Research and development on foam breaking and recycling technology in air-foam drilling

In recent years, air-foam combining the advantages of both liquid and air drilling has been utilized as a drilling medium. Air-foam drilling has proved its efficiency in numerous situations where serious problems were encountered, such as in fractured formations and depleted or high permeable zones. However, the major disadvantage of air-foam drilling system is that the foam can only be used once, so that an extremely large pit is required to contain the foam to allow sufficient room for cuttings and for the foam to dissipate. Moreover, it needs enormous volume prepared, consuming abundance of water and ingredient additives, which results in the high cost of foam drilling. The recycling foam fluid by using foam breaking technology is the only effective method to solve these problems associated with the known foam drilling. Various types of equipment and technique have been employed to suppress foam formation in biological and process equipment in foam drilling. The study described various methods of foam breaking technology, and the trend of the foam breaking technology for foam drilling is discussed.     

Method for predicting cuttings transport using artificial neural networks in foam drilling

Foam is used widely in underbalanced drilling for oil and gas exploration to improve well perfor-mance.Accurate prediction of the cutting transport and pressure loss in the foam drilling is an important way to prevent stuck pipe,lost circulation and to increase the rate of penetration(ROP).In foam drilling,the cuttings transport quality may be defined in terms of cuttings consistency and downhole pressure loss,which are controlled by many factors.Therefore,it is very difficult to establish the mathematical equation that reflects nonlinear relationship among various factors.The field and experimental measurements of these parameters are time consuming and costly.In this study,the authors suggest a cuttings transport mathematical modeling using BPN(back propagation network),RBFN(radial basis function network)and GRNN(general regression neural network)based on various experiment data of cuttings transport of previous researchers and compared the result with experiment data.Results of this study show that the GRNN has a correlation coefficient of 0.99962 and an average error of 0.15 in training datasets,and a correlation coefficient of 0.99881 and an average error of 0.612 in testing datasets,which has higher accuracy and faster training velocity than the BP network or RBFN network.GRNN can be used in many mathematical problems for accurate estimation of cuttings consistency and downhole pressure loss instead of field and experimental measurements for hydraulic design in foam drilling operation.     

Application on drilling parameter monitor in drilling engineering monitoring

The drilling parameter monitor is an important tool in drilling engineering applied to monitoring drilling process, carrying out scientific analysis and decision-making. Based on discussing the present development situation of the domestic and foreign drilling machine parameter monitors, the metering scheme for vehicle-loaded drilling parameter monitor was designed. By using detection system for MSP430 single-chip microcomputer (SCM) in combination with peripheral circuit such as sensors, the drilling-rig control system was obtained to detect, and for every parameter in real-time display in order to keep operating the drilling rig status. The experiment shows that the drilling parameter monitor reaches design requirements and can be applied to drilling engineering monitoring, which has characters such as simple structure, high credibility and low cost.     

内插管式气举反循环钻进工艺在基岩地热井中的应用

随着地热资源被广泛利用,地热井各种钻井技术新方法不断应用,如何提高地热井施工效率、降低地热井施工成本是地热井项目钻探施工的关键。气举反循环钻进工艺被广泛应用于地热井钻探施工中,然而在基岩浅井和中深井地热项目施工中,使用常规气举反循环钻进工艺存在钻具重量大、结构复杂、双壁密封不严等问题,对钻机提升能力要求较高,中小型钻机难以满足,加大了施工成本。本研究在不改变常规中小型正循环施工钻探设备、钻具的条件下,提出了一种内插管式气举反循环钻进技术,并在沂南智胜汤泉1号基岩地热勘查井施工中进行了应用。试验表明:内插管式气举反循环技术施工工艺,可在无需更换原有钻探设备和钻具的基础上,通过加工部分钻具及部件,便可实现正反循环工艺之间的更换。更换后的气举反循环钻进工艺结构简单、钻具重量轻、双壁密封可靠、施工成本低,提高了设备利用率和钻进效率。在基岩浅井和中深井中,应推广应用内插管式气举反循环钻进工艺。     

FGC-15D large-diameter DTH air hammer drilling system and its application in offshore rock-socketed pile hole drilling

In the past two decades,numerous large-diameter rock-socketed piles were constructed in China to support foundations of skyscrapers,great bridges or to retain soil in potential geological hazard areas.However,drilling large-diameter rock-socketed pile holes with conventional drilling method such as rotary drilling or cable tool drilling is time-consuming and the cost is usually very high.In order to drill large-diameter rock-socketed pile holes faster at relatively low cost,the FGC15A large-diameter DTH air hammer drilling system was developed in 1987 and was given the second-class award by Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources in 1991.Since it was innovated the drilling system has been used in more than twenty important and tough projects on land,and wonderful results were acquired.At the same time the large-diameter DTH air hammer drilling system was improved continuously.The FGC15D is the latest version of the technique.     

