Magmatic zoning of Late Cenozoic volcanism in Central Mongolia: Relation with the mantle plume

The concentric zonal structure of the Late Cenozoic volcanism areal in Central Mongolia which is situated on the territory of the Khangai vault has been educed. The central part of the structure conforms to the axial part of the vault and is presented with volcanic fields of the Watershed graben and newest valley flows. The peripheral zone is presented with volcanic fields located along the vault frame (Taryat graben, Lake Valley graben, and grabens of the Orkhon-Selenga interfluve). The structural zoning of the areal comports with the substantial zoning of volcanism products. The rocks of the central part have isotopic (Sr, Nd, Pb) and geochemical characteristics conforming to the most primitive (like PREMA) compositions of mantle sources of magmatism. Magmatism sources in the peripheral zone of the volcanic areal, besides the PREMA mantle, contained a substance of enriched mantle like EMI. The character of substantial and structural zoning of volcanism is caused by the influence of the mantle plume on the Central Asia lithosphere. According to geophysical and isotopic-geochemical data, this plume had a lower mantle nature.     

Use of REE in apatite to discriminate the petrogeno-mineralization series of granites

REE studies of apatites in two series of granites, including more than ten types of rock and several tens of rock masses in eight provinces of South China permit us to come to some new understanding and hence the following conclusions have been drawn. Apatites in granites of different series show significant differences in REE distribution pattern, probably due to different material sources. Therefore, REE partition characteristics can be used to discriminate granites of different sources. Apatite in granite of the Nanling series (of shallow-seated source) has a lower content ofΣ REE (4571 ppm on average). Y is the highest of the REE group.Σ Y is rich relative toΣ Ce, thus giving rise to relatively lowΣCe/ΣY ratio (0.68 on average). Eu shows strong depletion, andδ Eu is extremely low (0.135 on average). The REE distribution patterns are represented by a group of “V”-shaped symmetric curves. Apatite in granites of the Yangtze series are relatively high inΣ REE (8571.3 ppm on average). Ce is the highest of the REE. group.Σ Ce is rich relative toΣ Y and theΣCe/ΣY is relatively high (7.15 on average). The chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns are characterized by a group of rightward-inclined curves.     

利用BP网络技术预测碳酸盐岩储层孔隙度

利用径向基函数(RadialBasisFunction,RBF)神经网络的原理对储层参数(孔隙度、渗透率)进行了预测,运用有效测井数据和岩心测试资料作为网络模型的学习样本,通过网络的学习、训练,建立了测井解释的RBF神经网络模型。应用此模型定量计算了鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区多口井的碎屑岩层的孔隙度和渗透率。与用传统的统计方法比较,神经网络的方法显示出了更好的精度和更强的实用性。     

Effects of permeability and porosity evolution on simulated earthquakes

Numerical simulations are a fundamental tool to access the typical conditions attained during earthquake instabilities and to simulate the large number of dissipative processes taking places during faulting. In this study we consider a single-degree-of-freedom spring-slider system, a simplified fault model which can describe the whole seismic cycle and the dynamics of a fault with spatially homogeneous properties. We assume a rate- and state-dependent friction in which we incorporate the effects of pore fluid pressure, thermally-pressurized as a consequence of the frictional heat produced during sliding. We explore, in a single framework, the role of the time variations of the porosity, permeability or both, ultimately leading to changes in hydraulic diffusivity, which has been recognized as one of the key parameters in thermally-pressurized faults. Our synthetic ruptures show that the changes in the hydraulic diffusivity only due to porosity variations do not markedly affect the earthquake recurrence (cycle time), the traction evolution and the thermal history of the fault. On the contrary, when the evolutions of both the porosity and the permeability are accounted for, the cycle time is significantly reduced. This result has a clear implication in the context of the hazard assessment.     

