黄河干流河道水量自然补损分析

根据水量平衡原理建立干流区间河道水量平衡关系,得到干流河道水量自然补损计算方程。利用1956~1979年干流区间自产天然径流量与区间河道上下游控制站天然径流量、区间降水量系列之间的线性相关性,延长得到黄河流域1951~1998年龙羊峡以下6个干流区间逐月自产天然径流量,并计算分析各干流区间的干流河道自然补损水量。结果表明：多年平均河口镇－龙门干流区间和三门峡－花园口干流区间河道水量补充大于损失,其余区间干流河道水量为损失大于补充。总体上,龙羊峡以下区间干流河道净自然损失水量多年平均为35.43×108 m³,而且呈增大趋势,20世纪90年代达到最高,平均为44.16×108 m³/年。     

淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质标识指数评价

2010年夏季,对淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质进行调查,共设置采样点160个,选取总氮、总磷、氨氮和化学需氧量4项水质指标,利用综合水质标识指数评价法(WQI)对淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质进行评价。结果表明,淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质达标率77%,超标的评价因子为氮营养盐和化学需氧量。污染物主要来自农业面源和生产、生活废水;水流流速、沉积物性质和周围环境对水质产生一定影响。     

黄河健康生命的指标体系

河流健康是人们对河流生命存在状态的描述,是人类对河流向其提供服务的认可程度。通过分析人类和河流生态系统的生存需求,认为连续的河川径流、通畅安全的水沙通道、良好的水质、良性运行的河流生态系统和一定的供水能力是健康黄河的标志,提出用低限流量、河道最大排洪能力、平滩流量、滩地横比降、水质类别、湿地规模、水生生物、供水能力等8项定量指标作为健康黄河的标志,并根据相关的历史水文资料和1956~2004年的实测数据分析,确定了相应的健康指标量值。     

福建长乐屏山风化坑与河流壶穴的成因及其证据

风化坑和壶穴是一种常见的岩石坑穴地形,其形成原因和形态完全不同,但容易被误解和混淆.结合对福建长乐三溪河地区这两种坑穴地形的实地考察,本文从地貌学,沉积学,岩石化学和矿物学等各个方面对两者的形成过程、影响因素进行了论证和对比.研究表明：风化坑形成于岩石面积水的风化作用,壶穴则是由河流的旋转水流对河床产生的侵蚀作用形成;山顶风化坑的发育与河流流水作用没有关系,河流壶穴的形成与河谷的发育过程有关,河谷中的风化坑只能在河流深切后,流水不再作用到的河床部位发育;只要条件合适,风化坑或壶穴随时可以生成;风化坑与河流壶穴的形态,坑内沉积物的磨圆度、粒度特征等反映出各自不同的形成过程.风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石的化学蚀变指数CIA 值的差异反映了风化坑的化学风化成因;风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石石英长石比例的差异说明风化坑是矿物差异风化的结果;用CIA 值和英长比均无法区分河流壶穴和风化坑中的碎屑颗粒,但两者化学元素迁移特征的差别反映了风化坑的风化作用和河流壶穴的流水搬运作用的成因差别;风化坑的风化程度达不到当地风化壳的风化程度,但不同气候带风化坑碎屑的CIA 值能反映不同气候带风化作用的强度差异.     

辽河流域生态需水估算

从辽河流域存在的环境问题出发,在确定主要生态需水类型的基础上,基于水资源分区,分别估算各水资源分区的不同类型的生态需水,包括枯季河道生态需水、汛期输沙需水、入海需水、地下水恢复需补充的水量、河口湿地生态需水等。针对辽河流域季节性河流的特点,提出了枯水季节最小流量法的枯季河道生态需水计算方法。计算结果表明,辽河流域生态需水总量为130.44×10⁸m³,占地表径流的48.3%,其中浑太河、东辽河2个水资源分区的生态需水量占地表径流的比例在60%以上,辽河干流生态需水量占地表径流的53.5%,其余水资源分区生态需水量占地表径流的比例均在50%以下。研究结果为流域水资源配置及水环境保护与恢复提供科学依据。     