FGC-15D large-diameter DTH air hammer drilling system and its application in offshore rock-socketed pile hole drilling

In the past two decades, numerous large-diameter rock-socketed piles were constructed in China to support foundations of skyscrapers, great bridges or to retain soil in potential geological hazard areas. However, drilling large-diameter rock-socketed pile holes with conventional drilling method such as rotary drilling or cable tool drilling is time-consuming and the cost is usually very high. In order to drill large-diameter rock-socketed pile holes faster at relatively low cost, the FGC15A large-diameter DTH air hammer drilling system was developed in 1987 and was given the second-class award by Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources in 1991. Since it was innovated the drilling system has been used in more than twenty important and tough projects on land, and wonderful results were acquired. At the same time the large-diameter DTH air hammer drilling system was improved continuously. The FGC15D is the latest version of the technique.     

Analysis of effects of operating parameters on rate of penetration in drilling process with air down-the-hole hammer

Air down-the-hole(DTH)hammer drilling has long been recognized to have the potential of drilling faster than conventional rotary drill,especially in some hard rocks such as granite,sandstone,limestone,dolomite,etc.with the same weight on bit(WOB)and rotations per minute(RPM).So,it has been widely used in many drilling fields including mineral resource exploration drilling,oil and gas drilling and geothermal drilling.In order to reduce drilling cost by selecting optimal drilling parameters,rate of penetration(ROP)should be estimated accurately and the effects of different factors on ROP should be analyzed.In this research,ANN model with several multi-layer perception back propagation(BP)networks for predicting ROP of air DTH hammer drilling was developed using controllable parameters such as impact energy,impact frequency,WOB,RPM and bit operating time for the formations with a certain drillability index of rock.Several BP neural networks with the different neurons in hidden layers were developed and compared for selecting optimal architecture of ANN.The effects of the drilling parameters such as impact energy,impacting frequency,WOB,RPM and bit operating time on the ROP of air DTH hammer drilling were investigated by trained ANN.From the analyses,the optimum range of drilling parameters for providing high ROP were determined and analyzed for a formation with a certain drillability index of rock.The methodology proposed in this study can be used in many mathematical problems for optimization of drilling process with air DTH hammer.     

非混相泡沫段塞细分层注水关键技术

油藏储层内药剂吸附有效性和泡沫细分层注水长段塞连续注入方式容易导致气窜和吸液剖面反转,影响整体措施效果,采用目标油田油砂填制模型,考察药剂动态吸附后再生能力和泡沫综合性能,分析泡沫小段塞间隔注入和长段塞连续注入分流增产效果.结果表明:在多孔介质吸附后,不同药剂再生能力和泡沫综合性能下降,但随着驱替体积增大有效性逐步增强;泡沫小段塞间隔注入好于泡沫大段塞连续注入方式.渤海SZ36-1油田非混相泡沫段塞细分层注水单井试注表明,泡沫小段塞间隔注入比长段塞连续注入方式日增油提高23m3,日降水率提高2.6%,累计增油提高1.72×104 m3,有效期提高7个月以上,进一步验证泡沫小段塞间隔注入的技术优势.     

含CaCl2水基聚合物钻井液沿井周地层渗透规律研究

利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）技术来提高油气井固井二界面胶结质量近年来受到了越来越多的重视。当前,针对3 000 m以浅油气井已实现了含成矿微生物的固井水泥浆技术。为了使固井水泥浆滤液中的成矿微生物在二界面处高效发挥MICP作用以提高二界面胶结质量,还需在钻井过程中利用钻井液携带CaCl₂的渗透向井周地层中预先注入一定量的钙源。因此,有必要研究含CaCl₂钻井液在井周地层的渗透规律,从而合理控制CaCl₂的注入量和钻井成本。基于此,以当前常用的环保水基聚合物钻井液为基本载体,综合考虑钻井液渗透时在井壁处泥饼动态形成机理、井周地层物性参数变化规律以及含CaCl₂水基聚合物钻井液流变性等因素,利用理论计算与模拟实验相结合的方法,建立了含CaCl₂水基聚合物钻井液滤液沿井周地层渗透量及渗透距离的定量预测模型。该预测模型的计算结果与模拟实验测试结果吻合程度较高,证实该预测模型具有较好的可靠性,有助于为钻井生产企业合理优化钻井液和固井水泥浆施工工艺提供理论支持。      

