Flow and deformation failure of sandy slopes

The effects of earthquake induced pore pressure on seismic and post seismic stability conditions of cohesionless slopes are investigated with reference to the infinite slope scheme. In cohesionless slopes the shear strength reduction caused by pore pressure build-up may lead the slope to a deformation failure or to a flow failure if liquefaction conditions are approached. Two critical values of the seismic induced pore pressure ratio are introduced to evaluate the effect of shear strength reduction on the slope failure mechanism. The results are given in the form of stability charts and a procedure for the evaluation of the seismic stability condition is described. The procedure gives useful information about the failure mechanism that slopes may exhibit and the displacement analysis which should be carried out.     

岩土边坡地震稳定性分析研究评述

回顾了岩土边坡地震稳定性分析研究中的若干重要问题的研究进展，包括边坡岩土体地震反应分析方法、边坡岩土体的动力特性和强度准则及参数测试、边坡地震失稳机理与失稳位置、边坡地震稳定性评价指标与安全标准、边坡地震动输入和边坡地震稳定性评价指标的计算精度，还作了简要评述，指出存在的问题并提出今后的研究方向。     

地震与水压力耦合作用下岩质边坡倾覆解析方法

以往对平面破坏模式的岩质边坡稳定性评价,主要关注潜在滑坡体在自重、坡体内静水压力和地震荷载耦合作用下沿破坏面的抗滑稳定性,并未涉及各类外荷载作用线不通过潜在滑体重心而引起的绕坡趾倾覆稳定性。针对这一问题,提出地震与张裂缝水压耦合作用下的岩质边坡倾覆稳定性解析方法,基于力矩平衡原理推导出岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定性系数的一般表达式;通过深入的变动参数比较研究,探讨张裂缝水压和地震荷载对抗倾覆安全系数的影响,认为水压是控制岩质边坡倾覆破坏的决定性因素,而地震荷载处于次要因素,其在一定程度上增加或减小抗倾覆稳定性。在此基础上建立不同参数组合下的岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定图,为工程技术人员快速评估饱水岩质边坡地震倾覆稳定性提供直接依据。     

Effects of vertical seismic acceleration on 3D slope stability

The conventional pseudo-static approach often neglects the effect of the vertical seismic acceleration on the stability of a slope, but some analyses under plane-strain (2D) conditions show a significant effect on the slope stability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the vertical acceleration on the safety of three-dimensional (3D) slopes. In the strict framework of limit analysis, a 3D kinematically admissible rotational failure mechanism is adopted here for 3D homogeneous slopes in frictional/cohesive soils. A set of stability charts is presented in a wide range of parameters for 3D slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic loading conditions. Accounting for the effects of the vertical seismic acceleration, the difference in safety factors for 3D slopes can exceed 10%, which will significantly overestimate the safety of the 3D slopes.     

Three-dimensional limit analysis of seismic displacement of slope reinforced with piles

Three-dimensional (3D) limit analysis of seismic stability of slopes reinforced with one row of piles is presented in this paper. A 3D rotational mechanism for earth slope is adopted. The lateral forces provided by the piles are evaluated by the theory of plastic deformation. Expressions for calculating the yield acceleration coefficient are derived. A random iteration method is employed to find the critical acceleration coefficient for the 3D slopes with or without reinforcement. Based on the kinematic theory within the frame of the pseudo-static approach, a 3D model is proposed for evaluating the critical state and the subsequent displacement response. Furthermore, Newmark׳s analytical procedure is employed to estimate the cumulative displacement induced by given earthquake loads. An example is shown to illustrate the influence of the piles on the seismic displacement of the 3D slopes.     

