甘肃阳山金矿构造-流体-金成矿作用关系

[摘 要] 基于对甘肃省文县阳山金矿床的构造变形分析、石英组构分析及流体包裹体研究,探讨了阳山金矿床的形成过程和热液成矿机制,认为自三叠纪以来,该区先后经历了韧性、韧-脆性及两期脆性等多期构造变形演化过程,并伴随多次岩浆热液活动。流体包裹体显微测温结果显示本区的均一温度主要集中在265～290℃,215～240℃和165～190℃等三个区间,流体组份体系接近于NaCl-H₂O-CO₂体系,成矿流体密度估计在0.98～1.02g/cm³之间,成矿压力估计为89.6 MPa,流体包裹体盐度估计在0.7%～9.4% NaCl之间激光拉曼显示其主要成分为H₂O和CO₂,据不同类型包裹体共生组合及流体演化特征,认为不同流体的混合是导致大量金沉淀的主要原因。     

吉林省海沟石英脉型金矿床流体包裹体特征及地质意义

海沟金矿床地处夹皮沟-海沟成矿带东南端,为典型的石英脉型金矿。该矿床产于海西期花岗杂岩体中,由多条含金石英脉组成。成矿过程可分为4个阶段:Ⅰ. 钾长石-石英脉阶段;II. 乳白色石英-(少)黄铁矿-(少)金阶段;III. 多金属硫化物-石英-金阶段;IV. 碳酸盐-石英-黄铁矿阶段。流体包裹体研究表明,海沟金矿各阶段流体包裹体存在一定差异,早期成矿阶段(第Ⅱ阶段)以H₂O-NaCl包裹体(Ⅰ类)为主,偶见含子晶包裹体(Ⅳ类);主成矿阶段(第Ⅲ阶段)以CO₂-H₂O-NaCl包裹体(II类)为主,并含有少量纯CO₂包裹体(III类);成矿后阶段(第Ⅳ阶段)以H₂O-NaCl包裹体(Ⅰ类)为主。早期成矿阶段、主成矿阶段、成矿后阶段均一温度范围分别为227~497℃、189~427℃、130~267℃,对应盐度分别为0.53%~10.23% NaCleqv、0.35%~9.23% NaCleqv、0.18%~3.27% NaCleqv。早期成矿阶段和主成矿阶段包裹体均一温度、盐度相对较高,成矿后阶段包裹体均一温度、盐度明显降低;在空间上,主成矿阶段矿床深部包裹体的盐度较矿床浅部偏高。拉曼和气相色谱结果显示,包裹体气相成分以H₂O、CO₂、N₂、CH₄、C₂H₆为主,并含有少量H₂S,成矿流体为低盐度的H₂O-CO₂-NaCl±CH₄流体;包裹体液相离子成分主要为Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-,个别包裹体中含有少量Mg²⁺、F^-离子。主成矿阶段不同类型、不同相比包裹体均一温度相近,显示不混溶特征。流体减压引起的不混溶作用可能是海沟金矿金沉淀的主要原因。     