钻孔数据采编系统在地矿勘查工作中的应用

钻孔数据采编系统采用“所见即所得”的显示编辑输出方式,界面与WINDOWS9X甚似,易于掌握。该系统有柱状图生成与修饰及报表输出等多项功能。应用该系统对历史钻孔资料的数字化,对提高野外钻探效率和质量及钻探资料信息化等具重要意义。     

冻土路基微动探测方法应用探讨

以哈尔滨某高铁路基勘探为例,采用空间自相关方法提取微动信号频散特征,获取地下150 m介质的横波速度结构及分层特征.结果表明,微动方法可穿透冻土区较厚的覆盖层探测基岩面,且分层界面与钻孔资料一致.该方法施工便利、适用性强,结合钻探资料可精确刻画地下地质层位分布,减少钻探工作量,节约经济成本,具有较高的应用价值和科学意义...     

井间地震在济南市小冶睦里煤矿采空区勘查中的应用

以济南市章丘区小冶睦里地区石炭二叠纪含煤地层采空区为研究对象,采取资料收集、井间地震、钻探验证等方法手段,分析井间地震层析成像技术对采空区解译推断的有效性。结果表明,井间地震层析成像速度反演结果体现为高速分布的区域,推断为基岩完整区域;速度反演结果体现为低速分布的区域,推断为采煤采空区域。经与钻探工程比对,井间地震层析成像技术推断的采空区位置与钻探揭露深度较为吻合,表明井间地震层析成像技术在济南市章丘区小冶睦里煤矿采空区勘查中具有较高的可行性和实用性,为该地区同类型的采空区勘查提供了参考依据。     

Experimental study on low temperature performance of polymer drilling mud agents

Drilling fluid additives has a major impact on rheology behavior and other performances of the drilling fluid. The key to low temperature drilling fluids is choosing antifreeze and polymer agent which have a strong ability in resisting low temperature. On the basis of determining glycol as antifreeze agent, the low-temperature-performance and capacities of anti-collapse of regular validity mud agents have been studied, the mechanism of anti-caving of the partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA), polypropylene potassium (KPA) and PAC-141 polymer additives have been also analyzed. A pilot study of compatibility between ethylene glycol and the polymers has educed that the polymers, ethylene glycol and inorganic salt are compatible, and they can significantly reduce the freezing point of drilling fluid. Anti-collapse ability of the drilling mud is the results of synergistic action among the agents.     

Study on drilling mechanism and optimization of percussion-extruding DTH hammer bit

The authors tested the percussion-extruding Down-the-hole(DTH)hammer bit with five different structures and mainly analyzed the drilling mechanism between conical bit and stepped bit. In addition, aiming at "the pile effect" in combination with the advantage of stepped bit, we design a new cam spinning bit and test it outdoors. The result shows that using cam spinning bit can solve the problem of "the pile effect", which can also obtain higher drilling efficiency than using conical bit in high confining pressure strata. It is characterized by novel structure and high drilling speed as well as good guiding, and it is significant for improving efficiency in percussion-extruding drilling technique.     

基于线激光扫描的岩石激光钻孔的三维重建和可视化

激光钻进岩石形成的钻孔的孔形较为复杂,具有较小的孔直径和较高的孔壁粗糙度,使得利用传统方法进行钻孔尺寸的测量较为困难。为了精确钻孔测量和方便孔形研究,提出了一种基于线激光扫描及逆向建模的钻孔建模方法。首先,搭建了线激光扫描平台,建立了空间坐标系,以获取钻孔的三维坐标,构建了钻孔的初始点云数据。其次,在MATLAB中对获取的点云数据进行无效点移除及多视角点云配准,其中,无效点移除利用顺序查找法实现,多视角点云配准则基于迭代最近点（ICP）算法,包括初始配准和精确配准两个阶段。最后,基于Delaunay三角网格划分及曲面重建算法,实现了钻孔模型的重建和可视化。此外,还采用滴液法和切割法进行实际钻孔容积值测量及钻孔轮廓线获取,并与由点云重建的钻孔模型上获取的测算结果进行对比分析,以验证所述方法建立的钻孔模型的精度。结果表明:重建的钻孔模型与实际钻孔之间的误差小于4%,重建的模型能够满足激光岩石钻进钻孔的测量要求,证实了所述方法的可行性。与传统测量方法相比,所述方法属于非接触、非破坏性方法,可重复性测量。      