New correlations of permeability and porosity versus confining pressure,cementation, and grain size and new quantitatively correlation relates permeability to porosity

In sandstone, there is a trend between porosity (?) and permeability (k). It is a linear relationship having the form log (k)?=?a?+?(b ?). The slope, intercept, and degree of scatter of the log(k)???? trends vary from formation to another. These variations are attributed to differences in initial grain size and sorting, diagenetic history, cementation, clay content, pore geometry, and compaction history. In the literature, permeability and porosity modeling by using lab experiments was carried out by using unconsolidated sandstone, sand packs, or synthetic particles. Such models cannot be applied to predict flow properties of consolidated natural sandstone. Furthermore in these models, sand grain size, shape, and sorting factors were considered as the main factors that affect porosity and permeability. Hardly, any attention was paid to the confining pressure and the fraction of cementing material that bind the grain to form a coherent rock. If these two crucial aspects are not taken into consideration during the model development, the model cannot be applied to natural consolidated sandstone. The main objective of the present paper is to develop a new model for porosity versus permeability taking into account important factors such as sand grain size and sorting, compaction pressure, and concentration of cementing material that bind the sand grains. The effect for clay swelling or migration was however discarded, as the sand grains were washed prior to consolidation. The sand used in producing the sandstone cores was medium- to fine-sized well-sorted sand grains. The grain’s sphericity was measured to be in the range of (0.8–0.9) with little angularity. The fabricated cores have an average compressive strength of 5,700 psi, which is comparable with Bera sandstone strength. Also, the produced cores were stable in the fluid media as they were subjected to 300 °C to allow cementing material to be crystallized. The aspect of the present work was to analyze the dependence of both the permeability as well as the porosity on the variables of the present study that consist of grain size, cementation fraction, and the confining pressure. Using the experimental data, a linear relationship, in terms of each variable, was developed here that can eventually help researchers to fabricate cores with desired properties. The second step was to generate more general models to be used as references for scholars for further work in this research field. Nonlinear regression analysis was carried out on all the three variables of the present study to obtain two nonlinear correlations: one describes the behavior of permeability and the other describes porosity. In the third step, an advanced correlation that describes permeability versus porosity in a quantitative manner was developed by using nonlinear regression analysis. Permeability was studied accordingly as a function of all the three variables of the present study as well as porosity. This step represents the main objective of this paper.     

数据挖掘在储层孔渗特征研究中的应用

为解决储层孔渗特征研究中出现的数据量大、格式多样和数据分析困难等瓶颈性问题,依据CRISP-DM标准数据挖掘流程,将储层孔渗特征研究划分为6个阶段.应用此过程模型,在短时间内自动化绘制了鄂尔多斯盆地乌审召等4个地区盒8上等4个层位的32张孔渗直方图,计算了孔渗平均值、极值等统计量,并通过空间插值算法总结出相关层位孔渗空间分布的规律.     

A simple method of estimating rock mass porosity and permeability

Conclusion A simple method of estimating fracture porosity and permeability based on empirical relations between fracture aperture andJRC andJCS can be developed. This shows very close correlation with existing data, using simple discontinuity models. There is quite a good correlation between fracture porosity and permeability and depth for larger initial apertures.     

Order of diagenetic events controls evolution of porosity and permeability in carbonates

The properties of carbonate rocks are often the result of multiple, diagenetic events that involve phases of cementation (porosity occlusion) and dissolution (porosity enhancement). This study tests the hypothesis that the order of these events is a major control on final porosity and permeability. A three-dimensional synthetic model of grainstone is used to quantify trends that show the effect of early cementation, non-fabric selective dissolution, and then a second-generation of (post-dissolution) cement. Models are 3 mm³ with a resolution of 10 μm. Six simple paragenetic sequences are modelled from an identical starting sediment (without accounting for compaction) where the same diagenetic events are placed in different sequences, allowing for quantification of relative changes in the resultant porosity and permeability for each diagenetic event, the trajectory through time, as well as for each final rock. All modelled paragenetic sequences result in reductions in porosity and permeability, but the order of diagenetic events controls the trajectory and final rock properties. Differences in the order of early cement precipitation alone produce variable final values, but all follow the porosity–permeability relationship as expressed by the Kozeny-Carman equation. However, final values for the sequences which include a phase of dissolution fall on a new curve, which departs from that predicted by the Kozeny-Carman relationship. This allows an alternative form of porosity–permeability relationship to be proposed: κ = 2280ϕ–30,400, where ϕ is porosity (%) and κ is permeability (mD). Hence while the Kozeny-Carman relationship predicts porosity–permeability changes that occur with cementation, it is unable to capture accurately changes within the pore network as a result of dissolution. Although the results may be dependent on the properties of the initial carbonate sediment and simplified diagenetic scenarios, it is suggested that this new porosity–permeability relationship may capture some generalized behaviour, which can be tested by modelling further sediment types and diagenetic scenarios.     

