Isotopic signatures of deposition and transformation of Lower Cambrian saliferous rocks in the Irkutsk Amphitheater: Communication 3. Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions in carbonates

In previous communications based on the study of sulfur and strontium, we showed that Lower Cambrian rocks of the Irkutsk Amphitheater underwent a significant epigenetic transformation. All postsedimentary alterations of rocks are related to the influence of water solutions that provoke the direct (physical) dissolution of material and its chemical transformation. In particular, an appreciable portion of anhydrites disappeared from the section due to reduction. Probably, these processes took place several times in the past and they are continuing at present. A similar conclusion was deduced from the strontium isotopic composition of carbonate rocks. Their strontium isotopic composition is usually shifted relative to the primary composition, although the prevalence of sulfate and carbonate rocks in the section promotes the stability of strontium isotopic composition with respect to secondary alterations. The carbon isotope system is even more stable due to the abundance of carbonate rocks in the section. This circumstance is probably responsible for the incapacity of isotope data to serve as obvious evidence of the epigenetic transformation of carbonates. The major elements of the evolution of carbon isotope signature could be retained since the sedimentation stage.     

Isotopic signatures of deposition and transformation of Lower Cambrian saliferous rocks in the Irkutsk amphitheater: Communication 2. Strontium isotopic composition

Rb-Sr data were obtained for different Lower Cambrian rocks from boreholes Bel’sk and Zhigalovo drilled in the Irkutsk amphitheater. Shales in the lower part and insoluble residue of marls throughout the entire (up to 2 km thick) sequence define the first transformation stage of silicate rocks dated at 580 Ma with a large uncertainty. Sulfate and carbonate rocks are the main Sr carriers in the Lower Cambrian rocks. Owing to a negligible amount of silicate impurities in them, the input of radiogenic Sr exerted no significant influence on the Rb-Sr isotope system. However, almost all carbonate and sulfate rocks studied are contaminated by radiogenic Sr relative to its initial isotopic composition in the sedimentation basin. Hence, the rocks experienced epigenetic (probably, repeated) recrystallization and one or several stages of dissolution.     

Some Features of Epigenesis Based on Isotope Geochemistry

Problems of postsedimentary transformation are considered on the basis of isotope data. Epigenetic transformations affect all rock types. Data on sulfur isotopic composition show that sulfate sediments in evaporite sequences may become as much as two times thinner as a result of sulfate reduction. These processes are accompanied by the enrichment of solutions in Sr and Ba. This may leak to ore-grade accumulation of these elements. Data on strontium isotopic ratio indicate that carbonate rocks underwent partial dissolution and repeated recrystallization. The Rb–Sr isotope data demonstrate that silicate rocks (mainly mudrocks) were affected by the same processes.     

Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes and Formation Conditions of the Upper Famennian Shale-Bearing Rocks in the Pripyat Trough,Southern Belarus

The behavior of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in carbonates during the deposition and diagenesis of sediments in the bioproductive Upper Famennian Pripyat Trough (southern Belarus) is discussed. Limestones and clayey limestones (Corg 0.92 ± 0.11%) are characterized by very low δ13C values (–9.6 ± 0.3‰). Parental sediments of these rocks were deposited in the shallow-water zone during slow downwarping episodes of the seafloor. Lithification of the sediments took place in oxidative conditions of the diagenesis zone. Organic matter was actively oxidized by free oxygen. Carbon dioxide with isotopically light organic carbon formed in this process was used during the crystallization of diagenetic carbonates that are visually indiscernible from the sedimentational variety. Marls, clayey marls, and carbonate-bearing clays (Corg 6.02 ± 0.80%) are characterized by δ13C values as high as –3.5 ± 0.6‰. In combustible shales (Corg >10%), δ13C value is ‒1.2 ± 0.6‰). The clayey rocks mark the episodes of sedimentation in relatively deep-water conditions that appear during the uncompensated sagging of the basin floor. The diagenetic zone with free oxygen was significantly decreased or absent at all. Here, oxygen of marine sulfates was the main or single oxidizer of organic matter (sulfate reduction). The sulfate oxygen is a weaker oxidizing agent than free oxygen. Therefore, much more organic matter was retained and fossilized in clayey rocks than in carbonate rocks. Organic carbon released during the sulfate reduction and mobilized later for the diagenetic carbonate formation was insufficient for the significant decrease of δ13C values relative to the marine carbonate standard. Isotopic composition of carbonate oxygen in the studied rocks is invariable and does not depend on the content of clay and organic matter. In these rocks, δ18O values are at the level (approximately –5‰) shown for the Famennian in the Global Chemostratigraphic Chart. This fact is consistent with the supposition that oxygen isotope composition of atmospheric precipitates, which influenced the rock formation via continental flow, is close to that of sea water in low latitudes where the territory of Belarus was located in the Late Devonian.     