环青海湖地下水溶解性碳的时空变化特征

区域地下水溶解性碳的时空变化特征研究对于认识区域物质循环和能量传递及推动区域生态可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究在青海湖流域冻结期和融化期分别收集了地下水、河水和湖水样品,研究了环青海湖地下水在冻结期和融化期的溶解性碳特征,并探究了不同类型地下水的溶解性碳特征及其对不同冻融时期的响应,最后揭示了环湖区域不同水体的溶解性碳的差异特征及影响因素。结果表明：冻结期地下水、河水和湖水的溶解性无机碳（DIC）均相对高于融化期,溶解性有机碳（DOC）均相对低于融化期。地下水、河水和湖水的溶解性碳均主要以DIC为主,DIC在溶解性碳的占比高达92%。地下水的DIC平均含量在基岩裂隙水、水量中等和浅埋藏的水文地质条件下相对较高,DOC平均含量在基岩裂隙水、水量丰富和浅埋藏的水文地质条件下相对较高。地下水的DIC在湖滨平原砂砾石层、淤泥质砂层潜水和水量中等的水文地质条件下受冻融期影响较大,DOC在基岩裂隙水和水量贫乏的水文地质条件下受冻融期影响较大。湖水的DIC和DOC均远高于河水和地下水。河水的DIC在融化期和冻结期均低于地下水,DOC在融化期高于地下水,在冻结期低于地下水。     

基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed,and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements,the efficiency of water resource usage,the consumption coefficient,and the concentration of waste water elimination,the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed,and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established,and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model,the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River,Dongliao River,mainstream Liaohe River,Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated,each taking up 39.3%,63.0%,43.9%,43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow,the results show that: except Xiliao River is "median",the rest are all upon "good",the Dongliao River is even "very good". The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that,the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%,74.1%,60.8%,60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering "quantity",except Xiliao River,the rest rivers can all achieve the "quantity" criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements,but if considering the aspect of "quality",only Dongliao River can reach the "quality" standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method,only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands.     

基于稳定同位素的海河源区地下水与地表水相互关系分析

对海河流域源区的丰、枯水期降水、地下水、河水进行取样测试,分析了海河源区不同水体氢氧稳定同位素组成及水化学的时空分布特征,同时运用同位素二元混合模型对典型采样点地表水地下水间的相互作用进行了定量分析。结果表明：① 丰水期地下水及地表水δD和δ¹⁸O及总溶解性固体(TDS）表现出显著的空间差异性,而枯水期只有地下水的同位素组成及水化学特性表现出空间差异。②研究区的地下水水化学类型以Ca-HCO₃·SO₄、Ca-HCO₃型为主,丰水期河水与地下水化学类型较为相似,枯水期地下水化学类型与同时期的河水及大气降水的水化学类型存在显著的差异,说明枯水期地表水与地下水之间的转化关系不明显。Gibbs分析结果表明,控制海河源区水体化学性质的主要影响为岩石风化作用。③枯水期地下水受其他水体影响较弱,而丰水期河水及大气降水对地下水具有显著的补给作用,3个源流区中西源的地表河水对地下水影响最显著。     

Water quantity-quality combined evaluation method for rivers&rsquo|water requirements of the instream environment in dualistic water cycle: A case study of Liaohe River Basin

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that: except Xiliao River is “median”, the rest are all upon “good”, the Dongliao River is even “very good”. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering “quantity”, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the “quantity” criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of “quality”, only Dongliao River can reach the “quality” standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands.     