胶东胡八庄金矿成矿流体、稳定同位素及成矿时代研究

胡八庄金矿是胶东牟平-乳山金成矿带内典型的黄铁矿、多金属硫化物-石英脉型金矿,金主要产出于黄铁矿和多金属硫化物石英脉中。流体包裹体研究表明,不同蚀变带岩石和各成矿阶段金矿石中的流体包裹体主要有三种类型:富CO₂包裹体、CO₂-H₂O包裹体和H₂O溶液包裹体。成矿早期(第Ⅰ阶段)主要为富CO₂包裹体,主成矿期(第Ⅱ阶段)CO₂-H₂O包裹体和H₂O溶液包裹体,成矿后期(第Ⅲ阶段)H₂O溶液包裹体。包裹体显微测温结果表明,成矿早期(第Ⅰ阶段)包裹体均一温度范围为260~360℃,盐度1.0%~7.4% NaCleqv;主成矿期(第Ⅱ阶段)包裹体均一温度范围为180~269℃,盐度1.7%~13.1% NaCleqv;成矿后期(第Ⅲ阶段)包裹体均一温度范围为104~189℃,盐度0.9%~8.8% NaCleqv。成矿早期为中-高温、富含挥发份、低盐度的流体,到主成矿期演化为中低温、含少量挥发份、盐度变化范围大的CO₂-H₂O-NaCl流体体系,成矿后期流体的温度、盐度和挥发份含量均降低。对各成矿阶段石英的H-O同位素研究表明,胡八庄金矿成矿早期既有岩浆水又有大气降水参与,大气降水较少地参与了成矿,到了主成矿期成矿流体为以大气降水为主的混合流体。成矿阶段S同位素研究表明胡八庄金矿成矿物质可能主要来源于大气降水循环淋滤的围岩。温度降低和流体不混溶可能是胡八庄金矿金沉淀的主要原因。蚀变岩石中绢云母Rb-Sr等时线获得的胡八庄金矿的成矿时代为126.5±5.6Ma。     

西藏邦布石英脉型金矿床的成因: 流体包裹体及氢-氧同位素证据

西藏邦布石英脉型金矿床是产于印度-亚洲板块陆-陆造山主碰撞汇聚环境下、与大洋俯冲无关的新型造山型金矿床。该矿床位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带南侧朗杰学增生楔的东段南缘,矿体受区域内EW向金地-鲁农复向斜和错古-折木朗壳型脆-韧性剪切带及其次级构造的控制。金矿化主要与石英脉密切相关,并包裹于脉内细粒/粗粒硫化物中。矿区内主要分布有3期石英脉:成矿前钩状石英脉、成矿期石英大脉和成矿后陡立状石英脉。文章对3期石英脉流体包裹体形态、形成温度、密度及H-O同位素等方面进行了详细的对比研究,试图查明成矿流体来源以及金的沉淀机制等问题。研究表明,钩状石英脉内包裹体主要为液相(L)包裹体,成分主要为H₂O溶液,其流体可能为早期区域变质的产物;石英大脉内包裹体主要为含CO₂气液(VL)两相包裹体,体积较大,成分主要为H₂O+CO₂+CH₄±N₂,成矿流体为深源变质流体,并与变质地层中的有机质发生强烈反应;陡立状石英脉内包裹体主要为气液两相包裹体,体积较小,其主要成分为H₂O+CO₂,流体主要与后期区域变质事件有关,为成矿后变质作用的产物。邦布金矿的主要成矿流体源自深部变质流体,流体不混溶作用可能是导致金矿沉淀的主要原因。     

冀东高家店金矿床成因:来自金及载金黄铁矿化学成分、流体包裹体和氢氧硫同位素的证据

高家店金矿床位于华北克拉通北缘冀东矿集区中部,为典型的蚀变岩型金矿床,少部分为石英脉型,赋存于高家店岩体的花岗岩和闪长岩内,受断裂构造控制。为了探讨高家店金矿床的成因,文章对其开展了详细的矿床地质特征、金及载金黄铁矿化学成分、流体包裹体和氢氧硫同位素研究。结果表明,高家店金矿床热液成矿期包括4个阶段,其中Ⅱ和Ⅲ阶段为金的主要成矿阶段。黄铁矿是金的主要载体矿物,金矿物为自然金和银金矿,以独立的金矿物的形式赋存于黄铁矿中。主成矿阶段黄铁矿Fe和S含量及Fe/S元素比值揭示金矿床具有岩浆热液型的特征。主成矿阶段流体包裹体类型以富液相的两相H₂O溶液包裹体为主,其次为含CO₂三相包裹体,属中温、中低盐度流体。不同成矿阶段的流体δ¹⁸O_H2O值为1.82‰~5.60‰,δD值为-83.3‰~-55.3‰,指示流体主要来自岩浆水,并有少量大气降水混入。主成矿阶段黄铁矿δ³⁴S值为2.40‰~5.61‰,显示地幔硫或岩浆硫特征,揭示成矿物质硫主要来自于深部岩浆。综合研究认为,高家店岩体的多期次岩浆侵入活动为金成矿提供了充足的热源及成矿流体,因而高家店金矿床成因类型为岩浆热液型。     