陕西西沟钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年代学和同位素地球化学特征及其地质意义

西沟钼矿床是东秦岭黄龙铺地区近些年新发现和勘查的碳酸岩脉型钼矿床。钼矿体主要赋存于新太古界太华群变质岩内的石英方解石碳酸岩脉中,呈脉状、似层状或透镜状产出。辉钼矿主要呈浸染状、薄膜状、团块状分布于石英方解石碳酸岩脉中,成矿有关的围岩蚀变有钾长石化、硅化、黄铁矿化、萤石化、硬石膏化等。为查明西沟钼矿床的成矿时代、成矿物质来源、成矿机制、确定矿床类型,文章开展了辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年,同位素地球化学分析。6件辉钼矿样品Re-Os同位素测年结果,模式年龄为(222.3±3.4)Ma～(226.6±3.7)Ma;加权平均年龄为(225.1±1.4)Ma;等时线年龄为(224.6±9.1)Ma,表明该矿床形成于晚三叠世。硫化物和硫酸盐的S同位素组成、重晶石和方解石Sr-Nd同位素组成及方解石C-O同位素组成均指示:西沟钼矿的成矿物质可能主要来源于地幔。根据其与华北陆块南缘其他碳酸岩型钼矿床地质特征、成矿时代和成矿物质来源等对比,确定西沟钼矿床属碳酸岩型脉状矿床。成矿作用发生于扬子板块与华北板块碰撞造山的后碰撞伸展环境,由于软流圈物质上涌诱发富集岩石圈地幔发生低程度部分熔融,所形成的碳酸质流体携带钼等成矿物质上升,在NW-NWW向深断裂带沉淀富集成矿。     

Isotopic evidence for postsedimentary transformation of rocks of the Lower Cambrian Angara Formation in the Irkutsk Amphitheater

The section of the Angara Formation (upper portion of Lower Cambrian) is composed of a complex combination of dolomites, anhydrites, marlstones, and salinastones. The occurrence of solution breccia, various types of metasomatism, and other indications testify to the substantial postsedimentary reworking of these rocks. Sulfate reduction, one of the most important processes of reworking, is clearly expressed in the sulfur isotopic composition. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio in carbonate and sulfate materials is more stable owing to the relatively high Sr content in these rocks. Nevertheless, most sulfate and carbonate rocks are contaminated with the radiogenic Sr. The carbon isotope ratio in carbonates is close to the “normal” value despite the evaporitic character of sedimentation basins and the possible participation of organic carbon, which is a product of the oxidation of hydrocarbons by sulfates, in the transformation of carbonates. The Rb-Sr analysis of the clayey component of marlstones and the K-Ar analysis of mudstones from the lower portion of the Lower Cambrian-Vendian section indicate that the rocks were mainly transformed during a time span corresponding to the Caledonian folding dramatically manifested at the platform margin.     

桂江上游水化学特征变化及离子来源分析——以桂林断面为例

本文根据2013年10月至2015年4月桂江桂林站的采样分析数据,讨论桂江上游的水化学组成及河水离子的主要来源。结果表明,研究区河水水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型,HCO3-和Ca2+是主要的阴阳离子,主要来源于流域内碳酸对碳酸盐岩的风化溶解,河水主要离子浓度受流量变化的影响,呈现出冬高夏低的趋势。同时,流域内硫酸也参与了碳酸盐岩的风化。此外,虽然流域内碳酸盐岩仅少量分布,但河水水化学特征仍受碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的共同控制。主成分分析结果表明,第一因子贡献率为38.8%,与K+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-相关性较大,在本研究中代表人类活动及大气沉降的影响,其中NO3-主要来源于流域内农业活动的面源污染;第二因子贡献率为28.2%,与HCO3-和Ca2+相关性大,代表碳酸盐岩的溶解;第三因子没有明显具有高载荷的指标。      

