Stress deformation properties of macroporous loess soils

Milovic, D., 1988. Stress deformation properties of macroporous loess soils. Eng. Geol., 25: 283–302.

Herein are presented the results of laboratory and field tests which were carried out on loess in Yugoslavia.

Experience gained during recent decades show that the loess soil in some cases undergoes structural collapse and subsidence due to inundation. In order to find the explanation of such behaviour, numerous laboratory and field load tests on loess soil have been performed. Using the obtained results, several correlations have been established.

On the basis of the unconfined test results, a correlation between the initial dry density, initial water content and unconfined compression strength has been established.

A relatively large number of the consolidation subsidence tests (about 550), carried out on undisturbed loess samples, made possible the determination of the degree of subsidence and the corresponding values of the dimensionless coefficients of subsidence. These coefficients have been determined for several values of the initial dry density, for various degrees of saturation and for several stress levels upon wetting. Using these coefficients, the values of the additional settlement caused by flooding of loess under the foundation can easily be calculated. It is of particular interest to note that, in general, water penetrates under one part of the building, producing differential settlements, which are in most cases very dangerous.

By the comparative laboratory investigation of the undisturbed loess samples obtained by thin walled sampler and samples obtained from pits, it has been shown that the mechanical disturbance is an extremely important factor which governs the shear and deformation parameters of loess soils.

The laboratory test results obtained on undisturbed loess samples, cut from blocks in the vertical and horizontal direction, have shown that this soil exhibits anisotropic properties. For this reason a stress deformation problem in an anisotropic medium has been treated by the finite element method.

Static penetration tests and field load tests in loess soils with natural water content and also after saturation have been performed and are described.

The results of the observed settlements for two statically identical multi-storey buildings are also presented. Using the coefficients of subsidence for the undisturbed samples cut from blocks, very good agreement between the calculated and the observed settlements has been obtained.     

结构面对程潮铁矿东区地表及岩体移动变形的影响研究

以程潮铁矿东区为例,通过现场结构面调查、地表及深部岩体变形监测,分析了该区地表及岩体移动变形与结构面的关系。结果表明：程潮铁矿东区地表及岩体移动变形主要受该区复杂的地质条件控制,特别是结构面的影响,变形方向和变形量值均与理论预期不同。NNE、NE向结构面的存在控制着岩体向采空区运动的侧向边界条件,同时导致变形方向的向西偏转,NWW向结构面的松动导致东主井区岩体向采空区的倾倒变形,地表变形在南北剖面上呈三级阶梯分布;西风井相对东西采空区的特殊位置以及NE向结构面的影响使其变形值小于预期,是该区相对安全的主要原因。     

岩体结构面新型本构模型研究

对于涉及需要单独考虑岩体结构面的工程岩体结构分析,采用能反映岩体结构面主要力学特性的合理的本构模型是取得合理解答的关键问题之一。针对在经典连续介质力学理论框架内建立岩体结构面本构模型的缺点,基于岩体结构面的实际受力变形特性,采用直接法建立了一种新型岩体结构面本构模型。所建立的模型依据岩体结构面切向应力变形曲线及剪胀曲线的实际特征,将其分为峰前线性段、峰前非线性段以及峰后软化段,并分别给出了用于描述岩体结构面变形和强度等主要力学特性的数学模型,进而推导建立了结构面各变形阶段的增量型本构模型。最后,编写相关计算程序,采用所建立的新型本构模型以及被广泛采用的Plesha模型对经典的岩体结构面直剪试验成果进行拟合分析。结果表明,所建立的新型本构模型能更为合理的描述岩体结构面的主要力学特性,且模拟能力优于Plesha模型     

Limits on strength and deformation properties of jointed basaltic rock masses

Summary A study of strength and deformation measurements for basaltic rocks, along with consideration of the influence of fracturing using a rock mass classification system, documents the range of brittle response for basaltic rock masses. Although basalts vary widely in composition and other physical factors, many of the properties of a basaltic rock mass appear to vary within a factor of about 10. Typical values of strength parameters for intact basalt at ambient temperature (20°C) and negligible confining pressure are Young's modulus, 78±19 GPa; Poisson's ratio, 0.25±0.05; tensile strength, –14.5±3.3 MPa; unconfined compressive strength, 266±98 MPa; and conhesion, 66 MPa. Corresponding values for a basaltic rock mass that incorporate the weakening effects of scale are deformation modulus, 10–40 GPa; Poisson's ratio, 0.3; tensile strength, –0.1 to –2.5 MPa; uniaxial compressive strength, 10–90 MPa; and cohesion, 0.6–6 MPa. A measured deformation modulus for ambient pressure in the vertical direction, 20 GPa, is 1.5–3 times larger than that in the horizontal directions, 13.5 and 6.5 GPa, reflecting strength anisotropy due to column or block geometry for one particular basalt. Values of tensile and cohesive strength for the basaltic rock mass are generally one to two orders of magnitude lower than corresponding values for intact basalt. The shear strength of joints appears to vary considerably from flow to flow.     