基于非开挖随钻检测系统与随机森林的地层岩性识别

通过自主研发设计的非开挖随钻检测系统,采集非开挖钻进参数,进行非开挖钻进实时地层岩性识别,为非开挖施工提供安全信息保证。针对非开挖工程工勘资料缺乏,掘进地层岩性难以判断的问题,提出了一种基于非开挖随钻检测系统实时采集数据,利用随机森林算法建立地层识别模型,通过模型去识别未知地层,并将识别结果可视化展示。通过非开挖随钻检测系统在工程现场的实际应用,获得了包括钻速、扭矩、转速、拉力、泵压、泵量等钻进敏感参数作为训练样本,利用随机森林算法对采集的钻进参数进行训练,构造决策树与随机森林,对钻进参数进行分类,建立了以典型非开挖地层岩性分类为目标的分类模型,分别确定了杂填土、黏土、粉细砂、砾石和淤泥的地层分类标签。进一步,基于机器学习的分类结果,利用PCA主成分分析将地层识别特征降维至三维,实现了地层岩性识别结果的三维展示。将预测模型应用于实际工程,以验证其有效性。结果表明,该方法能在非开挖实时钻进条件下快速识别钻进地层,识别正确率高达92%。该研究成果通过采集导向随钻参数,识别非开挖掘进段地层岩性,为非开挖扩孔阶段钻具选型、泥浆设计等提供了重要信息。      

Leak-off mechanism and pressure prediction for shallow sediments in deepwater drilling

Deepwater sediments are prone to loss circulation in drilling due to a low overburden gradient. How to predict the magnitude of leak-off pressure more accurately is an important issue in the protection of drilling safety and the reduction of drilling cost in deep water. Starting from the mechanical properties of a shallow formation and based on the basic theory of rock-soil mechanics, the stress distribution around a borehole was analyzed. It was found that the rock or soil on a borehole is in the plastic yield state before the effective tensile stress is generated, and the effective tangential and vertical stresses increase as the drilling fluid density increases; thus, tensile failure will not occur on the borehole wall. Based on the results of stress calculation, two mechanisms and leak-off pressure prediction models for shallow sediments in deepwater drilling were put forward, and the calculated values of these models were compared with the measured value of shallow leak-off pressure in actual drilling. The results show that the MHPS (minimum horizontal principle stress) model and the FIF (fracturing in formation) model can predict the lower and upper limits of leak-off pressure. The PLC (permeable lost circulation) model can comprehensively analyze the factors influencing permeable leakage and provide a theoretical basis for leak-off prevention and plugging in deepwater drilling.     

基于GIS的钻孔资料信息化入库工作研究

钻孔资料是地质工作中形成的重要数据资源,囊括了地层、岩性、构造、矿化蚀变特征、元素化学分析和地下水动态等地质信息,是开展地质找矿,矿产资源评价、地质科学研究、环境保护、城市建设等工作所需要的重要地质资料。为了高效利用原始钻孔资料,本文结合近年来城市地质调查信息化和地下三维可视化建设的工作实践,研究了可操作性强、规范实用的钻孔入库数据表结构,实现了多元、多源、异构钻孔数据的规范化处理,提升了钻孔资料的利用效率和信息化服务水平,更好地发挥了基础地质资料的有力支撑作用,也为其他省市的钻孔资料信息化工作提供了参考。     

Research on experiment and calculation of foam bursting device

This research presents experimental data on mechanical foam bursting device, based on the high speed of air fluid impinging insidethe foam bursting device, foam bubbles disrupted as a consequence of pressures changed very quickly as shear force and their impact forces. Experimental data on foam-bursting capacity have been presented. Designed device can provide effective foam bursting on collapse foam.     

Research on experiment and calculation of foam bursting device

This research presents experimental data on mechanical foam bursting device,based on the high speed of air fluid impinging insidethe foam bursting device,foam bubbles disrupted as a consequence of pressures changed very quickly as shear force and their impact forces.Experimental data on foam-bursting capacity have been presented.Designed device can provide effective foam bursting on collapse foam.