近岸地下河口是海水-地下水交换的重要场所,对海岸带地下水环境产生重要影响.电阻率层析成像法作为一种实时、快速、高效的原位监测方法,能够刻画、描述潮汐过程不同阶段海水-地下水相互作用过程.为了探讨电阻率层析成像法对海水-地下水交换过程的探测效果,根据典型近岸地下河口水文地质模型和研究团队前期研究成果,构建潮汐过程不同阶段地层电阻率模型,模拟潮汐过程不同极距、不同探测装置条件下的理论探测效果.研究结果表明,使用ERT进行海水-地下水交换过程研究时,采用偶极装置取得的探测效果优于施伦贝格装置;目标异常体的尺寸与电极极距的比值越大,ERT探测效果越好.在本研究中,当目标异常体厚度-极距比大于等于0.55时,能够划分目标异常体的分布范围;当厚度-极距比大于等于1.1时,取得较好探测效果;当该比值继续增大时,探测效果变化并不明显.     

大地电磁法在阿苏卫填埋场地下水污染检测的应用研究

城市垃圾填埋引发的地下水污染是一个危及国计民生的大问题,对垃圾填埋场地下水污染状况进行有效探测已成为环境治理工作面临的一项紧迫任务.本文通过应用大地电磁法对阿苏卫垃圾填埋场地下水污染的检测研究,揭示出该地区地下电性结构和地下水污染区的电性特征,并通过引入模糊数学的隶属函数理论,给出了地下水污染划分的量化指标,清晰、直观地显示出阿苏卫垃圾填埋场地下水污染状况.     

复杂磁异常的定量解释方法

本文利用解析函数的罗朗展开式对复杂磁异常进行分解,并指出,分解异常的方法亦能同时用于解决山区的地形校正问题,最后探讨了确定复杂磁异常的延深、倾角和截面积的定量计算方法,并举出某铁矿区的勘探实例来阐明上述方法在磁测资料定量解释中的实际应用。     

复杂磁异常的定量解释方法

本文利用解析函数的罗朗展开式对复杂磁异常进行分解,并指出,分解异常的方法亦能同时用于解决山区的地形校正问题,最后探讨了确定复杂磁异常的延深、倾角和截面积的定量计算方法,并举出某铁矿区的勘探实例来阐明上述方法在磁测资料定量解释中的实际应用。     

井-含水层系统对地下水微动态信息响应能力差异的分析

利用山西地区6口观测井的水位资料,对水震波、前驱波记录次数进行了统计,并对各观测井的潮汐因子、气压效率进行了计算,分析了井-含水层系统对水震波、固体潮、气压、前驱波微动态信息的响应能力,利用井-含水层的特征参数以及含水层的岩性解释了不同观测井对微动态信息响应能力差异的原因。     

基于GRACE的空间约束方法监测华北平原地下水储量变化

华北平原作为我国重要的工农业基地和政治经济中心,面临着严重的水资源危机.因此,开展对华北平原地下水储量变化的监测工作具有重要现实意义与科学价值.本文基于GRACE重力卫星的空间约束方法,研究了华北平原地下水储量变化的时空分布规律,并与地面水井实测与地下水模型结果进行了综合比较和分析.结果表明：2002—2014年,华北平原地下水存在明显的长期亏损,GRACE估计的亏损速率为-7.4±0.9 km³·a^-1,而地面水井资料估计的浅层地下水亏损速率为-1.2 km³·a^-1.对比两者之间的差异可以发现,华北平原的地下水亏损以深层地下水为主.2002—2008年,GRACE估计的华北平原地下水亏损速率为-5.3±2.2 km³·a^-1,这与华北平原两个地下水模型得到的平均亏损速率-5.4 km³·a^-1十分吻合.通过华北平原区域地下水模型的独立验证,说明GRACE可以有效评估华北平原的地下水储量变化趋势.除了长期亏损的趋势项之外,华北平原地下水还存在明显的年际变化特征,并与该地区年降雨量变化特征一致.在降雨偏少的2002年、2005—2009年和2014年,华北平原地下水储量显著减少.在空间分布上,GRACE结果表明,华北平原的地下水储量减少主要发生在山前平原和中部平原区,这也与水井实测资料和区域地下水模型结果较为吻合.与GRACE和区域地下水模型相比,目前的全球水文模型仍无法准确估计华北平原地下水变化的空间分布和亏损速率.上述研究表明,GRACE提供了评估华北平原地下水储量变化的重要监测手段.

