一个罕见的铀钨矿化带的成矿特征

一个以铀钨为主的铀钨锡多金属矿化带，沿某复式花岗岩体东侧接触带分布，有５０多个矿床和矿点，其矿床（化）类型有岩浆型、伟晶岩型、夕卡岩型、高中低温热液型等，组成一个完整的花岗岩成矿系列。其中低温热液铀钨矿床是一个矿床新类型，具有独特的地质地球化学特征，工业意义也较大。     

桂东北钨锡稀有金属矿床的成矿类型、成矿时代及其地质背景

在大地构造位置上,桂东北地区位于江南造山带与华南褶皱带的过渡部位,具有独特的构造地理位置。在精细测试一系列典型矿床及其有关的花岗岩年代学的基础上,本文根据矿床类型、成矿元素组合,把该地区矿床分为6个成矿系统:①与志留纪花岗岩有关W-Mo矿;②与二叠世花岗岩有关Pb-Zn矿床;③与晚三叠世花岗岩有关W-Mo和Sn-Nb-Ta矿床;④与中—晚侏罗世花岗岩有关的W-Sn矿床;⑤与白垩世花岗岩有关的W-Sn矿床;⑥与花岗岩有关的铀矿。这些矿床的形成与不同时期构造-岩浆演化密切相关,主要形成于同碰撞挤压环境或者碰撞后伸展环境。     

兴安油麻岭钨矿类型的多样性及成矿富集规律

油麻岭是桂北猫儿山岩体南缘一处新发现的钨矿基地,其北部的牛塘界（中型）、鸭头水（小型）等矿床由于长期开采,矿山保有钨矿资源储量已近枯竭。钨矿体受花岗岩、接触带、地层层位、构造及NE向的断裂构造控制。矿化类型呈多样性,主要有石英脉型、花岗岩外接触带似层状矽卡岩型、内接触带花岗岩型及构造破碎带蚀变岩型,有工业价值的主要是前三种,其中外接触带似层状矽卡岩型、内接触带花岗岩型为该区工作的主攻类型。钨矿化主要为白钨矿化和黑钨矿化。     

西秦岭与埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩有关的金铜成矿及找矿问题

秦岭金矿分布广,目前学术界大多认为分属于造山型和卡林型金矿两类.该区印支期花岗岩发育,大多具有埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩(低Sr和Yb)的特点,与金铜矿在时空分布上相关.美国内华达州卡林型金矿是世界级的金矿聚集区.与卡林型金矿有关的第三纪岩浆岩(中酸性火山岩和浅成花岗岩)也具有埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩的地球化学特征,暗示内华达卡林型金矿也来源于加厚下地壳的底部.本文讨论了埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩有利于成矿的机理,并根据西秦岭金矿与花岗岩分布的关系,提出以夏河-宕昌-两当-凤县为界将西秦岭划分为南北两个成矿区和13个成矿聚集区:北区花岗岩发育,有利于寻找斑岩型、夕卡岩型等热液型金铜矿床;南带侵入岩少而小,有利于寻找远离岩体的金矿(包括卡林型等).鉴于西秦岭印支期埃迭克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩发育,金铜尤其是金矿分布多,储量大,且大多与埃达克岩或喜马拉雅型花岗岩有关,可能是中国金矿最具潜力的地区,有利于特大型金铜矿的产出,可能发展成为中国最大的金矿聚集区.为此,建议加强本区花岗岩与金铜成矿关系的研究,革新找矿思路和找矿技术方法,以实现找矿的新突破.     