地震作用下分层土边坡多滑面变形破坏的数值模拟研究

地震引起的滑坡对生命、环境和经济造成了巨大的威胁。目前,对于地震作用下边坡稳定性的研究主要集中在单一滑动面破坏模式,对于具有多个潜在滑动面边坡的地震稳定性研究比较欠缺。基于此,利用有限差分软件FLAC对不同边坡进行地震稳定性数值模拟,对比分析不同强度地震动作用下均质土体、分层土体和含软弱夹层土体边坡的滑动面演化过程和永久变形分布特征。结果表明：对于均质边坡,地震引起的滑动面为单一的整体滑动面,地震动强度的增加仅导致沿滑动面的永久变形量增大;对于非均质边坡,在地震作用下还可能形成通过土层交界面的局部滑动变形,且地震作用下最先形成和发生变形的滑动面与静力条件下得到的最小安全系数对应的最危险滑动面一致;同时,地震引起的边坡浅层和深层变形破坏存在复杂的相互影响,当局部浅层滑动先发生时,地震动的进一步增大很容易诱发更深层的坡体滑动,而当深层滑动先发生时,由于塑性变形影响地震惯性力向上部坡体的传播,浅层坡体的进一步滑动变形相对较难被触发。     

Reliability-based load and resistance factor design approach for external seismic stability of reinforced soil walls

Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) approach for the design of reinforced soil walls is presented to produce designs with consistent and uniform levels of risk for the whole range of design applications. The evaluation of load and resistance factors for the reinforced soil walls based on reliability theory is presented. A first order reliability method (FORM) is used to determine appropriate ranges for the values of the load and resistance factors. Using pseudo-static limit equilibrium method, analysis is conducted to evaluate the external stability of reinforced soil walls subjected to earthquake loading. The potential failure mechanisms considered in the analysis are sliding failure, eccentricity failure of resultant force (or overturning failure) and bearing capacity failure. The proposed procedure includes the variability associated with reinforced backfill, retained backfill, foundation soil, horizontal seismic acceleration and surcharge load acting on the wall. Partial factors needed to maintain the stability against three modes of failure by targeting component reliability index of 3.0 are obtained for various values of coefficients of variation (COV) of friction angle of backfill and foundation soil, distributed dead load surcharge, cohesion of the foundation soil and horizontal seismic acceleration. A comparative study between LRFD and allowable stress design (ASD) is also presented with a design example.     

Soil slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations

Conventional methods of designing earth structures are based on pseudo-static stability analysis employing a horizontal seismic coefficient. This paper discusses the stability and permanent displacement of a slope subject to combined horizontal and vertical accelerations. A log-spiral failure mechanism is used. It is shown that seismic force has a significant effect on stability and permanent displacement of slopes. The parametric study reveals that vertical acceleration may play an important role on stability and permanent displacement if the corresponding horizontal acceleration is large. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Post-earthquake investigation on several geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls and slopes during the Ji-Ji earthquake of Taiwan

This paper gives an overview on the application of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures in Taiwan. Taiwan has an unique topography and geotechnical conditions that rendered a less conservative and more challenging design compared to that of North America, Europe and Japan. The Ji-Ji (Chi-Chi) earthquake of 1999 gave an opportunity to examine the behavior of reinforced soil structures. The performance of several modular-block reinforced soil retaining walls and reinforced slopes at the vicinity of the fault was evaluated. Reinforced structures performed better than unreinforced soil retaining walls. The failure cases were highlighted and the cause of failure was identified. The lack of seismic design consideration could be a major cause of failure. The compound failure mode, the inertia force of the blocks, and the connection stiffness and strength relative to the large dynamic earth pressure, were among major items that would warrant further design consideration.     