层状盐岩力学和变形特性数值试验研究

对含泥岩夹层层状盐岩力学和变形特性进行有限元分析。首先,用数值试验方法预测含泥岩夹层层状盐岩体宏观等效弹性力学参数,然后,建立层状盐岩复合体细观有限元模型,研究其在单轴和三轴压缩荷载下盐岩、泥岩以及界面细观应力应变场分布特征、应力集中问题,并将上述研究与已有的理论和试验成果进行对比。结果表明,运用细观有限元方法预测层状盐岩宏观弹性力学参数是一种直观有效的方法;泥岩和盐岩力学特性上的不匹配导致在层状盐岩的泥岩夹层中以及界面边缘处存在较为明显的应力集中和差异变形。单轴压缩时,泥岩体由于侧向变形能力差会受到横向拉伸应力作用而盐岩层则相应的受到横向压应力作用,三轴压缩时因围压和偏应力大小不同层状盐岩细观应力应变场分布特征则更为复杂;此方法能更为直观的分析层状盐岩的变形和破损特征,这一分析结果对进一步进行层状盐岩体内油（气）储库硐室稳定性分析提供了理论基础。     

Demonstration of spatial anisotropic deformation properties for jointed rock mass by an analytical deformation tensor

This paper develops a joint deformation tensor (JD), which considers all of the joint's mechanical and geometrical parameters that affect the deformability of the rock mass. The method based on JD (JD method) and an elastic deformation anisotropy index (EDAI) are deduced for estimating the spatial anisotropy deformation of a jointed rock mass. The numerical modeling and in situ true triaxial compressive experiments well verified the effectiveness of the EDAI and JD method for the rock mass containing one joint set, orthogonal joint sets or the rock mass containing any types of joint network with unity stiffness ratio.     

软岩高边坡开挖变形规律的物理模拟研究

软岩边坡失稳破坏与卸荷应力引起的坡体变形、蠕变与降雨有关,正确确定其对坡体变形的影响是合理设置加固支挡结构的关键。通过地质力学模型试验,研究软岩高边坡在开挖及降雨时坡体的稳定性及变形变化规律,分析支挡结构对边坡变形的影响机理。试验结果表明,在开挖过程中及时地施加支挡结构,可以减小施工期间坡体的变形;同时,支挡结构可以有效地抑制坡体的蠕变变形,特别对坡体中下部的蠕变变形抑制效果更显著。     

Effect of rock discontinuities on certain rock strength and fracture energy parameters under uniaxial compression

Summary Five series of test blocks of Pendeli marble with artificially created discontinuities of different crack densities (simulating three mutually orthogonal joint sets) were tested in uniaxial compression in order to study the effect of discontinuities on: (a) the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity, and (b) certain fracture energy parameters expressed by the ratio W _A/W _V, where W _A is the surface energy and W _V the volume elastic strain energy. Mathematical relationships are derived similar to those suggested by other authors relating strength parameters to crack densities. Such relationships clearly show a reduction in strength with increased crack density. The experimental results obtained permit the extension of Persson's relation (which refers to ideal intact rock) to the more realistic case of discontinuous rock mass by introducing the appropriate term that takes into consideration the effect of rock mass discontinuities on the energy ratio W _A/W _V. A comparison between laboratory results and field observations was subsequently carried out assuming the rock mass to behave as a linearly elastic material, obeying the Hoek and Brown failure criterion. This comparison showed that laboratory results can be extended to larger scale. Furthermore, in order to predict the in situ strength and stability of a rock mass in uniaxial compression (which is of major importance in underground excavations) certain concepts are proposed based on laboratory tests, in situ investigations and first principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics.     

A 3D model of a jointed rock mass and its deformation properties

Conclusion A geometric model of a jointed rock mass and some formulae of strain and deformation parametersE, G and were given. They may be useful for evaluating the deformation parameters of rock masses and classifying the rock mass quatitatively.     

An evaluation of structural analyses of discontinuities in carbonate rock

The main goal of the study was to compare two methods of structural analysis, based on different principles: an engineering method and the Eraso method. The first one was developed with the intention of studying geotechnical and hydraulic properties on freshly exposed rock surfaces, while the second one is based on microtectonic analysis and is mainly applied on surface outcrops. Structural analysis of discontinuities in fractured and karstified rock at one experimental field site in Slovenia was performed. Measurements were carried out on surface outcrops and in an underground artificial tunnel, twice in two different seasons (autumn 1999 and summer 1996), but by the same personnel. Both methods were found to be more or less repeatable and applicable both on the surface outcrops (weathered rock) and on freshly excavated rock surfaces (artificial tunnels and quarries), and on a macroscale. The results have shown that we can infer from the macroscale data set to the (regional) mega-scale. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strain parameters of discontinuities in rock for finite element calculation

The bulk strain induced by excavation of rooms for storage of highly radioactive waste is usually unimportant, but the change in aperture and shear displacement of permeable fractures may be of practical importance. Hence, the normal and shear of such discontinuities have to be considered and are commonly predicted by using special deformation moduli termed “normal” and “shear” stiffnesses in numerical calculations. For the use of some finite element methods, these have to be converted to compression and shear moduli ,which, in turn, requires that the thickness of the discontinuity is known. The normal and shear strain can be expressed in terms of soil mechanical parameters, yielding the compression modulus M and the shear modulus G, with the required form for finite element calculations. By definition they are functions of the normal and shear stiffness K_n and K_s. It is concluded that calculation of the normal and shear strain of discontinuities with clastic fillings by the use of finite element methods and deformation moduli derived from stiffness numbers is very uncertain except when the geometry of the weaknesses can be accurately defined.     