碎裂煤显微裂隙分形结构及其孔渗特征

构造煤特有的孔裂隙系统决定了其不同类型具有独特的储层物性,而以脆性变形为主的碎裂煤发育区是煤层气勘探的有利区。根据贵州发耳煤矿9件煤样的显微镜观测和压汞实验数据,分析了构造煤微观变形和显微裂隙分形特征,进而对煤样孔隙渗透特征进行了研究。结果表明:碎裂煤显微裂隙信息维数分布在1.2~1.8;以信息维数为指标,可将碎裂煤划分为3类,信息维数分布范围分别为1.2~1.4、1.4~1.7和1.7~1.8;脆性构造变形增加了孔隙系统中大孔和中孔的孔容,构造变形越强烈,脆性系列构造煤的渗透性能越好。     

冰厚变化的现场监测现状和研究进展

根据湖河海冰、冰川冰资源与环境中的自然科学问题及冬季冰区结构物安全运行管理中的工程科学问题对冰厚度时空变化资料的要求,总结了现行冰厚度变化过程监测方法的适用范围和优缺点。强调目前所获数据因连续监测时间短,精度达不到毫米级,对建立和检验冰物质平衡同环境条件的预报模式提供不了强有力的支持。为此发展了新的冰厚度变化过程监测方法,它们包括直接探测冰层界面位置的接触式和利用气、冰、水电导率差异的标尺式高精度冰、雪层生消过程自动监测设备。详细描述了它们的工作原理、研究进展、适用范围和在极地海冰以及国内河冰实践获得的初步结果。     

Magmatic and hydrothermal R.E.E. fractionation in the Xihuashan granites (SE China)

The Xihuashan stock (South Jiangxi, China) is composed of cogenetic granitic units (granites Xe, a, c, d and b) and emplaced during the Yanshanian orogeny (153±0.2 Ma). They are two feldspars, Fe-rich biotite±garnet and slightly peraluminous granites. Primary accessory minerals are apatite 1, monazite, zircon, uranothorite±xenotime in granites Xe and a, zircon, uranothorite, uraninite, betafite, xenotime 1; hydrothermal minerals are monazite altered into parisite and apatite 2, Y-rich parisite, yttroparisite, Y-rich fluorite and xenotime 2 in granites c and b. Petrographic observations, major element, REE, Y and Rb–Sr isotropic data point to a magmatic suite (granites Xe and a granites c and d granite b) distinct from hydrothermal Na-or K-alteration of b. From granite Xe to granite b, LREE, Eu, Th and Zr content are strongly depleted, while HREE, Y and U content increase. During K-alteration of b, these variations are of minor importance. Major and accessory mineral evidences, geochemical and fluid inclusion results indicate two successive alteration fluids interacting with b, (1) a late-magmatic F^– and CO₂–rich fluid and (2) a post-magmatic, aqueous and slightly saline fluid. The depletion of LREE and Th content and the increase in HREE, Y and U content correspond, in the magmatic suite to the early fractionation of monazite in the granites where there is no hydrothermal alteration (granites Xe and e) and to the hydrothermal alteration of monazite into parisite and secondary apatite, intense new formation of yttroparisite, Y enrichment and U loss in the uranothorite and late crystallization of uraninite in the granites c and b. Moreover, simulated crystallization of monazite and temperature of monazite saturation show early fractionation of monazite from the magma in the less evolved granites (Xe and e) and prevailing hydrothermal leaching of monazite in the most evolved granites (c-d and b) related to a late-magmetic event. The slight variations of REE, Y, Th and U content in the K-altered granites compared to granite b emphazes the distinct chemical nature of the successive hydrothermal fluids. Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd isotopic results point to a 30 Ma period of time between the late-magmatic and the post-magmatic fluid circulation.     