西藏弄如日金矿流体包裹体研究

弄如日金矿床位于青藏高原南部冈底斯-喜马拉雅构造区的冈底斯构造岩浆带东段,是该成矿带上首次发现的浅成低温热液型金锑矿床。本文在详细的野外矿床地质研究基础上,通过对各期与成矿密切相关的流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温分析、包裹体成分的LRM分析和包裹体中子矿物相的SEM/EDS分析等,对与矿化有关的成矿流体的特征、演化以及金的迁移与沉淀机制进行了讨论。通过研究流体成矿过程包括:形成黄铁矿-石英组合的早期阶段,发育以含子矿物的三相包裹体为主,均一温度集中于256~335℃,盐度29.7%~38.9% NaCleqv;形成毒砂-富砷黄铁矿-石英组合的主成矿阶段,发育富CO₂包裹体,均一温度集中于230~357℃,盐度1.81%~9.74% NaCleqv,CO₂密度为0.16~0.29g·cm^-3;形成辉锑矿-石英、雄黄-石英和碳酸岩脉组合的晚期阶段,发育水溶液包裹体,均一温度集中于134~245℃,盐度1.91%~8.95% NaCleqv。与金成矿有关的流体为中温、低盐度的富CO₂、CH₄、N₂、Na⁺流体体系,成矿流体温度、压力降低造成了流体不混溶,使CO₂相与水溶液相分离是造成金沉淀的主要机制。     

胶东三山岛金矿中深部成矿流体对比及矿床成因

三山岛金矿位于胶东西北部,属于典型的破碎蚀变岩型金矿。流体包裹体研究表明该矿床为中温、中低盐度H₂O-CO₂-NaCl±CH₄流体;中深部成矿流体对比研究表明,在纵深超过2000m范围内,成矿流体具有较一致的成矿流体介质条件,主成矿均一温度为170~330℃,成矿压力为50~255MPa。H、O、C同位素表明,深源流体参与了成矿作用,很可能是与金矿床伴生的基性幔源岩浆脱水形成的岩浆水,在地壳浅部遭受到大气降水的混合,而S同位素研究进一步揭示了成矿物质具有多源性,矿区浅表在成矿晚期可能受到了表生硫影响而导致δ³⁴S偏高。水岩反应、成矿应力场转变及表面吸附电化学还原反应等导致金沉淀成矿。     

青海祁漫塔格虎头崖铅锌多金属矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿机制研究

虎头崖Pb-Zn多金属矿床位于东昆仑西段祁漫塔格岩浆弧带,矿体主要赋存于三叠纪花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩与围岩的接触带及围岩中,并伴生有Fe、Cu等元素,属典型矽卡岩型矿床。对矽卡岩阶段石榴子石和透辉石、退化蚀变阶段绿帘石、石英硫化物阶段方解石、石英、萤石中流体包裹体的详细岩相学研究结果表明,与成矿有关的流体包裹体类型主要有富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体和含子矿物三相包裹体。激光拉曼光谱分析结果显示,气相、液相成分以H₂O为主,含少量HCO₃^-;固相成分以NaCl为主,并有少量的闪锌矿（ZnS）、磁黄铁矿（Fe_1-xS）和硬石膏（CaSO₄）,成矿流体应为H₂O-NaCl体系。包裹体显微测温结果显示,矽卡岩、退化蚀变、石英硫化物阶段均一温度分别为（430~490℃、550~580℃）、340~370℃和190~340℃,盐度w（NaCl_eq）分别为39%~48%、9%~12%、（0.18%~4%、15%~24%）。H-O同位素研究表明,成矿流体主要为岩浆热液,在成矿晚期则有不同程度的大气降水混入。在石英硫化物阶段,含子矿物包裹体和气相分数变化较大的气液包裹体共生,它们均一温度相近但盐度差别较大,表明成矿流体曾发生过广泛的不混溶（沸腾）作用,而这一过程很可能导致流体中Pb、Zn、Fe、Cu等矿质沉淀富集。     