河湖水系连通的关键科学问题与研究方向

水资源时空分布不均,与经济社会格局不匹配,严重制约了中国的可持续发展.中国水情复杂,河湖水系正面临洪涝频繁、供水不足、河湖萎缩、水生态退化、水环境污染等诸多问题.面向国家发展新战略要求和现代化目标,有效解决复杂水问题,是新形势下生态文明建设和水资源可持续利用的重大需求.积极推进河湖水系连通,着力提高水资源统筹配置能力、...     

海河流域地下水生态水位研究

海河流域是我国水资源严重短缺的地区之一,由于长期不合理地开采地下水,引发了一系列生态环境问题,如地面沉降、地下水漏斗扩大、水质恶化、海水入侵等。恢复海河流域的生态环境对于区域的可持续发展意义重大,文章根据海河流域地貌单元将海河流域划分为3种类型:山前倾斜平原、中部平原和滨海平原,并确定了不同类型区地下水的生态水位。最后提出了恢复海河流域地下水生态水位的措施。     

Statistical Multivariate Analysis in the Assessment of River Water Quality in the Vicinity of KRS Dam, Karnataka, India

Surface water quality assessment is a basic and critical tool for informing sustainable management of water resources. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reservoir and river water quality of the Cauvery River in the vicinity of the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam, Karnataka, India. The results will assist water management in the study area for varied future demands including, irrigation, industries, and river conservation. Ecologically important parameters such as dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and physico-chemical parameters were analyzed. The results were compared with standard permissible limits. The differences in various parameters were statistically significant (P < 0.01) when comparing the upstream and downstream stretches of the river, particularly in summer. To identify a good technique for water quality assessment, all of the water quality parameters have been calculated by correlating various parameters and comparing them over two critical dry seasons. The dendrogram of the water-quality parameters clearly indicate that river water is safe for drinking, fishing, irrigation, and industrial purposes.     

Water quantity-quality combined evaluation method for rivers＇ water requirements of the instream environment in dualistic water cycle： A case study of Liaohe River Basin

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river requirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that： except Xiliao River is ＂median＂, the rest are all upon ＂good＂, the Dongliao River is even ＂very good＂. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that： considering ＂quantity＂, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the ＂quantity＂ criteria of the en- vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of ＂quality＂, only Dongliao River can reach the ＂quality＂ standard. By water quantity-quality combined evaluation method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem demands.     

洞庭湖流域不同水体中同位素研究

在洞庭湖流域内的长沙、汨罗、怀化对大气降水、地表水（河水）、地下水（泉水、井水）进行了取样,分析了流域内不同水体中稳定水同位素的变化特征以及它们之间的转化关系。研究发现地处亚热带季风区的洞庭湖流域,地表水、地下水中同位素继承了降水同位素冬半年富集、夏半年贫化的特征,但存在不同程度的滞后。同时,降水同位素的变化幅度及波动性明显大于地表水及地下水,而地表水、地下水中同位素较降水中要富集。流域内河水中同位素大致表现出随纬度升高而贫化的趋势,这主要受降水同位素场的影响。流域内长沙河水、井水、泉水中同位素组成均位于大气水线附近且分别大致位于一直线上,这说明大气降水是这3种水体的主要补给源。不同季节河水、井水、泉水中同位素组成与大气水线的比较则进一步反映出了不同水体在不同季节的转化关系。     

城市化背景下嘉兴市河流水系的时空变化

基于1960s,1980s和2010s的三期水系数据,通过构建定量描述河流水系变化特征的指标体系,对嘉兴市河流水系的时空变化特征及其与城市化的关系进行研究.结果表明:① 近50年来,嘉兴市的河流水系呈现出剧烈衰减的趋势,其中河流发育系数,河网密度和水面率分别减少了58.91%,28.49%和14.09%,但在城市化不同阶段,河流水系衰减的程度并不完全一致.② 在整个城市化进程中,河流发育系数和干流面积长度比变化的空间差异非常大,河网密度和水面率变化的空间差异相对较大,而盒维数和河流曲度变化的空间差异相对较小.③ 河流发育系数,盒维数和河网密度的衰减趋势为城区>近郊>远郊,水面率的衰减趋势为远郊>近郊>城区,河流曲度的衰减趋势为近郊>城区>远郊,但干流面积长度比的空间变化趋势不明显.④ 城市化对河流水系变化的影响十分显著,且城市化水平越高的地区河流水系的变化越剧烈,而城市化对干流面积长度比与河流曲度的影响大于其对河流发育系数与河网密度的影响.     