砂岩储层射孔压实带孔隙度与渗透率损伤研究

射孔孔眼是储层油气进入生产井筒的通道,聚能射孔过程会在孔眼周围砂岩储层产生不同程度的损伤。基于射孔效能物理试验和数值模拟,提出了一种用于定量评价射孔压实带孔隙度和渗透率损伤程度的方法。应用塑性随动强化材料模型表征高应变率冲击载荷下的砂岩形变特性,通过显式动力分析程序LS-DYNA数值模拟孔眼压实区域的砂岩动力学响应,获得了砂岩骨架应力、塑性应变、体积应变等关键数据,结合射孔压实带孔隙度与渗透率演化模型,量化分析了砂岩射孔压实带损伤程度。以胜利油田粒间孔隙砂岩靶为例,数值结果与靶心流动效能测试、CT扫描数据能够较好地吻合,验证了定量评价方法的有效性。结果表明,聚能射孔对压实区域砂岩的损伤主要表现为塑性挤压和剪胀两种机制。在孔道内壁区域,砂岩骨架主要受剪胀作用,孔隙度增加;但塑性挤压又改变了原始孔隙结构,造成流动通道阻塞,渗透率降低。     

韩城地区煤储层孔渗应力敏感性及其差异

以韩城煤层气区块3号、5号和11号煤层为例,进行不同围压条件下的煤心孔渗实验,探讨了该区煤储层物性与应力之间的耦合关系,建立了相应的数学模型。结果表明,煤心孔渗随围压的增加而不断下降,渗透率应力伤害远强于孔隙度应力伤害,但各煤层的应力敏感性各不相同：在实验围压从4.14 MPa（600 psi）增加到12.42 MPa（1 800 psi）条件下,11号煤层孔渗应力敏感性最强,孔隙度应力伤害达76.5%,渗透率应力伤害达93.3%;3号煤层孔渗应力敏感性最弱,孔隙度应力伤害38.5%,渗透率应力伤害77.9%;5号煤层孔渗应力敏感性较强,孔隙度应力伤害约45%,渗透率应力伤害达83.9%。分析认为,裂隙发育状况是造成各煤层间孔渗应力敏感差异的主要原因。从实验数据的拟合情况看,幂函数模式比指数函数模式更能准确地获取测试围压范围内的孔渗内插值。     

覆压作用下页岩的孔渗性实验及其应力敏感性研究

为了研究页岩在应力作用下的孔渗变化及孔隙结构特征,采用四川盆地昭通区块页岩样,不同压力条件下对页岩的孔隙度和渗透率进行实验分析,建立了页岩样孔隙度、渗透性与净覆压之间的相关关系和模型;采用渗透率损害率和应力敏感系数分析了页岩储层的应力敏感性。研究结果表明,页岩基质孔隙度和渗透率随有效应力的增加呈负指数函数规律降低,渗透率与孔隙结构有关,页岩地层中包括基质孔隙和裂隙共同发育的双重介质体系。当净覆压小于5 MPa时,页岩储层应力敏感系数变化较大,应力敏感性强;当净覆压大于5 MPa时,页岩储层应力敏感系数随有效应力的增加下降速度整体减缓,且存在波动变化,应力敏感性减弱,渗透率损害率随有效应力的增大而缓慢增加。研究发现,不同孔径的孔隙度随应力的增大而减小,反映了页岩中不同孔径对孔隙度的协同效应,对揭示页岩储层的孔径变化,指导深部页岩储层的物性特征具有一定的实际意义。     

Evaluation of the damages of permeability and effective porosity of tectonically deformed coals

A high rank coal was tested in terms of loading and unloading to characterize changes in the permeability and effective porosity of tectonically deformed coals. The coal sample, an anthracite, is subdivided into four types according to its structure, namely, the primary structure coal, cataclastic coal (the weakest deformation coal), granulated coal (the moderate deformation coal), and mylonitic coal (the intensest deformation coal); the latter three types are considered to be tectonic deformation coals. Permeability of tectonically deformed coals shows a negative exponential relation to stress. The intenser the structural deformation in coal is, the lower the permeability. Two evaluation parameters, namely, loss rate m (0.8318–0.9476) and damage rate n (0.447–0.6556), which are related to changes in permeability, increase with increasing structural deformation in coal. The cleat compressibility factor declines with increasing difference in effective stress and increases with increasing structural deformation in coal. This study proposes a calculation method for evaluating the porosity damage. Similar to the loss ratio and damage rate, this parameter (η) increases with increasing structural deformation in coal and reveals the relationship between the porosity damage and the structural deformation in coal.     