基于非确定性分析法的顺层边坡抗震性研究

顺层岩质边坡的抗震性指标大部分都是非确定的,无法用固定阈值衡量。提出基于非确定性分析法的顺层边坡抗震性性能研究,将顺层岩质边坡看作若干个叠加的薄板;运用非确定性分析法计算各个薄板的动力安全系数和动力极限状态方程,并对顺层边坡动力极限状态方程进行求解,可得在地震作用力下顺层边坡动力可靠度指标与顺层边坡失效概率之间的关系;评估地震作用力下顺层边坡整体稳定性,同时综合考量顺岩边坡的最小平均安全系数以及平均失效概率,得出评估结果。实验结果显示,在地震作用力下,顺层边坡坡高、坡角、岩层倾角对顺岩边坡抗震性能影响显著,评估结果与实际结果一致。     

水泥砂浆面层加固砌体墙抗震可靠指标研究

采用水泥砂浆面层加固方法加固砌体房屋是一种简单有效的方法。对比分析了《砌体结构加固设计规范》(GB 50702-2011)^[3]和《建筑抗震加固技术规程》(JGJ 116-2009)^[4]中钢筋网水泥砂浆面层加固砌体墙的可靠性;对10片未加固低强度砖墙和20片单面钢筋网水泥砂浆面层加固低强度砖墙进行拟静力试验,分析了未加固和加固墙体的破坏模式和机理,并提出了适用于钢筋网水泥砂浆面层加固砌体墙的抗震验算公式。研究表明：两标准的可靠水平差别较大,实际应用时,易产生矛盾;未加固墙主要发生沿阶梯形斜裂缝受剪破坏,加固墙主要发生沿通缝受剪破坏和沿阶梯形斜裂缝受剪破坏;建议公式的计算值与试验值吻合良好,未加固墙抗震可靠指标为2.2,加固墙抗震可靠指标为2.5～3.1;砂浆面层加固砌体结构可以显著提高结构的抗震性能。     

Reliability assessment of internal stability of reinforced soil structures: A pseudo-dynamic approach

A methodology for reliability based optimum design of reinforced soil structures subjected to horizontal and vertical sinusoidal excitation based on pseudo-dynamic approach is presented. The tensile strength of reinforcement required to maintain the stability is computed using logarithmic spiral failure mechanism. The backfill soil properties, geometric and strength properties of reinforcement are treated as random variables. Effects of parameters like soil friction angle, horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations, shear and primary wave velocities, amplification factors for seismic acceleration on the component and system probability of failures in relation to tension and pullout capacities of reinforcement have been discussed. In order to evaluate the validity of the present formulation, static and seismic reinforcement force coefficients computed by the present method are compared with those given by other authors. The importance of the shear wave velocity in the estimation of the reliability of the structure is highlighted. The Ditlevsen's bounds of system probability of failure are also computed by taking into account the correlations between three failure modes, which is evaluated using the direction cosines of the tangent planes at the most probable points of failure.     

考虑边坡地形效应的地震动力响应分析

地震滑坡往往会造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,而边坡在地震作用下的响应规律是研究地震边坡稳定性的首要问题.本研究利用FLAC3D有限差分软件建立多个边坡模型,进行边坡地形效应的地震动力响应分析,考虑的地形主要包括坡高、坡角、坡面形状等三方面的因素.将选取的地震波作用于不同模型,分析坡面加速度、速度放大比及坡顶坡脚傅里叶谱...     

基于Logistic回归模型的黄土斜坡地震稳定性快速评判方法

黄土地震滑坡是陇西地区黄土丘陵地区的主要地质灾害之一,快速评价黄土斜坡的地震稳定性是陇西地区工程建设规划选址以及地震应急救援的需求。在野外调查及遥感解译获取坡高H、坡角α及估计烈度值I的基础上,运用逻辑回归分析方法,拟合得到研究区黄土斜坡地震稳定性的快速评价经验公式,经回判、判别校验及实例判别应用证明,该经验公式适用于快速评估陇西地区内黄土斜坡的地震稳定性。该文提出的方法对黄土地区城市建设规划和地震应急救援有重要的应用价值。     

钢筋混凝土核心筒性态水平及性能指标限值研究

结合国内外对钢筋混凝土结构性能水平的划分标准并根据核心筒结构破坏特征及抗震性能要求,文中在现行规范基础上进一步细分,将钢筋混凝土核心筒结构的性能水准划分为良好使用、暂时使用、生命安全和接近倒塌4个水平;基于混凝土连梁及剪力墙构件的受力、变形及破坏特点,分别提出了连梁及剪力墙构件对应于4个性能水平的失效判别标准和变形限值...     

