滩涂湿地围垦前后服务功能的效益分析--以上虞市世纪丘滩涂为例

在详细分析滩涂湿地服务功能的基础之上,评估了上虞市世纪丘滩涂围垦前、后服务功能的效益及其变化。结果表明,滩涂围垦前,生态环境功能效益与社会经济功能效益分别占总效益的95％和5％,主要表现在提供生物栖息地与水文调节方面;滩涂围垦后,生态环境功能效益下降了63％,而社会经济功能效益则增加了30倍,主要表现在提供大量的动植物产品方面;此外,围垦后,其服务功能类型的多样性有所减少,但服务功能的总效益有所增加。     

高强度人类活动对泉州湾滨海湿地环境的影响及其对策

由于滨海湿地丰富的资源和优越的环境,人们对其进行了大规模的开发利用,导致了滨海湿地的丧失与生态退化。滨海湿地位于陆地-海洋-大气相互作用最活跃的地带,具有非常重要的生态意义。总结泉州湾滨海湿地水动力、地貌、生态、环境质量的特征,分析围填海、养殖、污染物排放及人工生态工程等对滨海湿地的影响。结果表明,随着社会经济的快速发展以及人类活动的显著增强,泉州湾滨海湿地面积减小,输水及输沙的路径和方式发生变化,湿地环境质量显著下降,生物多样性及生物量减少。为了实现泉州湾滨海湿地的可持续发展,提出了如下对策:(1)加强围海造地的科学管理,提倡新的围海造地方式;(2)开展海岸整治与生态修复,建设特色湿地公园;(3)挖掘海洋文化特色,发展生态旅游。本研究揭示高强度人类活动对滨海湿地环境的影响,为开展滨海湿地研究、整治与修复,为制定滨海湿地开发利用与保护对策提供科学依据。     

滨海湿地生态保护及修复研究进展

近年来滨海湿地生态修复工作逐渐得到国内外专家学者的重视,滨海湿地生态修复是提升滨海湿地生态系统功能以及提高滨海湿地可持续开发利用的重要手段。文章综述了滨海湿地保护区建设、红线划定及滨海湿地开发管理等相关的研究现状,以及目前滨海湿地生境和生物修复主要的技术方法和手段。并根据目前滨海湿地保护工作存在的问题与不足进行讨论,提...     

无居民海岛开发利用适宜性评价 ——以上海市九段沙岛为例

生境系统重要性和开发利用可行性是无居民海岛开发利用的重要依托。文章采用层次分析法与德尔菲法确定指标权重,针对研究区域特点,建立无居民海岛开发利用适宜性评价指标体系,在各因子分值量化处理后,定义相应指数,利用互斥矩阵定位无居民海岛开发适宜性类型分级。研究表明:长三角的生态屏障——九段沙岛,为低度适宜开发型海岛,无居民海岛开发利用适宜性评价指标体系适用于九段沙海岛。在开发利用方面,遵循可持续开展角度原则,九段沙应该保护和修复生境系统环境、从严把控开发强度、开展湿地保护。     

沿海滩涂开发利用综合效益评价

为提高我国沿海滩涂的开发利用水平,促进经济社会和生态环境的协调可持续发展,文章在梳理相关定义和研究的基础上,探索沿海滩涂开发利用综合效益评价。研究结果表明:针对具有开发利用价值的潮间带和潮下带,其开发利用的综合效益为从全社会角度出发,以多项指标体现的,可识别和可量化的全部效益的总和;遵循科学性、系统性和统筹性原则,从资源利用、生态环境、经济增长和社会发展4个方面,选取自然岸线保有率等28项指标,建立评价指标体系,并采用递阶多层次综合评价模型计算综合评价值,从而评价沿海滩涂开发利用综合效益。     

辽宁省滨海湿地资源在海洋经济开发战略中的定位研究

在研究辽宁省滨海湿地地理结构、功能与特征的基础上,针对辽宁省滨海湿地资源开发利用存在着的一系列问题,通过以滨海湿地为基础的辽宁省海洋产业分析,对海洋经济产业结构调整升级问题进行了初步探讨,最后对辽宁省滨海湿地在海洋经济开发中的作用给出了定位。     

论我国滨海湿地认证制度的构建

文章探讨了滨海湿地认证制度的构建内容,初步构建了滨海湿地认证制度应具备的基本内容和框架,结合滨海湿地的自然属性和开发利用需求对其进行了划分,提出了滨海湿地认证中的评价及许可制度,明确了公众参与作为保障公众知情权和社会监督的手段是认证制度中重要的组成部分。     

东海滨海湿地生态环境监测体系建设构想

湿地是地球表层独特而重要的生态系统,在维系地球表层生物多样性和生态平衡方面有重要的作用。在介绍东海滨海湿地的分布和类型的基础上,着重探讨了东海滨海湿地监测的内容、监测指标、监测点选取设立的原则和监测的主要技术手段,提出了建立以东海滨海湿地资源监测中心和滨海湿地监测点为两级构成的东海滨海湿地生态环境监测体系的初步构想。     

天津近岸海域生态环境健康评价

以2004 - 2005年对天津市近岸海域海洋生态环境状况 4 次监测获得的资料为基础,利用"河口及海湾生态系统生态环境健康评价方法"对监测海域的海洋生态环境健康状况进行了评价.结果显示:除沉积物环境和生物残毒指标监测项目评价结果显示处于健康状态外,虽然水环境评价结果为健康,但部分海域水环境严重恶化,主要污染物为无机氮;海洋生物质量生物指标已处于亚健康状态的底线;栖息地环境为不健康,主要是由于滨海湿地的大量减少和大量海岸工程建设造成的.综合以上 5 类评价因子的评价结果最终判定:天津市近岸海域的生态环境处于亚健康状态,而且生态环境质量仍然存在着进一步恶化的趋势.     

江苏盐城滨海湿地景观格局演变及其驱动因素分析

为揭示滨海湿地景观格局演变及其驱动因素,有效解决滨海湿地生态环境发展不平衡等问题,本文根据盐城滨海湿地遥感影像数据,利用景观格局指数法定量化分析景观中斑块的面积和空间格局特征,并采用Logistic回归模型定性分析驱动因子影响规律。结果表明：1)近25年来,盐城滨海自然湿地面积持续下降,人工景观面积总体增长,大面积的自然湿地向人工景观转变;2)自然湿地斑块破碎化明显,形状趋于不规则,分布稀疏,整体景观水平指数变化复杂;3)由Logistic回归分析可知社会经济因素对自然湿地退化贡献率Wald最显著,人口数量增长及地区经济水平不断提高是导致自然湿地持续退化的主要原因,而气温升高与降水量减少也导致了自然湿地退化。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.