采动影响下煤层覆岩渗透性变化规律及垂向分带特征

以孟加拉国Barapukuria煤矿X工作面为试验区,采用井下钻孔分段压水原位测试及相关理论计算方法,研究了工作面回采前后覆岩渗透性变化规律及垂向分带特征。研究结果表明,工作面回采前后,覆岩渗透性变化显著,采后覆岩渗透性具有明显的垂向分带特征。自覆岩导水裂缝带顶部至底部,渗透性呈阶梯状逐渐增大,可细分为弱渗透带、中渗透带和强渗透带。研究结果对煤矿区水文地质参数识别与涌水量预测工作具有指导意义。     

Grain boundary dissolution porosity in quartzofeldspathic ultramylonites: Implications for permeability enhancement and weakening of mid-crustal shear zones

Quartzofeldspathic ultramylonites from the Alpine Fault Zone, one of the world's major, active plate boundary-scale fault zones have quartz crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) and abundant low-angle (<10° misorientation) boundaries, typical microstructures for dislocation creep-dominated deformation. Geometrically necessary dislocation density estimates indicate mean dislocation densities of ∼10⁹ cm⁻². A significant proportion (∼30%) of grain boundaries (>10° misorientation) are decorated by faceted pores, commonly with uniformly-oriented pyramidal shapes. Only grain boundaries with >10° misorientation angles in polymineralic aggregates are decorated by pores. Mean grain boundary pore densities are ∼5 × 10⁸ cm⁻². Grain boundary pores are dissolution pits generated during syn-deformational transient grain boundary permeability, nucleating on dislocation traces at dilatant grain boundary interfaces. They have not been removed by subsequent grain boundary closure or annealing. Pore decoration could have led to grain boundary pinning, triggering a switch in the dominant deformation mechanism to grain boundary sliding, which is supported by evidence of CPO destruction in matrix quartz. Pore-decorated grain boundaries have significantly reduced surface area available for adhesion and cohesion, which would reduce the tensile and shear strength of grain boundaries, and hence, the bulk rock. Grain boundary decoration also significantly decreased the mean distance between pores, potentially facilitating dynamic permeability. Consequently, these microstructures provide a new explanation for strain weakening and evidence of fluid flow along grain boundaries in mylonites at mid-crustal conditions.     

Intelligent methods for predicting nuclear magnetic resonance of porosity and permeability by conventional well-logs: a case study of Saharan field

In the well-log data processing, the principal advantage of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method is the measurement of fluid volume and pore size distribution without resorting to parameters such as rock resistivity. Preliminary processing of the well-log data allowed first to have the petrophysical parameters and then to evaluate the performances of the transverse relaxation time T ₂ NMR. Petrophysical parameters such as the porosity of the formation as well as the effective permeability can be estimated without having recourse the fluid type. The well-log data of five wells were completed during the construction of intelligent models in the Saharan oil field Oued Mya Basin in order to assess the reliability of the developed models. Data processing of NMR combined with conventional well data was performed by artificial intelligence. First, the support vector regression method was applied to a sandy clay reservoir with a model based on the prediction of porosity and permeability. NMR parameters estimated using intelligent systems, i.e., fuzzy logic (FL) model, back propagation neural network (BP-NN), and support vector machine, with conventional well-log data are combined with those of NMR, resulting in a good estimation of porosity and permeability. The results obtained during the processing are then compared to the FL and NN regression models performed by the regression method during the validation stage. They show that the correlation coefficients R ² estimated vary between 0.959 and 0.964, corresponding to the root mean square error values of 0.20 and 0.15.     