岩体基本参数对岩质边坡变形的影响

文章利用有限差分程序FLAC,定量化讨论了边坡岩体(软岩)的变形模量、泊松比、密度、粘聚力、内摩擦角、边坡高度等参数对软岩边坡变形的影响。研究表明,边坡位移随变形模量E的增大而减小;泊松比μ的增加,则会引起x方向的位移的增加,y方向的位移减小;而岩体密度对岩石边坡位移的影响甚弱。边坡岩体的粘聚力c对边坡变形的影响程度与岩体的其他参数间存在很大关系。内摩擦角对边坡位移的影响大小,则取决于粘聚力c的取值。此外,随着边坡高度的增加边坡变形则会随之增加。其中x方向位移变化对边坡高度的变化更为敏感;同样,在边坡岩体其他参数不变的情况下,边坡倾角越大,边坡变形也越大。     

Determination of asperity damage parameters for constitutive models of rock discontinuities

Dilatancy and contact surface damage are important phenomena affecting the behaviour of rock joints and other geological discontinuities. Effective constitutive laws that incorporate these behaviours have recently been developed but require the specification of new material parameters that govern damage of asperity surfaces. Determination of the parameters that control damage is currently a difficulty that confronts practitioners. This brief will summarize the findings of Hutson and Dowding's investigation of joint surface asperity degradation and elaborate on the implications for application.     

基于随机森林回归分析的岩体结构面粗糙度研究

岩体结构面粗糙度系数是快速估算结构面峰值抗剪强度的重要参数。但是结构面轮廓曲线复杂,单一统计参数无法量化表征粗糙度。为解决这一问题,收集了112条结构面轮廓曲线起伏角、起伏度、迹线长度3方面的8项统计参数,利用随机森林回归模型交叉验证的方法评估统计参数的重要性。结果表明：最大起伏度、起伏高度标准偏差、平均起伏角、起伏角标准差、平均相对起伏度及粗糙度剖面指数等6项统计参数重要性占比达到93.2%,且回归拟合系数趋于平稳,基于重要性评估结果建立最优超参数决策树数目(n_tree)为400、参与节点分割的数目(m_try)为2的随机森林回归模型,模型预测结果拟合优度高达98.1%。与基于坡度均方根、结构函数及粗糙度剖面指数等传统线性回归结果对比,随机森林回归模型结果精度更高,误差更小,拟合优度提高6%以上,表明随机森林回归模型更适用于结构面粗糙度反演。     

Incompatible deformation in rock mechanics

Compatibility, i.e., continuous displacement field, is often taken for granted but experience teaches that rock deformation is in most cases discontinuous. The relation between incompatible deformation and continuous distribution of dislocations is established since long and is recalled in this paper. Contrary to several applications of Cosserat theory to already laminated (jointed) rock, the main goal of this paper is to give an explanation for the formation of discontinuities (joints) in rock as a result of a particular type of buckling which leads the body outside of the Euclidean space of its original configuration.     

岩体不连续面迹长与直径间的概率关系模型分析

由于“随机”概念的模糊性,在假定不连续面为薄圆盘及弦长作为迹长的前提下,基于迹线端点在圆周上均匀分布、迹线中点在直径上均匀分布、迹线中点在圆面域内均匀分布这3种明确而又不同的“随机”含义,可以得到3种合理的迹长 与直径 间的概率关系模型。通过对这3种模型进行分析认为：其在各自的“随机”含义下都是正确的,只是适用条件各异;野外实际可行的条件是介于模型2 和模型3之间的,合理地分析应该同时考虑这两种模型。在实际应用中,应该首先对所有取样面产状之间的关系进行分析,根据其结果来分配给模型2和模型3以某种权重,这样得到的迹长与不连续面直径之间概率关系更具合理性,其结果弥补了目前国内外进行的相关研究仅仅考虑到第2类模型的不足。     

基于混合聚类的岩体结构面优势分组方法

提出一种基于凝聚层次法和模糊C均值法的混合聚类法,用于对岩体结构面的优势组划分。该方法将结构面投放到在单位球面上,并使用欧式距离作为极点的相似性度量准则。先剔除结构面数据中的孤值产状,然后用凝聚层次法得到初步聚类结果,并将其作为FCM法的初始聚类中心,最后用FCM法划分优势组。通对人工生成产状样本的分组,验证了该法的正确性。将该方法应用于大藤峡坝址区实测的结构面数据的划分。在实测数据中寻找到两个孤值产状,成功将大藤峡D1y^1-3地层岩体结构面划分为两组,得到了符合实际的分组结果。