Magma evolution and mineralization of Longmenshan lithium-beryllium pegmatite in Dahongliutan area,West KunlunSCIEI北大核心CSCD

西昆仑大红柳滩地区相继发现了众多伟晶岩型锂铍矿床,已成为我国新的锂资源基地。目前关于这些锂铍花岗伟晶岩的成因多强调其源于地壳深熔形成的二云母二长花岗岩的结晶分异,但研究区出露的同时代的黑云母花岗岩与成矿的关系没有被讨论和关注。为了探讨黑云母花岗岩与成矿的关系,作者对龙门山矿区黑云母花岗岩、二云母二长花岗岩、花岗伟晶岩以及与成矿相关的细晶花岗岩开展了详细的地球化学及年代学研究。结果显示：1)黑云母花岗岩与二云母二长花岗岩具相似的地球化学特征,富集Rb、La和Nd,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P和Ti元素,均表现出S型花岗岩的特征;2)从黑云母花岗岩→二云母二长花岗岩→细晶花岗岩,表现出连续分异演化的特征;3)黑云母花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为216.8±0.85Ma,二云母二长花岗岩的锆石SIMS U-Pb年龄为216.0±1.5Ma,细晶花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为209.5±1.2Ma,花岗伟晶岩的锡石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为211.3±5.0Ma,这意味着从黑云母花岗岩到二云母二长花岗岩与细晶花岗岩的形成时间是连续的并且是接近的。基于此...     

K-Ar Ages of Granitic Magmatism and Related Pegmatite Formation at the Umanotani-Shiroyama Mine, Shimane Prefecture, SW Japan and Their Bearings on Cooling History

Abstract. The Umanotani-Shiroyama pegmatite deposits, the largest producer of K-feldspar and quartz in Japan, are of typical granitic pegmatite. Ilmenite-series biotite granite and granite porphyry, hosting the ore deposits, and biotites separated from these rocks yielded K-Ar ages ranging from 89.0 to 81.4 Ma and 95.2 to 93.7 Ma, respectively. Muscovite and K-feldspar separated from the ore zone yielded K-Ar ages with the range of 96.2 to 93.1 Ma and 87.3 to 80.7 Ma, respectively. Muscovites from quartz-muscovite veins in the ore zone and in the granite porphyry yielded K-Ar ages of 90.4 and 76.3 Ma, respectively. K-feldspar is much younger in age than coexisting muscovite. It is noted that the K-Ar ages of biotite separates and the whole-rock ages are identical to those of muscovite and K-feldspar in the ore zone, respectively. These time relations, as well as field occurrence, indicate that the formation of the pegmatite deposits at the Umanotani-Shiroyama mine is closely related in space and time to a series of granitic magmatism of ilmenite-series nature. Using closure temperatures of the K-Ar system for biotite and K-feldspar (microcline), cooling rate of the pegmatite deposits is estimated to be about 82C/m.y. at the beginning, but slowed down to about 15C/m.y. in the later period.     

Metal deposits in the Da Hinggan Mountains,NE China: styles,characteristics, and exploration potential

The Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province (DHMP), northeastern China, is divided into three tectonic units and corresponding metallogenic belts. The tectonic units of the Da Hinggan Mountains are the Erguna fold zone on the northwest, the Hercynian fold zone on the north, and the Hercynian fold zone on the south. The corresponding metallogenic belts are the Erguna Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Mo-Au belt of the NW DHMP, the Cu-Pb-Zn-Mo-Fe-Au belt of the northern DHMP, and the Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Sn-Fe-Mo belt of the southern DHMP. Distinct ore bodies, mostly associated with Mesozoic granites and volcanics, comprise (1) hydrothermal vein deposits including Pb-Zn-Ag-(Cu) and W‐Sn-Cu, (2) exhalative (Pb-Zn-Ag, Cu) deposits, (3) porphyry (Cu, Au, Mo), (4) skarn (Fe, Zn, Cu), and (5) epithermal Au-Ag deposits. The hydrothermal veins are hosted by a range of different rock types, whereas the exhalative ores are confined to Permian strata. The porphyry deposits occur within granite porphyries. The epithermal deposits are related to Mesozoic volcanic-subvolcanic rocks and occur within superjacent igneous structures. The first type, represented by the Bairendaba deposit, shows many characteristics of hydrothermal deposits. The second type occurs in a Permian clastic-chemical sedimentary sequence. Most Fe-Zn-Cu deposits related to granites and granodiorites are skarns. Granodiorite and granite-related deposits are typical porphyry ores, formed during Hercynian and Mesozoic time. Promising metallogenic conditions and the recent discovery of many large metal deposits indicate that this mineral province has a great exploration potential.     