Magmatic evolution of Li–F, rare-metal granites: a case study of melt inclusions in the Khangilay complex, Eastern Transbaikalia (Russia)

We report compositions of homogenized quartz-hosted melt inclusions from a layered sequence of Li-, F-rich granites in the Khangilay complex that document the range of melt evolution from barren biotite granites to Ta-rich, lepidolite–amazonite–albite granites. The melt inclusions are crystalline at room temperature and were homogenized in a rapid-quench hydrothermal apparatus at 200 MPa before analysis. Homogenization runs determined solidus temperatures near 550 °C and full homogenization between 650 and 750 °C. The compositions of inclusions, determined by electron microprobe and Raman spectroscopy (for H₂O), show regular overall trends of increasing differentiation from the least-evolved Khangilay units to apical units in the Orlovka intrusion. Total volatile contents in the most-evolved melts reach over 11 wt.% (H₂O: 8.6 wt.%, F: 1.6 wt.%, B₂O₃: 1.5 wt.%). Concentrations of Rb range from about 1000 to 3600 ppm but other trace elements could not be measured reliably by electron microprobe. The resulting trends of melt evolution are similar to those described by the whole-rock samples, despite petrographic evidence for albite- and mica-rich segregations previously taken as evidence for post-magmatic metasomatism.

Melt variation trends in most samples are consistent with fractional crystallization as the main process of magma evolution and residual melt compositions plot at the granite minimum in the normative Qz–Ab–Or system. However, melts trapped in the highly evolved pegmatitic samples from Orlovka deviate from the minimum melt composition and show compositional variations in Al, Na and K that requires a different explanation. We suggest that unmixing of the late-stage residual melt into an aluminosilicate melt and a salt-rich dense aqueous fluid (hydrosaline melt) occurred. Experimental data show the effectiveness of this process to separate K (aluminosilicate melt) from Na (hydrosaline melt) and high mobility of the latter due to its low viscosity and relatively low density may explain local zones of albitization in the upper parts of the granite.     

内蒙狼山北部古元古代变质花岗岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年代学——哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件的岩浆记录

内蒙狼山宝音图地区前寒武纪地质体由古元古代宝音图群、片麻状花岗岩、混合岩和斜长角闪岩等组成。锆石LA-MC-ICP-Ms U-Pb测年获得了宝音图变质花岗岩的形成年龄为1644±11Ma~1710±20Ma。岩石学、地球化学研究表明片麻状钠长花岗岩具有高Si O_2(77.08%~79.96%)、高碱(K_2O+Na_2O)(4.46%~7.26%),低Ti O_2(0.088%~0.17%)、MgO(0.036%~0.37%)、Ca O(0.17%~1.19%)及中等Al_2O_3含量(12.12%~14.10%);Na_2OK_2O,A/CNK为0.88~1.091.1,属弱铝质;里特曼指数б=0.54~1.551.8,表明属于钙质系列;10000Ga/Al=3.43~12.46(均值为5.182.6)及较高的含铁指数[Fe O/(Fe O+MgO)=0.57~0.94],显示了低钾钙性A型花岗岩的特点。片麻状二长花岗岩具有高Si O_2(73.65%~77.63%),低Ti O_2(0.11%~0.27%)、MgO(0.25%~0.80%)、Al_2O_3(11.68%~12.72%)、Ca O(0.24%~0.99%)含量,基本与片麻状钠长花岗岩相近;同时具有高碱(K_2O+Na_2O)含量(6.84%~9.31%),低的Na_2O/K_2O比值(0.53~1.62),钾含量明显高于与片麻状钠长花岗岩;A/NCK为0.96~1.86,б=2.06~2.801.8~3.3为钙碱性系列,显示高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩的特点。两类片麻状花岗岩均具有稀土总量较高,轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损的特征,具有明显Eu的负异常;构造判别图解均指示为陆内非造山型A型花岗岩。全岩同位素分析表明具有弱富集-亏损的同位素组成,其中ε_(Nd)(t)为小的负值到小的正值(-4.91~+2.41),两阶段Nd模式年龄t_(DM2)为1.95~2.58Ga;锆石ε_(Hf)(t)均为正值(+1.5~+8.0),两阶段Hf模式年龄t_(DM2)(1.73~2.31Ga),Nd-Hf模式年龄均高于其形成年龄,揭示源自古元古代新生下部陆壳物质的部分熔融,并有少量幔源物质的加入。与华北北缘、欧美大陆的古元古代非造山作用形成的岩浆岩相似,宝音图变质花岗岩时代上与哥伦比亚超大陆的裂解事件(1.7~1.6Ga)具有一致性,可能是全球哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件的构造岩浆响应。