小秦岭东桐峪金矿床的流体包裹体研究

东桐峪金矿床位于小秦岭金矿田的中西部,其含金石英脉受韧性剪切构造带的控制。该矿床的构造-成矿过程可划分为4个阶段:Ⅰ黄铁矿-乳白色石英脉阶段;Ⅱ灰白色石英-黄铁矿阶段;Ⅲ石英-多金属硫化物阶段;Ⅳ石英-碳酸盐阶段。相对于小秦岭地区的其他金矿床,东桐峪金矿床的流体包裹体研究资料相对缺乏。文章表明,该矿床内的流体包裹体类型主要为CO₂-H₂O包裹体和水溶液包裹体,见少量纯液相CO₂包裹体。显微测温表明,Ⅰ阶段的构造-成矿流体以中温、富CO₂等挥发分为特征,包裹体均一温度为221~392℃,盐度w(NaCl_eq)为5.5%~7.9%,密度为0.84~0.93 g/cm³;Ⅱ阶段和Ⅲ阶段以CO₂-H₂O±CH₄流体为主,包裹体均一温度为205~350℃(Ⅱ阶段)和224~271℃(Ⅲ阶段),盐度w(NaCl_eq)集中于5.1%~7.1%,密度为0.83~0.96 g/cm³;Ⅳ阶段的流体演化为中-低温、低盐度的盐水溶液体系,包裹体均一温度为175~185℃。文章对该矿床各成矿阶段的压力进行了估算,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段的流体最小捕获压力分别为123~160 MPa、160~170 MPa、170 MPa左右。     

广西贵港新民铜多金属矿床成矿机制研究

广西贵港新民铜多金属矿床位于大平天山岩体的南东边缘,是大平天山岩浆热液成矿系统的重要组成部分。矿床以切层产出的热液脉型矿体为主,顺层的层状矽卡岩型矿体为辅。系统的野外测量和研究表明,脉状矿体形态简单,主要受控于近直立的北北西向断层;层状矽卡岩型矿体主要受围岩地层中的灰岩夹层控制。为查明成矿流体的类型、性质、演化特征及成矿物质来源,文章对石英流体包裹体进行了系统的显微测温、成分及HO-S同位素测试分析,在此基础上,探讨了矿床成矿机制,并进一步完善了大平天山岩浆热液成矿系统。研究结果表明,新民铜多金属矿床可以分为以下4个成矿阶段：矽卡岩阶段、早期金属硫化物阶段、晚期金属硫化物阶段、方解石-石英脉阶段。矽卡岩阶段均一温度为398~286℃,盐度w （NaCl_eq）=13.0%~6.2%;早期金属硫化物阶段均一温度为374~163℃,盐度w （NaCl_eq）=9.3~4.3%;晚期金属硫化物阶段均一温度为340~151℃,盐度w （NaCl_eq）=8.0%~2.6%;方解石-石英脉阶段均一温度为298~150℃,盐度w （NaCl_eq）=5.4%~1.6%。主成矿阶段（早期和晚期金属硫化物阶段）成矿流体以高中温、中盐度的NaCl-H₂O-CO₂±N₂体系为主,流体沸腾和流体混合是矿质沉淀的主要原因。H-O同位素组成（δD值介于－86‰~－64‰,δ¹⁸O_H2O值介于0.33‰~7.47‰）显示成矿流体与岩浆热液有关,且后期有大气降水混入。硫化物的δ³⁴S值介于－1.4‰~2.6‰,推测硫源与晚白垩世岩浆-热液系统有关。新民铜多金属矿床为晚白垩世区域岩石圈减薄、伸展环境下形成的岩浆热液充填交代矿床,并与邻区的Au-Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag矿床共同构成了大平天山岩浆热液成矿系统。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861