龙王(石童)A型花岗岩地质矿化特征

东秦岭北侧的华北古陆块南缘,发育一条碱性岩和碱性花岗岩带。龙王碴碱性花岗岩是该带中的一个典型的A型花岗岩体,岩石富含K、Na,缺Mg、Ca,多Fe少Al和水,含有碱性暗色矿物和很高的F及稀土元素,形成于非造山环境,属板内花岗岩。成岩时代为晋宁期(1035Ma,Rb-Sr)。龙王(石童)A型花岗岩的发现和厘定,证明华北地台南缘在中上元古代存在一个拉张的裂谷系。     

The Behaviour of Rare—Earth Elements（REE） During Weathering of Granites in Southern Guangxi,China

The behaviour of the rare-earth elements(REE)during the weathering of granites was studied in southern Guangxi,China.Based on the study of the weathering profiles,the soil,weathered and sub-weatereb zones are identified with different REE geochemical behaviours throug the weathering profiles of granite.The Ce anomalies of the weathering profiles cover a large range of values with most falling between 1.02 and 1.43in the soil zone and 0.16and 0.40in the weathered and sub-weathered zones.Light rare-earth elements(LREE) and heavy rare-earth elements(HREE)are enriched to varying degree in the weathering profiles as compared to host granites.In the soil zone,more HREEs are leached than LREEs,and HREEs are more enriched than LREE in the weathered and sub-weathered zones.It is considered that infiltration and adsorption on clays are two processes controlling the enrichment and formation of REE deposits in the weathering profiles of granite.     

河南省Mo矿区域成矿模式与综合信息预测模型

对河南省不同时期Mo矿的成矿地质背景和成矿特征进行了归纳,建立了主要类型Mo矿成矿模式,总结了成矿规律;进而通过综合信息数据处理,讨论了不同类型Mo矿预测要素的提取,建立了符合地质概念模型的斑岩-矽卡岩型Mo矿综合信息预测模型。研究表明：占绝对主要地位的早白垩世Mo矿受控于滨西太平洋构造域东秦岭-大别陆内岩浆弧,强烈的岩浆活动造成浅源浅成快速冷侵位的粗粒花岗岩大岩基与控制Mo矿的深源浅成热侵位细粒花岗岩-花岗斑岩-侵入角砾岩小岩体在同一剥蚀平面紧密共生,不仅存在“小岩体成大矿”的规律,而且存在大岩基边缘和旁侧成大矿的规律。相同特征的矿产因所处地质背景的不同而预测要素有所差异,但通常可以根据剩余重力低-ΔT化极正磁异常及其梯度模来拟合岩体与接触带,以Mo主成矿因子得分正异常和Pb-Zn-Ag主成矿因子得分负异常确定斑岩-矽卡岩型Mo（W）矿的成矿范围。通过CSAMT-SIP-裂隙地球化学联合剖面测量可有效预测隐伏矿体部位。     

芙蓉锡矿田地球物理地球化学特征及找矿意义

芙蓉锡矿田位于炎陵-蓝山北东向重磁梯级带的中段南侧。锡矿产于骑田岭复式花岗岩体南部内外接触带,多呈脉状产出。锡矿体与围岩有明显的磁性、电性差异,物化探异常与矿体的空间分布有密切关系,综合异常的浓集部位,反映了矿体的分布位置。此规律对寻找新矿体和新锡矿产地具指导意义。     