黑河流域水土资源可持续利用研究

黑河流域属于典型的环境脆弱区,水资源供需矛盾和土地退化问题是区域社会经济可持续发展中面临的迫切需要解决的问题。文章对黑河流域水土资源状况进行了概要性论述,分析了水土资源对区域社会经济发展的影响以及水土资源的承载力。基于黑河流域水土资源利用现状,提出了水土资源可持续利用模式。     

基于氢氧稳定同位素和水化学的青藏高原高寒内陆流域水文过程示踪研究

氢氧稳定同位素和水化学已成为研究水文循环过程的良好示踪剂,两者的结合能很好地揭示流域或者区域(特别是缺少水文观测数据的高寒内陆地区)的水文循环过程.青藏高原地表环境较恶劣,缺乏流域尺度的水文观测资料,不利于对流域尺度水文循环过程的综合理解和认识,成为水资源高效综合利用的瓶颈.为此,本文以青海湖沙柳河流域为研究对象,通过...     

塔里木河下游生态输水河道两侧区域地下水运动规律研究

根据塔里木河下游断流区域含水层水文地质特征及其实际输水过程中河水对浅层地下水的补给规律,建立了塔里木河下游绿色走廊生态输水河道附近区域地下水运动的一维非稳定流模型,并通过在整个输水过程中流量与水位两种边界条件相互转换的一种方法求解模型。最后应用上述模型分析了间歇性输水条件下塔里本河下游断流河段河道两侧地下水位恢复状况,为输水生态效益的定量评价及其今后输水工作的决策提供理论基础。     

中国内陆河流域尺度的水资源利用率提高研究--黑河流域水-生态-经济管理试验示范

水资源是人类生存和社会发展中最重要的成分，中国内陆河的可持续发展所面临的生态问题源自有限的水资源和高的人口压力这两个方面的不协调。通过总结“黑河流域水-生态-经济系统试验示范研究”项目近几年在涵养水源、绿洲尺度的水利用率提高和流域水-生态-经济系统中的水资源配置的部分试验成果和研究进展，以实际事例展示了在流域尺度上提高水资源利用率的可行性和潜力。加强基础研究、引入“虚拟水”等创新意识、通过专家和管理层的结合可进一步提高流域水资源利用率。     

克鲁伦河流域下游水体氢氧同位素与水化学特征

通过对克鲁伦河流域下游河水与地下水的主要离子水化学与氢氧同位素进行分析,结合区域水文地质资料,利用Durov图、空间插值、统计分析等方法分析了河水与地下水水化学与氢氧同位素特征。结果表明,河水的水化学类型主要为Na-Ca-HCO3型,地下水水化学类型为Na-Cl和Ca-Na-HCO型。克鲁伦河水主要离子浓度与氢氧同位素空间分布特征显著较地下水稳定、空间差异小。流域内地下水与地表水主要来自降水补给,地下水也是克鲁伦河的主要补给源。氘盈余变化揭示出克鲁伦河水的蒸发分馏程度强于地下水,除流域内水体蒸发主要受地质地貌影响外,人类活动对河水的影响显著于周边地下水。G3点所在的西庙为一个完整独立的水文地质单元,其表现出的水化学与氢氧同位素特征均异于其他地下水。流域内部分地下水F-含量超标,虽然一定程度是受人类活动影响,但更多的是基于综合水文地质条件基础上的自然现象,已严重威胁人类生存,应引起当地有关部门的高度重视,避免氟中毒事件重现。