一种适用于黄土斜坡地震稳定性快速评估的综合判别方法——以宁夏西吉县为例

选取宁夏西吉县为目标区,对区内1920年海原8.5级特大地震所诱发的347处黄土地震滑坡进行野外调查,获取了详实的基础数据.在此基础上结合遥感影像解译,总结了研究区内黄土地震滑坡的分布特征,并依此提出了宏观、定性的黄土斜坡地震稳定性快速判别方法.基于分布特征选取了坡高、坡角、坡向及地震动强度作为基本参数,应用MLP神经...     

型钢混凝土框架结构基于增量动力分析的抗震性能评估

增量动力分析(IDA)是进行结构抗震性能评估的一种有效方法。根据IDA方法的原理和特点,提出用其评估型钢混凝土(SRC)结构在不同强度地震作用下变形和延性能力的具体步骤,并将结构不同性能水平极限状态和IDA曲线的斜率联系起来,结合现有试验确定各性能水准对应的曲线斜率下降幅值。在所提混凝土和钢材本构模型的基础上,采用IDA方法对一规则SRC框架结构进行分析,研究结构在各性能水平的层间位移角和延性分布情况,单条和多条地震记录的IDA曲线表明,SRC框架在多条地震记录下均具有良好的抗震性能。     

基于振动台试验的黄土塬边斜坡变形失稳模式研究

以甘肃省平凉市的典型黄土塬斜坡为原型,开展含裂隙黄土塬边斜坡与不含裂隙黄土塬边斜坡的振动台对比模型试验,研究不同强度地震作用下两种黄土斜坡的变形失稳特征。结果表明:两种不同结构的斜坡在不同强度地震作用下的破坏特征显著不同,裂隙的存在降低了含裂隙斜坡的抗震稳定性。随着输入地震波幅值的增加,含裂隙斜坡的变形破坏过程为:坡顶裂隙处先后发生裂隙前缘崩塌、坡面溜土、临空面方向大位移、坡面中部和坡脚鼓胀、剪切滑移、发生多级滑动,同时坡体后缘产生新的拉张裂隙;无裂隙斜坡的破坏过程为:坡顶形成拉张裂缝、坡面溜土、坡脚鼓胀、发生单级滑动。两种结构边坡的变形破裂包括倾倒—拉裂与剪切—滑移两种模式,斜坡的变形演化是两种模式相互作用的结果。     

Slope seismic stability analysis on kinematical element method and its application

In this paper, kinematical element method (KEM) is extended to the solution of seismic slope stability with the pseudo-static approach. Analytical expressions are derived to calculate the factor of safety of slopes subjected to seismic loading and pore-water pressure. KEM is adopted to assess seismic stability of slope and some examples show that the results obtained from KEM, limit equilibrium method (LEM), variational method and strength reduction method (SRM) are generally in good agreement. And then the seismic slope stability charts are developed on the basis of KEM and pseudo-static approach, providing a rapid and reliable way to calculate the factor of safety and the location of critical slip surface without iteration. Based on the above seismic slope stability charts, a new back analysis method is presented. KEM and pseudo-static approach are applied to study the effect of blasting on the stability of open pit slope, and the approach to determine the relationship between critical explosive weight and distance is presented.     

土边坡地震反应及其动力稳定性分析

本文建立了计算土边坡地震反应及评价其动力稳定性的一个数值分析模型，将上边坡在动力作用下的应力状态简化为自重应力状态和附加动力状态的叠加，并对这两个应力状态分别进行研究。本文用时域集中质量显式有限元方法结合多次透射公式，研究了无限域中边坡在动力作用下的位移场和应力场，提出了土边坡动力稳定性的定量评价方法。