粤北产铀与不产铀花岗岩中铀矿物特征的电子探针研究及其找矿意义

晶质铀矿的含量、形貌、成分、铀矿物类型、与铀矿物共存的矿物组合等特征可以作为产铀与不产铀岩体的判别标志,为花岗岩型铀矿找矿工作提供了一种新的技术手段。长江岩体和九峰岩体是粤北地区典型的产铀与不产铀花岗岩体,本文利用电子探针测试了九峰岩体的铀矿物并与长江岩体进行对比研究。结果表明九峰岩体的铀矿物主要为晶质铀矿,其化学年龄可分为两组,分别为~160 Ma、~105 Ma,与长江岩体的两组晶质铀矿年龄基本一致;其中第一组年龄代表岩体的成岩年龄,第二组年龄与粤北地区~105 Ma的基性岩脉侵入时代相对应;但九峰岩体缺少长江岩体中~74 Ma的成矿年龄。相比于长江岩体,九峰岩体的铀矿物受到后期热液事件的影响较小,U没有发生明显的活化、转移,因而未能富集成矿,没有形成具有工业价值的铀矿床。     

绿岩带金矿三位一体成矿及找矿预测——以山东泰安地区为例

对泰安地区东部金（铁）成矿远景区绿岩带金矿成矿条件进行了综合分析研究,对成矿远景区进行了划分.在对绿岩、花岗岩、韧性剪切带三要素在各区段的分布特征和绿岩带金矿成因分类分析的基础上,提出了绿岩带金矿是以韧性剪切带为主线,以绿岩为基础,以花岗岩为导火的三位一体成矿.以100分对三要素进行量化分解,并据此提出了成矿预测.指出成矿远景区内以往的找矿停留在同构造晚期初生型金矿床类型上.今后的找矿工作必须把握“三位一体”成矿模式,分析矿床成因类型,按照矿床成因类型的突出特点针对性地投入工作,必须加大投入,整装勘查.     

浙江常山里山岭斑岩型铜矿床成岩时代及岩浆源区

浙江是非金属矿大省,金属矿特别是斑岩型矿床的研究亟待进行。本文以里山岭斑岩型铜矿床为研究对象,首次采用SHRIMP U-Pb对该岩体侵位时代进行精确限定,利用Sr-Nd同位素示踪含矿岩体的岩浆源区,不仅为浙江斑岩型矿床成因的深入研究增加了新资料,还对浙西下一步找矿勘探具有重要意义。浙江常山里山岭斑岩型铜矿床位于钦杭成矿带东段,受球川-萧山深断裂带控制。该矿床铜矿化主要赋存于花岗斑岩体中。含矿花岗斑岩为高硅、富碱、高分异、过铝质S型花岗岩。岩体的稀土分布型式右倾,整体呈“海鸥型”,有明显负Eu异常。岩石亏损Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素,富集Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti、Y、Yb等高场强元素。含矿花岗斑岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为（131±2）Ma,为早白垩世构造-岩浆活动的产物,形成于中国东部岩石圈减薄背景。岩浆岩（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i值为0.679 95~0.721 08,平均0.701 14。ε_Nd（t）值为-8.4~-5.8,平均-6.7。Sr-Nd同位素特征表明含矿花岗斑岩源区主要为地壳,兼有少量地幔物质的混染。     

河南熊耳山地区花山花岗岩与金矿化的关系

熊耳山地区是豫西重要的金矿化集中区。通过对该区花山花岗岩的化学组成、微量元素、稀土元素、稳定同位素特征及与金矿化关系的研究,得出如下主要研究成果：（1）在R型聚类分析谱系图上表明岩体中Au、Ag、Pb、Cu、Ba元素与金矿床微量元素相关性趋于一致;（2）在稀土元素配分模式图上表现出花岗岩和蚀变岩具有相似的右倾配分曲线的特征;（3）在流体包裹体的w(Na⁺)-w(K⁺)-w(Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)成分三角图上表明金成矿流体和岩浆热液具亲缘关系;（4）岩体线性构造控制了花山地区构造蚀变岩型和爆破角砾岩型金矿床的时空分布;（5）金矿床的成矿时代为燕山期,花山花岗岩的成岩时间集中于81～159 Ma;（6）S、H、O、Pb同位素组成表明成矿物质和成矿流体来自岩浆热液。     