三峡地区碳酸盐岩化学组分与溶蚀速率的响应关系

文章通过室内静水溶蚀实验测定了三峡地区香溪河流域震旦-三叠系碳酸盐岩的化学溶蚀速率,探讨了碳酸盐岩的化学溶蚀速率对岩石化学组分的响应关系,为区域岩溶量化研究与地层含水性评价等提供了科学依据。研究结果表明:较纯碳酸盐岩的溶蚀速率受到CaO、SrO的促进作用和MgO的抑制作用共同控制,而这三者对纯灰岩的溶蚀速率影响较小;碳酸盐岩中的酸不溶物对化学溶蚀过程呈现出抑制的趋势。碳酸盐岩的化学溶蚀速率受到多化学组分的共同影响,综合决定了碳酸盐岩的可溶性。      

Reform of Carbonate Rock Subsurface by Crustose Lichens and Its Environmental Significance

Crustose lichens are distributed extensively in karst areas in Southern China. They can be found on the surface of carbonate rocks. Through biophysical and biochemical processes, crustose lichens reform the subsurface of carbonate rocks and in the meanwhile change their physical and chemical properties: (1) the mechanical strength decreases by 17.04° on average (up to 33.2° ); (2) the chemical solution surface area increases from 28.26% to 75.36% (lichen microholes considered only); and (3) the water-holding capacity is greatly improved. Comparative field experiments between biokarst samples underneath crustose lichens and fresh rock samples with the same composition and texture show that the corrosional rate of carbonate rocks of the former is 1.264-1.643 times higher than that of the latter. Crustose lichens are considered as an activator of the surface corrosion of carbonate rocks.     

四川赤普铅、锌矿床生物标志化合物特征研究

赤普铅、锌矿床的矿体中发育大量沥青,铅、锌矿化形成与沥青密切相关。应用族组分分离和定量及饱和烃色—质分析等方法对铅、锌矿中的沥青族组分和生物标志物进行了研究,并对其地质意义进行了探讨。通过研究取得如下认识:（1）铅、锌矿床内有机质主要来自碳酸盐岩,其次来自页岩,没有陆源有机质的加入;这种混合来源特征受到不同来源成矿流体作用的影响。（2）矿区内有机质反映了热液流体经历了还原、高盐度的物理化学过程。（3）矿区内有机质成熟度高,主要为炭质沥青,反映有机质的演化程度较高;矿体内有机质与围岩内有机质成熟度类似,反映它们经历了类似的地质作用过程。（4）有机质还原碳酸盐岩中的硫酸盐岩,产生还原硫,为铅、锌等硫化物的沉淀创造条件。（5）成矿流体中烃类含量比较高,推断已经演化到高成熟阶段的有机质可能以古油气藏的形式参与了成矿作用;有机质在与含矿流体混合过程中扮演着还原剂的角色。     

Crystallization of loparite in alkaline fluid-magmatic systems (from experimental and mineralogical data)

We studied loparite-containing rocks (lujaurites, juvites, foyaite-juvites, etc.) sampled from a complex of differentiated rocks and, partly, from a complex of eudialytic lujaurites of the Lovozero alkaline massif. Zoned crystals of loparite (the zoning is due to variations in Ti, Nb, REE, Sr, and Th contents) were examined by microprobing. We also carried out experimental studies of loparite formation in complex silicate–salt systems including sodium carbonate, chloride, fluoride, or sulfate at 400–1200 °C and 1–2 kbar. They show that the composition of loparites depends on the physicochemical conditions of their formation (fluid composition) and that natural loparite can crystallize in a wide range of temperatures. The produced loparite crystals are zoned as a result of variations in Ti, Nb, La, Ce, Y, Ca, and Sr contents, which is probably related to the kinetic specifics of crystallization. Their zoning is similar to that of loparites of the Lovozero massif.     