     

轻非水相液体污染过程的高密度电阻率成像法室内监测

为探讨高密度电阻率成像法监测多孔介质中轻非水相液体迁移过程的有效性,本文通过三维砂槽进行了非饱和带中轻非水相液体的污染试验,并利用高密度电阻率成像法进行了同步的动态监测.试验之后,将砂槽层层挖开,通过数码成像,获取了污染区域的实际范围与形状.结果表明,由高密度电阻率成像法圈定的污染区域在范围与形状上都与实际的结果比较接近,并可通过三维电阻率相对值的时间变化明显的看出轻非水相液体的污染过程.这说明利用高密度电阻率成像法对非饱和多孔介质中轻非水相液体的空间分布范围进行圈定并监测其迁移过程是完全可行的.     

三维高密度电阻率E-SCAN法有限元模拟异常特征研究

工程电法勘探中,常需要探测埋深不大、规模较小、分布复杂的目标体,对探测方法的精度要求较高.由于三维高密度电阻率法数据采集密度大,可对目标体进行多方位观测,是目前工程探测中常用的方法之一.本文对三维高密度电阻率E-SCAN法的视电阻率异常特征进行研究.设计几种典型地质体模型,利用有限单元法进行正演计算,并分析其异常特征和分布规律.算例结果表明,E-SCAN法对低阻体的分辨能力强于高阻体.无需对所有电极进行扫描供电观测,即可分辨地质体电性特征及水平位置,但观测结果难以分辨地质体纵向延伸.     

复电阻率法二维有限元数值模拟

伴随着复电阻率法的广泛应用,发展精确和快速的正演和反演算法成为复电阻率法研究的重点.本文采用基于三角单元剖分的有限单元法进行了复电阻率二维数值模拟研究.为了提高计算速度,对无穷远边界进行了近似处理.整个正演计算过程分为两步,首先采用有限单元法计算四个不同频率的视复电阻率数据,然后对前一步得到的视复电阻率数据采用递推算法计算视Cole-Cole参数.采用这种正演算法与一维正演的结果进行了对比,验证了本文方法的正确性.设计了两个二维极化模型,数值模拟结果表明视复电阻率和Cole-Cole视参数等值线断面图对于异常目标体都有比较明显的反映.     

起伏地表三维电阻率法有限差分数值模拟

有限差分法是地球物理数值模拟中最常用的方法之一,为了研究起伏地表对三维电阻率法的影响问题,本文基于网格变换方法将起伏地表映射成水平地表,推导出映射后坐标系下稳定电流场基本方程.采用有限差分法对映射后的控制方程进行数值模拟,通过对三维山谷、山脊地形进行数值模拟,分析不同测量装置的地形影响,结果表明:起伏地表对稳定电流场的影响很大.     

塔里木盆地前寒武系地层重磁电物性建模及储层激电响应特征

塔里木盆地轮探1井钻遇新元古界上震旦统优质白云岩储层, 证实了盆内寒武系盐下白云岩储层为下一步的潜力勘探层系, 对拓宽深层、超深层油气勘探领域具有重要意义.本文着重研究塔里木盆地周缘前寒武系地层露头标本, 通过分析不同地层、不同岩性标本的密度、磁化率、电阻率、极化率和剩磁特征, 建立了前寒武系地层的重、磁、电物性模型, 并较全面地完善了盆地自太古宙以来的重磁电物性与地层的关系模型.同时, 充分利用前寒武系地层密度、磁性和电性参数, 通过多参数交会分析, 揭示了古老地层不同岩性标本的重磁电物性响应特性.此外, 基于深层已钻井岩心开展含油条件下的复电阻率特征分析, 本研究为盆地深层油气非地震勘探提供了岩石物理模型, 有助于提高深层重磁电勘探方法的分辨能力, 对应用非地震勘探方法进行岩性识别和弄清物性界面特征具有指导意义.

     

Paleolatitudes of the Kerguelen hotspot: new paleomagnetic results and dynamic modeling

The Kerguelen Plateau, a Large Igneous Province in the southern Indian Ocean, was formed as a product of the Kerguelen hotspot in several eruptive phases during the last 120 Myr. We obtained new paleolatitudes for the central and northern Kerguelen Plateau from paleomagnetic investigations on basalts, which were drilled during ODP Leg 183 to the Kerguelen Plateau-Broken Ridge. The paleolatitudes coincide with paleolatitudes from previous investigations at the Kerguelen Plateau and Ninetyeast Ridge (the track of the Kerguelen hotspot) and indicate a difference between paleolatitudes and present position at 49°S of the Kerguelen hotspot. We show that true polar wander, the global motion between the mantle and the rotation axis, cannot explain this difference in latitudes. We present numerical model results of plume conduit motion in a large-scale mantle flow and the resulting surface hotspot motion. A large number of models all predict southward motion between 3° and 10° for the Kerguelen hotspot during the last 100 Myr, which is consistent with our paleomagnetic results.     