Woodcutters goldfield: Gold in an Archaean granite,Kalgoorlie, Western Australia

The 43 t (1.4 Moz) of gold in the Woodcutters goldfield 50 km north of Kalgoorlie has wide geological significance in terms of gold in Archaean granite, as well as its local commercial and exploration significance. Woodcutters is already one of the largest Archaean gold systems in granite, and is unusual in being so far laterally from the nearest greenstone belt. Gold in the Federal zone, one of the deposits making up the Woodcutters goldfield, is hosted in hornblende‐biotite granodiorite,6 km from the mapped contact with greenstone. In Federal open pit, the granodiorite is coarse‐grained in the northern half, and a fine‐grained granodiorite in the south, with both hosting gold. These two types of granodiorite are rather similar in both mineralogy and geochemistry. There is also a subordinate fine‐grained monzodiorite. The Federal gold mineralisation is in a northwest‐striking, northeast‐dipping (315° strike/60°E dip) shear zone in the Scotia granite. Variation in grainsize of the host rocks might have affected the style of deformation with more brittle fabrics in the coarse‐grained phase and more ductile fabrics prominent in the fine‐grained granodiorite. Hydrothermal alteration is extensively developed around the Federal deposit and is a useful vector towards gold mineralisation. Distal epidote alteration surrounds a proximal muscovite‐biotite alteration zone that contains quartz‐sulfide veins. The alteration shares some of the common alteration characteristics of Archaean greenstone‐hosted gold, but differs in that carbonate‐chlorite alteration is only weakly developed. This difference is readily explained in terms of host‐rock composition and lower concentrations of Fe, Mg and Ca in the granite compared with greenstone. Fluid‐inclusion studies demonstrate that the fluids associated with the hydrothermal alteration at Woodcutters shared the common characteristics of fluids in Archaean greenstone gold, namely low‐salinity and dominant H₂O–CO₂. Fluid inclusions with moderate salinity were found in one fresh sample away from mineralisation, and are inferred to represent possible magmatic fluid. There is no evidence of a granite‐derived fluid being responsible for gold mineralisation. The granodiorite host rock had cooled, crystallised and had at least started to undergo deformation prior to gold introduction. The distribution of gold mineralisation in the Woodcutters goldfield has the style, shape and orientation comparable with greenstone‐hosted gold deposits in the same region. The northwest trend, the quartz veining and simple pyrite mineralogy are all features common to other greenstone‐hosted gold deposits near Kalgoorlie such as Mt Pleasant. The alteration fluid appears to have penetrated the granite on the scale of many hundreds of metres, causing large‐scale alteration. Woodcutters gold mineralisation resulted from the same metamorphic fluid processes that led to formation of greenstone gold deposits. In this metamorphic model, granitic rocks are predicted to be less‐favourable gold hosts than mafic rocks for two reasons. Granitic rocks do not generally fracture during regional deformation in such a way as to create large‐scale dilation. Furthermore, with less iron and no carbon, granitic rocks have lower potential to precipitate gold from solution by wall‐rock reaction. The metamorphic model predicts that those granite types with higher Fe should host better gold deposits, all other factors being equal. Accordingly, tonalite‐trondhjemite and hornblende‐bearing granodiorite should provide better environments for major gold deposits compared with monzogranite, and granite sensu stricto, as borne out by Woodcutters, but mafic rocks should be better hosts than any of these felsic to intermediate rocks.     

超大型铀矿床成矿地质条件及我国北西部找矿方向分析

本文从研究国外超大型铀矿床特征和分类入手，总结其铀成矿地质条件，结合我国北西部地质特征、矿化分布特点，认为我国北西部今后寻找超大型铀矿床主要是中新生代可地浸的层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿，其次是伟晶花岗岩型、火山岩型及奥林匹克坝型（即隐爆角砾岩型）的铀矿床。     