Nature of breccia rocks at the top of a salt body in the Verkhnekamskoe salt deposit at the Ural foredeep

The formation of sulfate-carbonate-clayey breccia rocks at the top of a salt body on the flank of the Durinsk trough of the Verkhnekamskoe salt deposit is related to tectonic displacement of the suprasalt sequence along a synsedimentary dip-slip of the Durinsk fault during the Early Permian Sheshmin Stage. The presence of relict minerals suggests that the rocks were formed from the insoluble residue of both salt and suprasalt sequences. Zonations revealed in the distribution of newly formed minerals and the breccia composition variation, which is manifested as the removal of calcite sulfate and manganese carbonate, match the weathering profile composition. However, the development of a system of diagonal sliding planes and selective leaching along them indicate that supergene alterations took place during tectonic dislocations.     

滇中荒田铅锌矿床Rb-Sr同位素年代学与C-O-S-Pb同位素地球化学特征

滇中荒田铅锌矿床赋存于下二叠统碳酸盐岩与上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩接触界面上,矿体主要呈似层状、透镜状产出。矿石矿物组合以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,脉石矿物以石英、方解石、白云石为主。热液方解石C、O同位素组成表明荒田铅锌矿床成矿流体中CO_2的碳具有多元性,主要来源于幔源与海相碳酸盐岩的混合碳;硫化物硫同位素组成表明荒田铅锌矿床硫以岩浆硫为主,可能混有其他硫源(可能包括地层硫酸盐),铅同位素表明赋矿围岩、玄武岩和燕山期花岗岩均有可能为成矿提供了成矿物质,是多源混合后的产物;闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素等时线年龄为(83.2±3.4)Ma,指示荒田铅锌矿床形成于晚燕山期,荒田铅锌矿床成矿动力学背景可能与右江褶皱带在中生代末期发生了大规模的岩石圈伸展有关。而晚二叠世海相喷发火山岩对矿区铅锌矿床的形成起了重要的盖层、赋矿层及矿化作用。综上,荒田铅锌矿床成矿流体中的不同组分来源不同,矿床类型为沉积-改造型矿床。     

Shonkinites and minettes of the Ryabinovyi massif (Central Aldan): composition and crystallization conditions

Dikes of biotitic shonkinites and minettes of the complex Ryabinovyi alkaline massif (Central Aldan) have been studied. The dikes are localized in a neck of K-picrites in the northeast of the massif, which intrudes gold-bearing microcline–muscovite metasomatites (Muscovitovyi site). The obtained data on the chemical and trace-element compositions of the rocks and minerals and study of melt inclusions in clinopyroxenes indicate that the biotitic shonkinites and minettes crystallized from the same deep-seated high-pressure alkaline ultrabasic magma during its evolution. Apparently, at the early stage of crystallization of diopside in the biotitic shonkinites, homogeneous carbonate–silicate melt was separated into immiscible fractions of silicate, carbonate–salt, and carbonate melts. The temperature of melt immiscibility was > 1120–1190 °C, i.e., higher than the homogenization temperature of silicate inclusions in the diopside. The contents of trace elements in the biotitic shonkinites and rock-forming clinopyroxenes were one or two orders of magnitude higher than the mantle values. The Eu/Eu* ratios of both the considered rocks and the clinopyroxenes were close to those of chondrites, which testifies to their crystallization from mantle magma. The HREE/LREE ratio indicates that the magma source was localized at the depths where garnet-spinel assemblages existed. The negative Nb and Ti anomalies in the trace-element spectra and the high (> 5) La/Nb ratios in the rocks and clinopyroxenes point to the influence of crustal material on the parental magma. Crystallization of magma took place in reducing conditions, which is evidenced by the low (4–7) Ti/V ratios in clinopyroxenes and the presence of chloride–sulfate inclusions in them. Since gold in the Ryabinovyi massif is associated with late sulfate–chloride and sulfate–carbonate fluids, it might have been transported by alkaline chloride–sulfate and carbonate (carbonatite) melts, found as inclusions in clinopyroxenes of the biotitic shonkinites, at the early stages of Mesozoic magmatism.     

Specific features and composition of the Akkermanov manganese deposit

New data on the Akkermanov deposit characterized by specific structure and composition of primary (carbonate) and secondary (manganese oxide) ores are presented. Distribution of mineralization in host rocks and weathering crusts is considered. It is shown that manganiferous carbonate rocks, which host orebodies, formed in a marine basin with well-aerated bottom waters. Oxide ores are mainly composed of crystalline pyrolusite produced by multiple processes of the oxidation of manganese compounds. In this respect, the Akkermanov deposit differs drastically from all manganese deposits developed in Russia and Ukraine.     