Joint interpretation of hydrological and geophysical data: electrical resistivity tomography results from a process hydrological research site in the Black Forest Mountains,Germany

The use of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT; non‐intrusive geophysical technique) was assessed to identify the hydrogeological conditions at a surface water/groundwater test site in the southern Black Forest, Germany. A total of 111 ERT transects were measured, which adopted electrode spacings from 0·5 to 5 m as well as using either Wenner or dipole‐dipole electrode arrays. The resulting two‐dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity distributions are related to the structure and water content of the subsurface. The images were interpreted with respect to previous classical hillslope hydrological investigations within the same research basin using both tracer methods and groundwater level observations. A raster‐grid survey provided a quasi 3D resistivity pattern of the floodplain. Strong structural heterogeneity of the subsurface could be demonstrated, and (non)connectivities between surface and subsurface bodies were mapped. Through the spatial identification of likely flow pathways and source areas of runoff, the deep groundwater within the steeper valley slope seems to be much more connected to runoff generation processes within the valley floodplain than commonly credited in such environmental circumstances. Further, there appears to be no direct link between subsurface water‐bodies adjacent to the stream channel. Deep groundwater sources are also able to contribute towards streamflow from exfiltration at the edge of the floodplain as well as through the saturated areas overlying the floodplain itself. Such exfiltrated water then moves towards the stream as channelized surface flow. These findings support previous tracer investigations which showed that groundwater largely dominates the storm hydrograph of the stream, but the source areas of this component were unclear without geophysical measurements. The work highlighted the importance of using information from previous, complementary hydrochemical and hydrometric research campaigns to better interpret the ERT measurements. On the other hand, the ERT can provide a better spatial understanding of existing hydrochemical and hydrometric data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Receiver function imaging in strongly laterally heterogeneous crust: Synthetic modeling of BOLIVAR data

We resolve a large (~20 km) discrepancy in Moho depth determined from PdS receiver functions (RFs) and from active source seismic profiling in the complex Caribbean-South American plate boundary zone in eastern Venezuela. As part of the BOLIVAR experiment 20 broadband stations were deployed along an active source profile to record teleseisms. Using the extremely heterogeneous crustal model obtained from active source data, we generated 2D finite-difference elastic wave synthetics and from them calculated receiver functions and CCP stacks. We compare the observations with synthetic sections that have been spatially sampled at 0.25 km to 40 km. The densely sampled synthetics show that several events in the field data that were originally interpreted as the Moho are multiple reflections within sedimentary basins. Where the Moho has the steepest dip under the plate boundary the CCP stacks fail to image the Moho well, regardless of the density of spatial sampling. A suitable spatial sampling criterion for clearly imaging the lower crust and Moho is to overlap Fresnel zones by 50% at Moho depth, which for the 1 Hz receiver functions examined here, requires an instrument spacing of 15–20 km, with the actual field data density ranging from 20 km to 100 km.     

Receiver function imaging in strongly laterally heterogeneous crust:Synthetic modeling of BOLIVAR data

We resolve a large (～20 km) discrepancy in Moho depth determined from PdS receiver functions (RFs) and from active source seismic profiling in the complex Caribbean-South American plate boundary zone in eastern Venezuela.As part of the BOLIVAR experiment 20 broadband stations were deployed along an active source profile to record teleseisms.Using the extremely heterogeneous crustal model obtained from active source data,we generated 2D finite-difference elastic wave synthetics and from them calculated recei...     

A comparison of peak and plate electrodes in electrical resistivity tomography: application to the chalky groundwater of the Beauvais aquifer (northern part of the Paris basin,France)

Electrical resistivity tomography was used in order to explore an experimental site of the LaSalle Beauvais Polytechnic Institute (France). The test was conducted along a profile line of 315 m length, using 64 electrodes deployed at an inter‐electrode spacing of 5 m, and the data were recorded using gradient, Wenner and pole–dipole arrays. The performance of plate electrodes (non‐conventional flat‐based) is compared with the performance of peak electrodes (conventional spike). The hydrogeophysical investigation of the chalk aquifer system of Beauvais shows that the performance of plate electrodes is satisfactory, leading to inversions of small root‐mean‐square errors. Peak and the plate electrodes were tested before and after injection of a salt tracer in the piezometer of the experimental site. The study demonstrates the usefulness of plate electrodes (efficient, less time consuming) and the possibility of aquifer characterization by a salt tracer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.