湘南圳口石英脉型黑钨矿床白云母Ar-Ar同位素测年及其对区域找矿勘查的指示

彭公庙岩体是南岭地区早古生代大花岗岩基的典型代表之一,在其周围发育有圳口、张家垄及杨梅坑等大-中型的钨矿床(点)。由于钨矿化主要产出于彭公庙岩体的内部及其周缘地层中,这些矿床过去一直被认为形成于早古生代,与彭公庙岩体有着紧密的成因联系。然而,这些矿床与大花岗岩基的时间及成因关系尚未准确厘定。文章在已有研究的基础上,对圳口钨矿进行了高精度白云母Ar-Ar测年,获得坪年龄为(148.0±0.7)Ma(MSDW=3.1),对应的等时线年龄为(148.1±0.8)Ma(MSDW=2.6),反等时线年龄为(148.1±0.8)Ma(MSDW=2.6),表明圳口钨矿床形成于晚侏罗世,明显晚于早古生代彭公庙大花岗岩基的侵位时间,是南岭地区中-晚侏罗世大规模钨锡成矿事件的一部分。通过总结研究发现,区域上早古生代花岗岩基周缘的钨锡矿床均形成于晚侏罗世,该结论不仅表明研究区深部晚侏罗世岩浆活动强烈,而且指示区内不同矿床之间在成因上密切相关。整个区域上的矿床类型和空间分布显示出不同的围岩性质制约了不同的矿化过程,从而形成不同的矿床类型。含矿热液沿着裂隙通道向上运移,当围岩为花岗岩时,形成了石英脉-云英岩型矿床,而当围岩为碎屑岩时,则形成石英脉型矿床。这些不同类型矿床可以构成一套矿床组合模型,互为找矿指示。     

南岭锡钨多金属矿区碱长花岗岩的厘定及其意义

南岭地区锡钨多金属矿成矿作用主要与燕山早期花岗岩岩浆活动有关,这些花岗岩一直被认为是黑云母花岗岩、二长花岗岩、细粒二长花岗岩等,少量矿区岩体顶部出现钠长石花岗岩。通过对湖南瑶岗仙钨矿岩体的深入解剖,以及对杮竹园、黄沙坪、锡田、邓阜仙、栗木、梅子窝等矿区花岗岩全面的岩矿鉴定和电子探针分析,确定钨矿区致矿花岗岩的长石主要为碱性长石,其中绝大部分样品中钠长石An<5,因此确定这些花岗岩均属于碱长花岗岩。与成矿有关的由浆液过渡态流体形成的云英岩包体中的钠长石更加富Na,An<3。碱长花岗岩的成分以及钠长石成分在岩体顶部约1 000 m深度范围内无明显垂向变化。致矿花岗岩体中部分早期花岗岩包体、晚期花岗斑岩,部分花岗岩基以及印支期花岗岩、加里东期花岗闪长岩等,钠(斜)长石An值明显高,很多属更长石、中长石甚至基性长石。这种包含有两种碱性长石的碱长花岗岩由富挥发分的岩浆形成,在岩体顶部附近广泛发生液态不混溶作用,是导致锡钨多金属矿富集成矿的主要分异方式。钨锡矿区碱长花岗岩钠长石An值明显低于区域大花岗岩基或不致矿花岗岩,可作为花岗岩的钨锡成矿评价标志之一。     

北山花岗岩S型/I型空间变化规律及含矿性

北山地区花岗岩十分发育, 出露面积接近总面积的30%, 形成时代以华力西期为主, 约占80%以上。笔者根据岩石化学判别统计, 本区花岗岩的S型/I型个数比例, 北带0.33, 中带0.54, 南带0.59, 说明从北向南, I型花岗岩逐渐减少, S型花岗岩逐渐增多。区内花岗岩类为重要的含矿岩石, 其中典型斑岩铜矿床与I型花岗质斑岩有关, 当出现铜铅组合时则与S型花岗质斑岩有关; 钼矿床有关花岗岩一般属I型, 当出现钨钼组合时则向S型花岗岩过渡; 钨锡矿床主要与S型花岗岩有关; 金矿床有关的花岗岩既有I型, 也有S型, 专属性不明显。