燕山震旦系碳酸岩分类

碳酸岩占沉积岩体积的五分之一。全世界将近一半的石油、天然气产于其中。许多沉积矿床和热液交代矿床,如铁、锰、磷、镁、铜、铅、锌、汞以及放射性元素等矿床多产于碳酸岩中。碳酸岩本身也是建筑、化工、纺织等工业部门的重要原料,因而碳酸岩的研究愈来愈被重视。碳酸岩的合理分类是研究碳酸岩的必要途径。     

Ore Genesis and Geochemical Characteristics of Carbonate‐Hosted Talc Deposits in Nangarhar Province,Afghanistan

Talc deposits in Nangarhar Province, are hosted by Paleoproterozoic carbonate rocks, metamorphosed to amphibolite facies in the east–west (E–W) trending Spinghar Fault Block. Many deposits in this province have potential economic importance. However, detailed geologic and petrological studies on ore genesis are still lacking. In this study, eight talc deposits and two prospects of the Spinghar Fault Block were investigated. Talc is mainly formed by alteration of the host dolomite marble, magnesite rocks, and tremolitite. Talc ore bodies occur parallel to subparallel to the beddings of the host carbonate rocks. Dolerite occur as dikes and sills and are mostly metamorphosed to amphibolite. Although the amphibolite occurs mostly parallel to subparallel to the beddings of the host carbonate rocks, and talc orebodies, it partly crosscuts the host rocks. Massive layers of tremolitite were observed with most of the talc ore bodies. Quartz veins occur along the gneissosity of gneiss all over the study area. SiO₂ and MgO content in talc rocks from all deposits ranged from 49.1 to 65.1 wt% and from 26.1 to 32.9 wt%, respectively. CaO content in talc rocks and magnesite rocks are less than 1 wt%. ƩREE content in talc rocks ranged from 0.1 to 8.9 ppm. Chemical compositions of host carbonate rocks are close to the ideal composition. Concentrations of Al, Ta, Hf, Zr, Th, Cr, Ni, Co, and ƩREE in talc ores and host carbonate rocks were very low and inconsistent with mafic and ultramafic rocks protolith. Therefore, the metamorphosed sedimentary carbonate rocks were likely to be the protolith of the talc ores. The occurrence of parallel to subparallel quartz veins to the gneissosity of gneiss, as well as the presence of hydrous minerals in host carbonate rocks, suggested that hydrothermal fluids were most probably supplied through the gneiss.     

Microfossils in cherts from the Mesoproterozoic (Middle Riphean) Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, northeastern Siberia.

Silicified shallow-water marine carbonate deposits of the Proterozoic Debengda Formation (the Olenek Uplift, northeastern Siberia) contain well preserved microfossils. One or two distinct assemblages consists only of filamentous Siphonophycus microfossils, which are presumably the extracellular sheaths of hormogonium cyanobacteria. The other is dominated by coccoidal microfossils, first by the entophysalidacean cyanobacterium Eoentophysalis. The coccoidal assemblage was recognized in the layered carbonate precipitate structures of a superficially stromatolite appearance. Despite its simple composition, the microfossil assemblage supports the generally accepted Mesoproterozoic (middle Riphean) age of the Debengda Formation. This conclusion corresponds to the available data on isotopic geochronology, and to the composition of columnar stromatolites from the Dehengda Formation. Both the structural features and carbon isotopic composition of its rocks are comparable to those of rocks of known Mesoproterozoic age, but differ from the characteristics of definitely Neoproterozoic deposits.     

Subduction metamorphism of serpentinite‐hosted carbonates beyond antigorite‐serpentinite dehydration (Nevado‐Filábride Complex,Spain)

At sub‐arc depths, the release of carbon from subducting slab lithologies is mostly controlled by fluid released by devolatilization reactions such as dehydration of antigorite (Atg‐) serpentinite to prograde peridotite. Here we investigate carbonate–silicate rocks hosted in Atg‐serpentinite and prograde chlorite (Chl‐) harzburgite in the Milagrosa and Almirez ultramafic massifs of the palaeo‐subducted Nevado‐Filábride Complex (NFC, Betic Cordillera, S. Spain). These massifs provide a unique opportunity to study the stability of carbonate during subduction metamorphism at P–T conditions before and after the dehydration of Atg‐serpentinite in a warm subduction setting. In the Milagrosa massif, carbonate–silicate rocks occur as lenses of Ti‐clinohumite–diopside–calcite marbles, diopside–dolomite marbles and antigorite–diopside–dolomite rocks hosted in clinopyroxene‐bearing Atg‐serpentinite. In Almirez, carbonate–silicate rocks are hosted in Chl‐harzburgite and show a high‐grade assemblage composed of olivine, Ti‐clinohumite, diopside, chlorite, dolomite, calcite, Cr‐bearing magnetite, pentlandite and rare aragonite inclusions. These NFC carbonate–silicate rocks have variable CaO and CO₂ contents at nearly constant Mg/Si ratio and high Ni and Cr contents, indicating that their protoliths were variable mixtures of serpentine and Ca‐carbonate (i.e., ophicarbonates). Thermodynamic modelling shows that the carbonate–silicate rocks attained peak metamorphic conditions similar to those of their host serpentinite (Milagrosa massif; 550–600°C and 1.0–1.4 GPa) and Chl‐harzburgite (Almirez massif; 1.7–1.9 GPa and 680°C). Microstructures, mineral chemistry and phase relations indicate that the hybrid carbonate–silicate bulk rock compositions formed before prograde metamorphism, likely during seawater hydrothermal alteration, and subsequently underwent subduction metamorphism. In the CaO–MgO–SiO₂ ternary, these processes resulted in a compositional variability of NFC serpentinite‐hosted carbonate–silicate rocks along the serpentine‐calcite mixing trend, similar to that observed in serpentinite‐hosted carbonate‐rocks in other palaeo‐subducted metamorphic terranes. Thermodynamic modelling using classical models of binary H₂O–CO₂ fluids shows that the compositional variability along this binary determines the temperature of the main devolatilization reactions, the fluid composition and the mineral assemblages of reaction products during prograde subduction metamorphism. Thermodynamic modelling considering electrolytic fluids reveals that H₂O and molecular CO₂ are the main fluid species and charged carbon‐bearing species occur only in minor amounts in equilibrium with carbonate–silicate rocks in warm subduction settings. Consequently, accounting for electrolytic fluids at these conditions slightly increases the solubility of carbon in the fluids compared with predictions by classical binary H₂O–CO₂ fluids, but does not affect the topology of phase relations in serpentinite‐hosted carbonate‐rocks. Phase relations, mineral composition and assemblages of Milagrosa and Almirez (meta)‐serpentinite‐hosted carbonate–silicate rocks are consistent with local equilibrium between an infiltrating fluid and the bulk rock composition and indicate a limited role of infiltration‐driven decarbonation. Our study shows natural evidence for the preservation of carbonates in serpentinite‐hosted carbonate–silicate rocks beyond the Atg‐serpentinite breakdown at sub‐arc depths, demonstrating that carbon can be recycled into the deep mantle.     

冀中坳陷束鹿凹陷古近系沙河街组三段泥灰岩成因探讨

冀中坳陷束鹿凹陷中部古近系沙河街组三段下部（简称沙三下）泥灰岩属一类特殊的岩石类型组合,既非典型的碳酸盐岩,又非经典的碎屑岩。在进行了详细的岩心、薄片观察和各种分析化验资料的综合分析基础上,认识到研究区岩石为混积岩类,将混积岩（广义的）、混合沉积的概念和体系引入沉积物类型和岩相的划分中,为泥灰岩的科学定名提供了依据。据此对混积岩的类型进行了细致的划分,共划分出3大类型：结构混合、互层混合和夹层混合。每一类可以再细分为多种,其中结构混合包括①陆源组分为主的混积岩,②以内源组分为主的混积岩。互层混合成因的混积岩是最重要的岩石类型,本区所谓的纹层状泥晶灰岩大部分属于这一沉积类型,主要由灰质泥岩或泥灰岩与泥晶灰岩组成明暗相间的条带,有时含丰富的有机质。互层出现的形式是多种多样的,依据其岩石中原地组分和异地组分的含量不同,可进一步划分为4种类型。夹层混合沉积,表现为巨厚的碳酸盐岩质砾岩层夹前两类混积岩。构造、气候及物源等是控制混积岩形成的主要因素。